Micronúcleos (MN) e intercambio de cromátides hermanas (ICH) como pruebas indicadoras de la acción mutagénica de diazepam y del difenilhidantoinato de sodio.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Genética) UANL

Trabajo de investigación clínica ventajas del dehidrobenzoperidol sobre el diazepam como medicación preanestésica [por] Luis Fernando García González

Tesis (Especialidad en Anestesiología) U.A.N.L.

O fraccionamento de comprimidos no ajuste posológico de fármacos : exemplo do Diazepam

A prática de fraccionamento de comprimidos é realizada pela população em geral, como forma de ajuste posológico, para facilitar a deglutição ou reduzir os custos. No caso do diazepam esta questão revela enorme importância, uma vez que existe frequentemente a necessidade de ajuste da sua dosagem, devendo ser determinada individualmente e de acordo com o tipo de tratamento. O principal objectivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do fraccionamento de diferentes formulações de comprimidos de diazepam disponíveis no mercado na uniformidade de teor das duas fracções obtidas. Após fraccionamento dos comprimidos, foi avaliada a massa e o teor em substância activa nas duas fracções obtidas. Foram adicionalmente determinados alguns parâmetros físicos dos comprimidos de diazepam (friabilidade, dureza, diâmetro e tempo de desagregação). Os resultados demonstraram uma elevada variação do teor de diazepam nas fracções dos diferentes medicamentos analisados, o que revela que o processo de fraccionamento de comprimidos não representa uma forma eficaz de se obterem as doses pretendidas. O medicamento Metamidol® foi o que apresentou maior variação, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo maior valor de dureza deste comprimidos.

Avaliação toxicológica dos benzodiazepínicos diazepam e maleato de midazolam sobre o desenvolvimento pré-natal de ratos wistar.

Benzodiazepínicos são amplamente utilizados em animais e humanos, inclusive durante a gestação. Benzodiazepínicos são utilizados como ansiolíticos, anticonvulsivantes, relaxantes musculares e sedativos. Este trabalho investiga o potencial teratogênico dos benzodiazepínicos diazepam e maleato de midazolam em ratos Wistar. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos “experimentais”, um grupo controle que recebeu água destilada, um grupo que recebeu diazepam na dose de 10 mg/kg/dia, e um grupo que recebeu 5 mg/kg/dia de midazolam. Os animais receberam os tratamentos por administração via oral. As fêmeas gestantes foram tratadas durante o período de organogênese, que no rato é do 6° ao 15° dia da gestação. Durante a gestação as fêmeas foram monitoradas quanto ao desenvolvimento corporal, ingesta de água e ração. No 21° dia de gestação as progenitoras foram sacrificadas e avaliadas quanto à toxicidade materna sistêmica. Os fetos foram avaliados quanto a embriotoxicidade e alterações esqueléticas. Os resultados demonstraram que as fêmeas dos três grupos tiveram ganho de peso, consumo de água e consumo de ração semelhante, assim como peso dos órgãos internos, sugerindo não haver toxicidade materna. Nos grupos diazepam e maleto de midazolam houve uma diminuição do número de fetos por ninhada (9,2 ± 3,17 e 9,29 ± 3,29) comparado ao grupo controle (10,76 ± 2,62), também houve diminuição no peso dos fetos nos grupos diazepam e midazolam (4,73 ± 0,59 e 4,79 ± 0,64) em comparação ao grupo controle (5,02 ± 0,36). Houve um aumento no número de abortos precoces nos grupos diazepam e midazolam As perdas pós-implantação foram de 1,47% no grupo controle, 10,76% no grupo diazepam e 13,30% no grupo midazolam. A taxa de viabilidade fetal foi semelhante nos três grupos. As avaliações das anormalidades esqueléticas demonstraram um retardo de desenvolvimento assim como houve evidências de malformações nos grupos diazepam e midazolam, sendo que o grupo tratado com maleato de midazolam demonstrou um maior percentual de anormalidades esqueléticas que os fetos do grupo tratado com diazepam. Este estudo sugere efeitos teratogênicos dos medicamentos diazepam e midazolam quando utilizados nas doses testadas.

Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam

SCHEFFZUK, C. , KUKUSHKA, V. , VYSSOTSKI, A. L. , DRAGUHN, A. , TORT, A. B. L. , BRANKACK, J. . Global slowing of network oscillations in mouse neocortex by diazepam. Neuropharmacology , v. 65, p. 123-133, 2013.

The effects of anesthesia with a combination of intramuscular xylazine-diazepam-ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature in roosters

Objective To examine the anesthetic effects of a xylazine-diazepam-ketamine (XDK) combination in roosters.Study design Prospective experimental trial.Animals Six healthy white Leghorn roosters weighing 2.03 +/- 0.08 kg.Methods Each rooster was pre-medicated with xylazine (3 mg kg(-1), IM) and after 15 minutes anesthesia was induced with a diazepam (4 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (25 mg kg(-1)) combination injected into the pectoral muscles. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded before anesthesia and every 15 minutes after induction for 165 minutes. Cloacal temperature was measured before and 15 minutes after pre-medication and every 75 minutes thereafter during anesthesia. Quality of induction and recovery were scored subjectively; duration of loss of righting reflex, abolition of response to a painful stimulus and palpebral reflex were also recorded.Results Intramuscular injection of xylazine smoothly induced loss of the righting reflex within 3-4 minutes. Loss of response to a painful stimulus occurred at 13.1 +/- 2.9 minutes (mean +/- SD) after the administration of the D-K combination, and lasted for 63.0 +/- 5.3 minutes. Roosters anesthetized with this combination had a significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates and cloacal temperature. The recovery period lasted for up to 4 hours (227.5 +/- 15.4 minutes). Quality of recovery was satisfactory for four roosters but excitation was noted in two birds.Conclusions and clinical relevance The XDK combination was a useful anesthetic technique for typhlectomy in roosters. Nevertheless this drug combination should be used with caution and cardiopulmonary parameters monitored carefully. Under the conditions of this experiment it was associated with a decreased cloacal temperature and prolonged recoveries.

Social separation and diazepam withdrawal increase anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and serotonin turnover in the median raphe and hippocampus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of amfepramone hydrochloride, fenproporex, and diazepam in so-called natural capsules used in the treatment of obesity

A simple and rapid method was developed for the determination of amfepramone hydrochloride, fenprorex, and diazepam in capsules using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. This procedure provided conditions for the separation of the active ingredient from the complex matrices of the dosage forms by extraction in methanol. Isocratic reversed phase chromatography was performed using acetonitrile, methanol, and aqueous 0,1% ammonium carbonate (50:10:40) as a mobile phase, LiChrospher 100 RP 18 column (125 x 5 mm id, 5 mu m), a column temperature of 25 +/- 1 degrees C and detection at 230 nm.The calibration curves were linear over a wide concentration range (20-2000 mu g.mL(-1) to amfepramone hydrochloride, 8-800 mu g.mL(-1) to fenproporex, and 4-200 mu g.mL(-1) to diazepam) and good analytical recovery (87.1 to 107.8%) was obtained. The method is accurate and precise, as well as having advantages such as simplicity and short duration of analysis. Twenty samples of pharmaceutical preparations labelled as natural products were analysed. Anorectics and diazepam, were detected in 40% of the samples.

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amfepramone hydrochloride, mazindol, and diazepam in tablets

Simple and rapid procedures were developed for the quantification of amfepramone hydrochloride and diazepam and mazindol and diazepam in tablets using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. These techniques provided conditions for the separation of each active ingredient from the complex matrices of the dosage forms by dilution or extraction in methanol. Isocratic reversed phase chromatography was performed using acetonitrile, methanol, and aqueous 0,1% ammonium carbonate (70:10:20, v/v/v) as a mobile phase, Radial-Pak C-18 column (100 x 8 mm id, 4 mu m), a column temperature of 25+/-1 degrees C and detection at 255 nm. The calibration curves were linear over a wide concentration range (100-1000 mu g.mL(-1) to amfepramone hydrochloride and mazindol and 10-100 mu g.mL(-1) to diazepam) with good correlation factors of 0.9978, 0.9956 and 0.9997 for amfepramone hydrochloride, mazindol, and diazepam, respectively.Mean recoveries obtained from the two kinds of samples ranged from 83.2 to 102.5%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1.0 to 6.1.These results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed methods, as well as advantages such as simplicity and short duration of analysis.

Influência do ciclo estral no efeito do diazepam na ansiedade e memória de ratas

Memory and anxiety are related phenomena. Several evidences suggest that anxiety is fundamental for learnining and may facilitate or impair the memory formation process depending of the context. The majority of animal studies of anxiety and fear use only males as experimental subjects, while studies with females are rare in the literature. However, the prevalence in phobic and anxiety disorders is greater in women than in men. Moreover, it is known that gender maybe influence benzodiazepine effects, the classic drugs used for anxiety disorders treatment. In this respect, to further investigate if fear/anxiety aspects related to learning in female subjects would contribute to the study of phobic and anxiety disorders and their relationship with learning/memory processes, the present work investigates (a) the effects of benzodiazepine diazepam on female rats performance in a aversive memory task that assess concomitantly anxiety/emotionality, as the interaction between both; (b) the influence of estrous cycle phases of female rats on diazepam effects at aversive memory and anxiety/emotionality, and the interaction between both and (c) the role of hormonal fluctuations during estrous cycle phases in absence of diazepam effects in proestrus, because female rats in this phase received or not mifepristone, the antagonist of progesterone receptor, previously to the diazepam treatment. For this purpose, the plus maze discriminative avoidance task, previously validated for studies of anxiety concomitantly to learning/memory, was used. The apparatus employed is an adaptation of a conventional plus maze, with two opens arms and two closed arms, one of which presenting aversive stimulation (noise and light). The parameters used were: time in non-aversive arm compared to time in aversive and percentage of time in aversive arm on several temporal divisions, in order to evaluate memory; percentage of time in open arms, risk assessment, head dipping and end exploring to evaluate anxiety ; and distance traveled for locomotion. In experiment I, we found anxiolytic effect of diazepam only for 4 mg/kg dose, however the amnestic effect appear at a dose of 2 mg/kg. In second experiment, rats were divided in groups according estrous cycle phase (metaestrus/diestrus, proestrus e estrus). In this experiment, when we considered estrous cycle phase or diazepam treatment, the results did not demonstrate any differences in anxiety/emotionality parameters. The amnestic effects of diazepam occur in female rats in metestrus/diestrus and estrus and is absent in proestrous rats. Proestrous female rats that received mifepristone exhibited the amnestic effect of diazepam and also anxiolytic effects, that it was not previously observed in this dose. The results have demonstrated dissociation of anxiolytic and amnestic diazepam effects, not previously observed in males; the absence of amnestic effect of diazepam in proestrous phase; and the possible role of progesterone in aversive memory over diazepam effect, because the mifepristone, associated with diazepam, caused amnestic effect in proestrus

Avaliação dos efeitos do biperideno, diazepam e neuropeptídeos S sobre a memória e a ansiedade na tarefa do labirinto em T elevado em camundongos

Anxiety is an emotional phenomenon, and normally it is interpreted as an adaptative behavior front to adversities. In its pathological form, anxiety can severely affect aspects related to the personal and professional life. Studies have shown a close relationship between anxiety disorders and aversive memory processing. Considering that the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders is still limited, innovative anxiolytic agents are needed. In this regard, neuropeptides systems are interesting therapeutic targets to the treatment of psychopathologies. Neuropeptide S (NPS), a 20-aminoacid peptide, is the endogenous ligand of a G-protein coupled receptor (NPSR), which has been reported to evoke hyperlocomotion, awakefull states, besides anxiolysis and memory improvements in rodents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of biperiden (BPR; an amnesic drug), diazepam (DZP; an anxiolytic drug) and NPS at three distinct times: pre-training, post-training, and pre-test, in order to assess anxiety and memory process in the same animal model. The elevated Tmaze (ETM) is an apparatus derived from the elevated plus-maze test, which consists of one enclosed and two open arms. The procedure is based on the avoidance of open spaces learned during training session, in which mice were exposed to the enclosed arm as many times as needed to stay 300 s. In the test session, memory is assessed by re-exposing the mouse to the enclosed arm and the latency to enter an open arm was recorded. When injected pre-training, BPR (1 mg/kg) impaired learning and memory processing; DZP (1 and 2 mg/kg) evoked anxiolysis, but only at the dose of 2 mg/kg impaired memory; and NPS 0.1 nmol induced anxiolysis without affecting memory. Post-training injection of DZP (2 mg/kg) or BPR (1 and 3 mg/kg) did not affect memory consolidation, while the post-trainning administration of NPS 1 nmol, but not 0.1 nmol, improved memory in mice. Indeed, pre-trainning administration of NPS 1 nmol did not prevent memory impairment elicited by BPR (2 mg/kg, injected before training). In the open field test, BPR 1 mg/kg and NPS 1 nmol induced hyperlocomotion in mice. In conclusion, the proposed ETM task is practical for the detection of the anxiolytic and amnesic effects of drugs. The anxiolytic and memory enhancement effects of NPS were detected in the ETM task, and reinforce the role of NPS system as an interesting therapeutic target to the treatment of anxiety disorders

Parametria da associação do midazolam ou diazepam em cães pré-tratados pela atropina e tratados pela dexmedetomidina e quetamina

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)