Applications of DNP-NMR for the measurement of heteronuclear T1 relaxation times

Measurement of heteronuclear spin-lattice relaxation times is hampered by both low natural abundance and low detection sensitivity. Combined with typically long relaxation times, this results in extended acquisition times which often renders the experiment impractical. Recently a variant of dynamic nuclear polarisation has been demonstrated in which enhanced nuclear spin polarisation, generated in the cryo-solid state, is transferred to the liquid state for detection. Combining this approach with small flip angle pulse trains, similar to the FLASH-T(1) imaging sequence, allows the rapid determination of spin-lattice relaxation times. In this paper we explore this method and its application to the measurement of T(1) for both carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 at natural abundance. The effects of RF inhomogeneity and the influence of proton decoupling in the context of this experiment are also investigated.

Evaluación de los factores administrativos que impactan la estructuración de los proyectos presentados por el Municipio de Duitama (Boyacá) ante el DNP (Departamento Nacional de Planeación) en el periodo 2012 -2015

78 p.

Estudio de los fundamentos teóricos, conceptuales e ideológicos alrededor de la pobreza, de la mayor instancia de planeación en Colombia: DNP 2002-2014

El propósito de esta investigación es identificar cuáles han sido las tendencias determinantes para la construcción de la visión de pobreza del DNP durante el periodo 2002-2014.

Mobile communication in power distribution application

This paper investigates how to interface the wireless application protocol (WAP) architecture to the SCADA system running distributed network protocol (DNP) in a power process plant. DNP is a well-developed protocol to be applied in the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system but the system control centre and remote terminal units (RTUs) are presently connected through a local area network. The conditions in a process plant are harsh and the site is remote. Resources for data communication are difficult to obtain under these conditions, thus, a wireless channel communication through a mobile phone is practical and efficient in a process plant environment. The mobile communication industries and the public have a strong interest in the WAP technology application in mobile phone networks and the WAP application programming interface (API) in power industry applications is one area that requires extensive investigation.

Substation Automation Systems – Future possibilities for commissioning

Substation Automation Systems have undergone many transformational changes triggered by improvements in technologies. Prior to the digital era, it made sense to confirm that the physical wiring matched the schematic design by meticulous and laborious point to point testing. In this way, human errors in either the design or the construction could be identified and fixed prior to entry into service. However, even though modern secondary systems today are largely computerised, we are still undertaking commissioning testing using the same philosophy as if each signal were hard wired. This is slow and tedious and doesn’t do justice to modern computer systems and software automation. One of the major architectural advantages of the IEC 61850 standard is that it “abstracts” the definition of data and services independently of any protocol allowing the mapping of them to any protocol that can meet the modelling and performance requirements. On this basis, any substation element can be defined using these common building blocks and are made available at the design, configuration and operational stages of the system. The primary advantage of accessing data using this methodology rather than the traditional position method (such as DNP 3.0) is that generic tools can be created to manipulate data. Self-describing data contains the information that these tools need to manipulate different data types correctly. More importantly, self-describing data makes the interface between programs robust and flexible. This paper proposes that the improved data definitions and methods for dealing with this data within a tightly bound and compliant IEC 61850 Substation Automation System could completely revolutionise the need to test systems when compared to traditional point to point methods. Using the outcomes of an undergraduate thesis project, we can demonstrate with some certainty that it is possible to automatically test the configuration of a protection relay by comparing the IEC 61850 configuration extracted from the relay against its SCL file for multiple relay vendors. The software tool provides a quick and automatic check that the data sets on a particular relay are correct according to its CID file, thus ensuring that no unexpected modifications are made at any stage of the commissioning process. This tool has been implemented in a Java programming environment using an open source IEC 61850 library to facilitate the server-client association with the relay.

Energy-dependence of nitrate reductase induction in Candida-Utilis

The requirement of a suitable energy source during the induced synthesis of nitrate reductase in Image was investigated. The levels of nitrate reductase induced were shown to be energy-dependent, and to vary in response to the type of carbon source provided. Glycerol, fructose, ethanol, glucose, and sucrose served as efficient energy sources. Growth rate of the yeast and the induced level of nitrate reductase were dependent on the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the induction medium, and ratio of 2 being optimal. Induction of nitrate reductase was inhibited by uncouplers, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), dicumarol and carbonyl cyanide Candida-Utilis -trifluoromethoxy phenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and by cyanide and azide, indicating an absolute energy-dependency. The facilitation of induction of a high level of nitrate reductase by exogenously added ATP as sole source of energy confirmed the obligate requirement of ATP for the synthesis of nitrate reductase in Candida-Utilis.

A simple and rapid method for quantification of hapten specific antibodies

A sensitive and simple method for quantification of antibodies against small molecules is described using DNP-lysozyme as the enzyme conjugate. The anti-DNP antiserum was raised against DNP-bovin serum albumin conjugate. Anti-DNP antibody or its monovalent fragment (Fab) reduced the enzyme activity of DNP-lysozyme conjugate in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of enzyme activity is a specific measure of the antibody and Fab content of the sample. The specificity of the reaction was assessed by reduction of antibody-induced inhibition by DNP-lysine. The ability of DNP-lysine to reduce the antibody-induced inhibition of DNP-lysozyme activity also makes possible a sensitive assay for DNP-lysine.

A surface acoustic wave-based immunosensing device using a nanocrystalline ZnO film on Si

The novelty of this study resides in the fabrication of a bio-sensing device, based on the surface acoustic wave (SAW) on a nanocrystalline ZnO film. The ZnO film was deposited using an rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature on silicon. The deposited films showed the c-axisoriented crystallite with grain size of ∼40 nm. The immunosensing device was fabricated using photolithographic protocols on the film. As a model biomolecular recognition and immunosensing, biospecific interaction between a 6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) aminohexanoic acid (DNP) antigen and its antibody was employed, demonstrating the shifts of resonant frequencies on SAW immunosensing device. The device exhibited a linearity as a function of the antibody concentration in the range of 20∼20,000 ng/ml. © 2009 American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.

Au@Si-n: Growth behavior, stability and electronic structure

The configurations, stability, and electronic structure of AuSin (n = 1-16) clusters have been investigated within the framework of the density functional theory at the B3PW91/LanL2DZ and PW91/DNP levels. The results show that the Au atom begins to occupy the interior site for cages as small as Si-11 and for Si-12 the Au atom completely falls into the interior site forming Au@Si-12 cage. A relatively large embedding energy and small HOMO-LUMO gap are also found for this Au@Si-12 structure indicating enhanced chemical activity and good electronic transfer properties. All these make Au@Si-12 attractive for cluster-assembled materials.

抗 LDH－C4 IgA 和IgG 抗体在粘膜免疫系统的分布及其抗生育作用的研究

已有的研究表明，小鼠背部携带能分泌抗原特异的IgA 单克隆抗体的杂交细 胞瘤，可以保护小鼠抵抗微生物和病毒等多种病原体经粘膜途径感染机体。我们 利用背部携带能分泌抗精子特异抗原（LDH-C4）的IgA 和IgG 杂交细胞瘤、以 及抗DNP 的IgA 骨髓细胞瘤的小鼠为动物模型，采用定量ELISA 法研究了抗 LDH－C4 IgA 与抗DNP IgA 单克隆抗体在呼吸道、肠道及生殖道内转运和分布， 抗LDH-C4 IgG2b 在肠道内转运与分布，以及抗LDH-C4 IgA 和IgG 单克隆抗体 在体内抗生育作用。 研究结果表明，带瘤小鼠血液中含有较高水平抗原特异的 IgA 和IgG 单克 隆抗体。PA4 和MOPC IgA 单克隆抗体在呼吸道、肠道以及雌性生殖道分泌物 内有较高的分布水平。在肠道，PA4 和MOPC IgA 单克隆抗体的分布水平显著 高于IgG（p<0.01 和p<0.05）。在肠道和生殖道的不同部位，IgA 抗体的分布水 平不同。在肠道，结肠分泌物中的IgA 单克隆抗体显著高于其它肠道部位 （p<0.01）。在生殖道，IgA 单克隆抗体分布水平以子宫角分泌物中最高。雄性 的前列腺也有较高的IgA 抗体水平。在呼吸道、肠道以及雌性生殖道相应部位的 分泌物内，PA4 IgA 单克隆抗体的水平显著高于MOPC IgA 单克隆抗体的分布水 平（p<0.05）。PA4 和MOPC IgA 单克隆抗体在粘膜分泌物内的分布水平差异可 能与其IgA 聚合形式的不同有关。另外，除气管外，在两时间点间分泌物中的 IgA 抗体水平没有显著差异。 检测背部带瘤小鼠交配后的两细胞胚胎期，发现携带PA4 和G2b 杂交细瘤 的雌性小鼠的受精率与对照组并没有显著的差异，这表明抗LDH-C4 IgA 和IgG 单克隆抗体在体内不能明显抑制小鼠的精子和卵子的结合或受精过程。注射细 胞后的27 天，检测鼠着床胚胎时，发现带瘤两性小鼠均携带PA4 时或者只有 雌性携带PA4 杂交瘤时，以及雌雄两性小鼠均携带G2b 杂交瘤细胞时，交配后的怀孕率与能分泌抗DNP 抗体的MOPC 的骨髓瘤细胞瘤的相应组别相比，显 著降低（p<0.01）。但PA4 各组与G2b 各组之间无显著差异(p>0.05）。然而，雌 雄的小鼠均带瘤时，最高怀孕减少率未能达100%。这些结果提示，抗LDHC4 IgA 和IgG 单克隆抗体在小鼠体内不能有效地抑制小鼠的精子与卵子的结 合，但能显著地抑制小鼠受精后胚胎的发育。抗LDH-C4 的IgA 和IgG 单克隆 抗体单独存在时，在体内均具有抗生育作用，但不能完全抑制生育。

抗LDH-C4 IgA和IgG抗体在带瘤小鼠生殖道和其它粘膜分泌物内分布特性的研究

中文摘要 　 已有的研究表明，小鼠背部携带能分泌抗原特异的IgA单克隆抗体的杂交细胞瘤，可以保护小鼠抵抗微生物和病毒等多种病原体经粘膜途径感染机体。我们利用背部携带能分泌抗精子特异抗原（LDH-C4）的IgA和IgG杂交细胞瘤、以及抗DNP的IgA骨髓细胞瘤的小鼠为动物模型，采用定量ELISA法研究了抗LDH-C4 IgA与抗DNP IgA单克隆抗体在呼吸道、肠道及生殖道内转运和分布，抗LDH-C4 IgG2b在肠道内转运和分布，以及抗LDH-C4 IgA和IgG单克隆抗体与体内抗生育作用的关系。研究结果表明，带瘤小鼠血液中含有较高水平抗原特异的IgA和IgG单克隆抗体。PA4和MOPC IgA单克隆抗体在呼吸道、肠道以及雌性生殖道分泌物内有较高的分布水平。在肠道，PA4和MOPC IgA 单克隆抗体的分布水平显著高于IgG（p < 0.01和p < 0.05）。在肠道和生殖道的不同部位，IgA抗体的分布水平不同。在肠道，结肠分泌物中的IgA单克隆抗体显著高于其它肠道部位（p < 0.01）。在生殖道，IgA单克隆抗体分布水平以子宫角分泌物中最高。雄性的前列腺也有较高的IgA抗体水平。在呼吸道、肠道以及雌性生殖道相应部位的分泌物内，PA4 IgA单克隆抗体的水平显著高于MOPC IgA单克隆抗体的分布水平（<0.05）。PA4和MOPC IgA单克隆抗体在粘膜分泌物内的分布水平差异可能与其IgA聚合形式的不同有关。另外，除气管外，在两时间点间分泌物中的IgA抗体水平没有显著差异。检测背部带瘤小鼠交配后的两细胞胚胎期，发现携带PA4或G2b杂交细胞瘤的雌雄小鼠的受精率与对照组并没有显著性差异，这表明抗LDH-C4 IgA和IgG单克隆抗体在体内不能显著抑制小鼠的精子和卵子的结合或受精过程。注射细胞后的27天，检测着床胚胎时，发现带瘤两性小鼠均携带PA4时或者只有雌性携带PA4杂交瘤时，以及雌雄性小鼠均携带G2b杂交瘤时，交配后的怀孕率与带能分泌抗DNP抗体的MOPC骨髓瘤细胞瘤的相应组别相比，显著降低（p < 0.01）。但PA4各组与G2b各组之间无显著差异（p < 0.05）。然而，雌雄小鼠均带瘤时，最高怀孕减少率也未达到100%。这些结果提示，抗LDH-C4 IgA和IgG单克隆抗体在小鼠体内不能有效地抑制小鼠的精子和卵子的结合，但能显著地抑制小鼠受精后胚胎的发育。抗LDH-C4 的IgA或者IgG单克隆抗体单独存在时，在小鼠体内均具有抗生育作用，但不能完全抑制生育。

The influence of tip performance on scanning probe lithography

Scanning probe lithography (SPL), employing the tip of an atomic force microscope to mechanically pattern various materials in nanoscale region has provided a simple but significant method for making nanostructures. We use this technique for the lithography of several kinds of substrate surfaces. The tip performance has been found to be a crucial factor in the lithographic process. Four types of cantilevers are employed in nanolithography, including standard silicon nitride (DNP), tapping mode(TM) etched silicon (TESP(W)), uncoated silicon cantilever (NSC21/50) and conductive platinum/iridium-coated probe. Results demonstrate that tips with smaller spring constants can not be used for physically scribing and nanomanipulating in our experiment. The possible mechanism of our experiment is discussed.

Enzymatic and kinetic properties of selenium-containing catalytic antibody with cGPX activity

Three selenium-containing catalytic antibodies mHB4, mHB5 and mHB7 which acted as mimics of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase(cGPX), were prepared by chemically introducing selenium into monoclonal antibodies HB4, HB5 and HB7. HB4. HB5 and HB7 were raised against a GSH derivative GSH-S-DNP dibenzyl ester, The cGPX activity of mHB4, mHB5, mHB7 were 170, 1 867, 32 U/mu mol, respectively. The cGPX activity of mHB5 was 0, 32 fold of natural rabbit liver cGPX and 1. 51 fold of m4A4. About two atoms of selenium existed in each of mHB5 molecule determined by inductively-coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), The optimal activity of mHB5 was at between pH 8. 4 and 8, 8, The reaction catalyzed by mHB5 involved a Ping-Pong mechanism. At pH 7. 0 and 37 degreesC, the apparent second-order rate constants for reaction of mHB5 with H2O2 and t-ROOH were as followed: k(+1) (H2O2) = 9. 71 x 10(6) L/(mol min), k(+1)(t-ROOH) = 5. 99 x 10(5) L/(mol.min). Rate accelerations (k(cat)/K-m/k(uncat)) 9. 8 x 10(6) and 3.7 x 10(5) fold those of the uncatalytic reaction were observed.