Un Dieu se dévoile : herméneutique processuelle d'Éz 16

Les penseurs de l’herméneutique du XXe siècle ont redéfini essentiellement l’humain comme un être en quête de sens, interprétant sans cesse le ‘monde’ à travers ‘son propre monde’, cette compréhension transformante contribuant à son devenir. Serait-il pertinent dans une recherche de sens qui caractérise une démarche de foi, d’utiliser des outils herméneutiques ouvrant les Écritures sur d’autres possibles que ce que la Tradition chrétienne propose aujourd’hui ? Le présent mémoire veut répondre par l’affirmative à ce défi, en appliquant une approche processuelle sur le chapitre 16 du livre d’Ézéchiel, un prophète avec lequel la tradition juive a gardé une certaine prudence et un texte particulièrement osé que la pastorale chrétienne a ignoré. Après une mise en situation qui trace les paramètres fondamentaux de la démarche entreprise dans ce mémoire (chapitre 1), une traduction littérale du texte hébreu est proposée, faisant ressortir les nuances que suggèrent les formes verbales et les éléments particuliers que révèle une analyse macro-syntaxique (chapitre 2); la méthode d’analyse processuelle choisie pour interpréter le texte est inédite dans le monde francophone, tout comme la perspective processuelle de l’étude telle qu’elle se déploie dans les chapitres 3 et 4 du mémoire. L’analyse débouche sur des propositions théologiques originales, redéfinissant notamment la Toute-Puissance divine comme un entêtement qui cherche à convaincre, et inscrivant le pardon divin au creux de la liberté et de la responsabilité humaines.

Is Dawkins a modern-day Nicodemus?

This article applies a Wittgensteinian approach to the examination of the intelligibility of religious belief, in the wake of the recent attack on the Judeo-Christian religion by Richard Dawkins's book The God Delusion. The article attempts to show that Dawkins has confused religion with superstition, and that while Dawkins's arguments are decisive in the case of superstition, they do not successfully show religion to be a delusion. Religious belief in God is not like belief in the existence of a planet, and genuine religious faith is not like the belief in something for which there is not yet enough evidence, like belief in dark matter. The Christian doctrines of the resurrection and eternal life are misconstrued if they are understood as factual claims because they are then merely shallow superstitions, and not the great religious riddles they are meant to be.

Theodicy : the solution to the problem of evil, or part of the problem?

Theodicy, the enterprise of searching for greater goods that might plausibly justify God’s permission of evil, is often criticized on the grounds that the project has systematically failed to unearth any such goods. But theodicists also face a deeper challenge, one that places under question the very attempt to look for any morally sufficient reasons God might have for creating a world littered with evil. This ‘anti-theodical’ view argues that theists (and non-theists) ought to reject, primarily for moral reasons, the project of ‘justifying the ways of God to men’. Unfortunately, this view has not received the serious attention it deserves, particularly in analytic philosophy of religion. Taking my cues from such anti-theodicists as Kenneth Surin, D.Z. Phillips and Dostoyevsky’s Ivan Karamazov, I defend several reasons for holding that the way of thinking about God and evil enshrined in theodical discourse can only add to the world’s evils, not remove or illuminate them.

Linking watershed terrain and hydrology to soil chemical properties, microbial communities and impacts on soil organic C in a humid mid-latitude forested watershed

Understanding the response of humid mid-latitude forests to changes in precipitation, temperature, nutrient cycling, and disturbance is critical to improving our predictive understanding of changes in the surface-subsurface energy balance due to climate change. Mechanistic understanding of the effects of long-term and transient moisture conditions are needed to quantify
linkages between changing redox conditions, microbial activity, and soil mineral and nutrient interactions on C cycling and greenhouse gas releases. To illuminate relationships between the soil chemistry, microbial communities and organic C we established transects across hydraulic and topographic gradients in a small watershed with transient moisture conditions. Valley bottoms tend to be more frequently saturated than ridge tops and side slopes which generally are only saturated when shallow storm flow zones are active. Fifty shallow (~36”) soil cores were collected during timeframes representative of low CO2, soil winter conditions and high CO2, soil summer conditions. Cores were subdivided into 240 samples based on pedology and analyses of the geochemical (moisture content, metals, pH, Fe species, N, C, CEC, AEC) and microbial (16S rRNA gene
amplification with Illumina MiSeq sequencing) characteristics were conducted and correlated to watershed terrain and hydrology. To associate microbial metabolic activity with greenhouse gas emissions we installed 17 soil gas probes, collected gas samples for 16 months and analyzed them for CO2 and other fixed and greenhouse gasses. Parallel to the experimental efforts our data is being used to support hydrobiogeochemical process modeling by coupling the Community Land Model (CLM) with a subsurface process model (PFLOTRAN) to simulate processes and interactions from the molecular to watershed scales. Including above ground processes (biogeophysics, hydrology, and vegetation dynamics), CLM provides mechanistic water, energy, and organic matter inputs to the surface/subsurface models, in which coupled biogeochemical reaction
networks are used to improve the representation of below-ground processes. Preliminary results suggest that inclusion of above ground processes from CLM greatly improves the prediction of moisture response and water cycle at the watershed scale.

Patterned growth and cathodoluminescence of conical boron nitride nanorods

We demonstrate a simple and effective approach for growing large-scale, high-density, and well-patterned conical boron nitride nanorods. A catalyst layer of Fe(NO₃)₃ was patterned on a silicon substrate by using a copper grid as a mask. The nanorods were grown via annealing milled boron carbide powders at 1300 °C in a flow of nitrogen gas. The as-grown nanorods exhibit uniform morphology and the catalyst pattern precisely defines the position of nanorod deposition. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the nanorods show two broad emission bands centered at 3.75 and 1.85 eV. Panchromatic CL images reveal clear patterned structure

Esboniad ar yr Efengyl yn ol Luc /

Mode of access: Internet.

Atmospheric-pressure discharges for the fabrication of surface-based metal nanostructures

Various reactor configurations for generating atmospheric-pressure discharges were tested, and several types of nanostructures, including Mo nanoflakes, were successfully synthesized. Here, we present photographs of the discharges, as well as SEM images of representative nanostructures.

A note on non-separable solutions of linear partial differential equation

A method has been presented for constructing non-separable solutions of homogeneous linear partial differential equations of the type F(D, D′)W = 0, where D = ∂/∂x, D′ = ∂/∂y, Image where crs are constants and n stands for the order of the equation. The method has also been extended for equations of the form Φ(D, D′, D″)W = 0, where D = ∂/∂x, D′ = ∂/∂y, D″ = ∂/∂z and Image As illustration, the method has been applied to obtain nonseparable solutions of the two and three dimensional Helmholtz equations.

Objektu-komunztadura XIX eta XX. mendeetako euskal gramatiketan

Beatriz Fernández eta Pablo Albizu (arg.)

Paranormal operator on a Hilbert space

In this thesis an extensive study is made of the set P of all paranormal operators in B(H), the set of all bounded endomorphisms on the complex Hilbert space H. T ϵ B(H) is paranormal if for each z contained in the resolvent set of T, d(z, σ(T))//(T-zI)^-1 = 1 where d(z, σ(T)) is the distance from z to σ(T), the spectrum of T. P contains the set N of normal operators and P contains the set of hyponormal operators. However, P is contained in L, the set of all T ϵ B(H) such that the convex hull of the spectrum of T is equal to the closure of the numerical range of T. Thus, N≤P≤L.

If the uniform operator (norm) topology is placed on B(H), then the relative topological properties of N, P, L can be discussed. In Section IV, it is shown that: 1) N P and L are arc-wise connected and closed, 2) N, P, and L are nowhere dense subsets of B(H) when dim H ≥ 2, 3) N = P when dimH ˂ ∞ , 4) N is a nowhere dense subset of P when dimH ˂ ∞ , 5) P is not a nowhere dense subset of L when dimH ˂ ∞ , and 6) it is not known if P is a nowhere dense subset of L when dimH ˂ ∞.

The spectral properties of paranormal operators are of current interest in the literature. Putnam [22, 23] has shown that certain points on the boundary of the spectrum of a paranormal operator are either normal eigenvalues or normal approximate eigenvalues. Stampfli [26] has shown that a hyponormal operator with countable spectrum is normal. However, in Theorem 3.3, it is shown that a paranormal operator T with countable spectrum can be written as the direct sum, N ⊕ A, of a normal operator N with σ(N) = σ(T) and of an operator A with σ(A) a subset of the derived set of σ(T). It is then shown that A need not be normal. If we restrict the countable spectrum of T ϵ P to lie on a C²-smooth rectifiable Jordan curve G_o, then T must be normal [see Theorem 3.5 and its Corollary]. If T is a scalar paranormal operator with countable spectrum, then in order to conclude that T is normal the condition of σ(T) ≤ G_o can be relaxed [see Theorem 3.6]. In Theorem 3.7 it is then shown that the above result is not true when T is not assumed to be scalar. It was then conjectured that if T ϵ P with σ(T) ≤ G_o, then T is normal. The proof of Theorem 3.5 relies heavily on the assumption that T has countable spectrum and cannot be generalized. However, the corollary to Theorem 3.9 states that if T ϵ P with σ(T) ≤ G_o, then T has a non-trivial lattice of invariant subspaces. After the completion of most of the work on this thesis, Stampfli [30, 31] published a proof that a paranormal operator T with σ(T) ≤ G_o is normal. His proof uses some rather deep results concerning numerical ranges whereas the proof of Theorem 3.5 uses relatively elementary methods.

Symmetric representation of an integral domain over a subdomain

Let F(θ) be a separable extension of degree n of a field F. Let Δ and D be integral domains with quotient fields F(θ) and F respectively. Assume that Δ ᴝ D. A mapping φ of Δ into the n x n D matrices is called a Δ/D rep if (i) it is a ring isomorphism and (ii) it maps d onto dI_n whenever d ϵ D. If the matrices are also symmetric, φ is a Δ/D symrep.

Every Δ/D rep can be extended uniquely to an F(θ)/F rep. This extension is completely determined by the image of θ. Two Δ/D reps are called equivalent if the images of θ differ by a D unimodular similarity. There is a one-to-one correspondence between classes of Δ/D reps and classes of Δ ideals having an n element basis over D.

The condition that a given Δ/D rep class contain a Δ/D symrep can be phrased in various ways. Using these formulations it is possible to (i) bound the number of symreps in a given class, (ii) count the number of symreps if F is finite, (iii) establish the existence of an F(θ)/F symrep when n is odd, F is an algebraic number field, and F(θ) is totally real if F is formally real (for n = 3 see Sapiro, “Characteristic polynomials of symmetric matrices” Sibirsk. Mat. Ž. 3 (1962) pp. 280-291), and (iv) study the case D = Z, the integers (see Taussky, “On matrix classes corresponding to an ideal and its inverse” Illinois J. Math. 1 (1957) pp. 108-113 and Faddeev, “On the characteristic equations of rational symmetric matrices” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 58 (1947) pp. 753-754).

The case D = Z and n = 2 is studied in detail. Let Δ’ be an integral domain also having quotient field F(θ) and such that Δ’ ᴝ Δ. Let φ be a Δ/Z symrep. A method is given for finding a Δ’/Z symrep ʘ such that the Δ’ ideal class corresponding to the class of ʘ is an extension to Δ’ of the Δ ideal class corresponding to the class of φ. The problem of finding all Δ/Z symreps equivalent to a given one is studied.

葡萄属植物系统学研究

葡萄属（Vitis.L.）植物隶属于葡萄科(Vitaceae)，主要分布于北温带，最南可以分布到南美洲的委内瑞拉和亚洲的越南以及印度北部。本文通过对该属分类研究历史的回顾，认为该属存在的问题主要表现在如下几个方面： 1）葡萄属自1753 年由Carl Linne创立以来，虽经planchon于1887年做了修订，但属的范围仍需进一步界定;2）在Planchon之后的100多年中未见有一全面的分类学修订工作，出现在该属的800多个名称需要考证;3）对一些广布种的变异认识不足，导致了大量可疑种。针对这些问题本文进行了如下几个方面的工作： l、形态学：通过大量的野外工作和标本观察，对该属植物的主要性状做了分析，讨论了这些性状状态在葡萄属中的变异规律及演化趋势，将灌木状习性、退化的卷须以及不裂的叶片视为进化的性状。 2、细胞学：利用前人对葡萄属(Vitis.L.)染色体数目的统计及一些杂交实验分析的结果，结合形态学等方面的特征分析，认为在葡萄科，染色体基数X=10为原始的，而x=19则为衍生的。葡萄属的染色体基数xl9(2n=38)，多倍体较少见;麝香葡萄属[Muscadinia (Planch.) Sma11]的染色体基数为x=10 (2n=20)．与蛇葡萄属、酸蔹藤属和爬山虎属的一致。葡萄属和麝香葡萄属间的杂种是不育的。 3、孢粉学：对葡萄属32种5变种及麝香葡萄属[Muscadinia (Planch.) Sma11]1种的花粉外壁做扫描电镜观察，结果发现花粉外壁雕纹在这两属间和葡萄属内变异较小，对区分属以及属下种上类群意义不大，但对种的鉴别有重要的价值。 4、植物化学：前人对植物化学的工作表明，植物的一些次生代谢产物如类黄酮化合物在葡萄科各类群中的分布规律较好地反映了各类群间的关系。这些结果较好地支持了Planchon对葡萄属范围的界定。 5、山葡萄复合体(V.amurensis complex)包括山葡萄(V.amurensis Rupr.)、燕山葡萄(V.amuresis Rupr. var. dissecta Skvorts.=var.yanshanensisD．Z．Lu et H．P．Liang)、百花山葡萄(V.baihuashanensis M．S．Kang et D．Z．Lu)、复叶葡萄(V.piasezkii Maxim.)、少毛复叶葡萄[V. piasezkii Maxux1．var. pagnuccii (Planch.) Rehd.]共3个种和2个变种，广泛分布于中国北方，形态变异较大。本文对该复合体做了形态分析，并用RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs)分子标记方法分析了这几个类群的关系。综合这些结果，归并了燕山葡萄和百花山葡萄。 在上述工作的基础上，我们得出了如下的结论： l、葡萄属在葡萄科中是一个进化的类群。整理后的葡萄属包括8系62种、l亚种和15变种，其中有2个新系、1个新组合系、2个新变种、1个新组合种和l3个新异名。 2、本文赞同SmaU在1903年作出的分类学处理，把麝香葡萄作为一个独立的属，比葡萄属原始但与葡萄属有着最近的亲缘关系。 3、依据形态特征和APD分析结果把山葡萄复合体的3个种2变种归并为2种l变种，即山葡萄、复叶葡萄和少毛复叶葡萄，认为分子标记技术在分析属内近缘种闻关系上很有价值。 4、葡萄属具有东亚和北美2个现代分布中心，该属可能起源于北美的东部，在晚白垩纪经白令陆桥散布至欧亚大陆。

中国麻黄属植物的分类——兼论麻黄属的演化

根据中国麻黄属植物分类及麻黄属起源和演化研究中存在的争论，本论文主要进行了分类学、形态学、微形态学、解剖学、形态发生学、孢粉学、古植物学、植物生态学和植物地理学等方面的研究。 1、分类学 从性状变异式样的分析入手，结合标本馆工作和野外调查，确认了中国麻黄属植物共有13个种;合并了丽江麻黄(Ephedra likiangensis)、雌雄麻黄(E. fedtschenkoae);澄清了前人在细子麻黄(E. regeliana)、灰麻黄(E. glauca)、草麻黄(E. sinica)和双穗麻黄(E. distachya)等种类鉴定中混乱的问题，并描述了一个新种——日土麻黄（Ephedra rituensis Y. Yang, D. Z. Fu et G. Zhu）。 2、形态学 提供了中国麻黄属种类的标本（包括模式标本）照片资料及中国麻黄属植物的雌球花和雄球花的照片资料，为麻黄属分类和系统学研究提供了证据。 3、微形态学 首次报道了中国麻黄属植物的种子表面微形态特征，聚合囊表面纹饰、小枝表面特征。 种子表面特征可分为4种类型。类型I：种子表面平滑，包括：中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)、双穗麻黄、细子麻黄等;类型II：种子表面具疣状突起，仅发现木贼麻黄(E. equisetina)一种;类型III：种子表面具横向片层状突起，仅有斑子麻黄(E. rhytidosperma)一种;类型IV：种子表面具纵条纹，包括喜马拉雅特有的3个大种子的种类，即矮麻黄(E. minuta)、山岭麻黄(E. gerardiana)和藏麻黄(E. saxatilis)。 对小枝表面扫描电镜下的微形态构造的研究并没有发现前人报道的毛状体特征，而只有一些疣状角质突起和有变异的气孔，同时注意到，麻黄属植物的小枝表面特征受到生境、发育阶段的影响。 麻黄属聚合囊顶孔开口处具脑波状纹饰，而聚合囊表面纹饰具二级纹饰。麻黄属聚合囊表面纹饰非常独特，为该属在地层中雄性生殖构造的发现提供了可参考的性状。 4、孢粉学 补充了麻黄属中非常特化的种——斑子麻黄的孢粉资料，同时也对膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)、中麻黄、细子麻黄和木贼麻黄的孢粉重新进行了研究。结果表明斑子麻黄的花粉形态也非常特殊，其纵肋数目5条左右，纵肋波状扭曲，肋间沟槽内透明线发达且分枝。膜果麻黄的花粉与前人描述的一致，但是，中麻黄、细子麻黄和木贼麻黄的花粉形态可能受到发育的影响而与前人报道中描述的有些差异。讨论了麻黄属4种花粉类型的演化趋势。 5、形态发生学 对麻黄属雌球花三种代表类型的个体发育研究表明，三胚珠球花发育早期球花主轴的顶芽发育，双胚珠球花的顶芽没有发育，而在单胚珠球花中，雌性生殖单位直接占据顶芽的位置发育。这三种类型也代表了麻黄属球花演化的三个阶段，三胚珠球花代表麻黄属雌球花的原始式样，而单胚珠雌球花则为麻黄属雌球花最为特化的式样。总之，麻黄属雌球花有简化的趋势，伴随着这种趋势，雌球花苞片数目减少、种子数目减少、种子体积增大、表面复杂度增加。 6、解剖学 对斑子麻黄种子表面微构造的形态发生及解剖研究表明，斑子麻黄雌性生殖单位发育早期，其表面为平滑型，因此，突起为次生的。这些突起是由雌性生殖单位外盖被表皮细胞的外壁向外突出形成，这种突出生长常常在相邻细胞之间同时发生，因此，出现片层状构造。石蜡切片显示，这些突起在发育早期有完整的细胞核、细胞质等结构，但在种子发育晚期和成熟后，这些外壁突起的细胞成为空腔隙，本文对这种构造的生态学意义进行了分析。 7、古植物学 本文描述了早白垩麻黄科的2个大化石种。 古斑子麻黄（Ephedra archaeorhytidosperma Y. Yang, B. Y. Geng et D. L. Dilcher et Z. D. Chen）发现于辽西义县组尖山沟层，时代为早白垩的芭雷姆期。该种的雌球花具2对苞片、1或2枚种子、珠孔管短直或顶部稍弯、种子表面具横列片层状纹饰等特征而与现存的斑子麻黄特征最为相近。二者之间如此多的相似之处只有一种解释，那就是它们曾经有过共同祖先。因此，该种应归属于麻黄属的肉苞组。古斑子麻黄雌球花特征的稳定性同时也表明，在麻黄属中也存在所谓的“形态演化停滞现象（morphological stasis）”，而这种现象也是首次在买麻藤类植物中报道。 星学异麻黄（Alloephedra xingxueii J. R. Tao et Y. Yang）产于吉林大拉子组，时代属早白垩的阿普特期——阿尔布期。该种雌球花具2对苞片、2枚种子，种子长椭圆形且具短的珠孔管与现存麻黄科植物最为相近，但是，其分枝式样与麻黄属不同，因此，本文在麻黄科中建立了一新属新种。此外，麻黄科植物常被看作是干旱区植被的代表，但是，对星学异麻黄当时所处的环境研究发现，大拉子组当时具有较明显的亚热带气候条件下的植被性质，因此，星学异麻黄即使需要干旱的条件，可能也只是局部小生境的条件。 8、生态学和植物地理学 本文首次对麻黄属植物生存环境中的水热条件进行了调查。从所选择的8个分布点来看，除了拉萨外，在麻黄属生殖生长期，其余7个分布点的湿度均是一年中最底的时期，而温度在这个时期逐渐升高。 对各地区内麻黄属种类的分布情况的分析发现，麻黄属的种类主要集中在三个地区，一是我国西北、前苏联的中亚地区及邻近地区，二是美国西南部、墨西哥西北部的地区，三是南美的智利、阿根廷等地。

Strain evolution in GaN layers grown on high-temperature AlN interlayers

The strain evolution of the GaN layer grown on a high-temperature AlN interlayer with GaN template by metal organic chemical vapor deposition is investigated. It is found that the layer is initially under compressive strain and then gradually relaxes and transforms to under tensile strain with increasing film thickness. The result of the in situ stress analysis is confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements. Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the inclination of edge and mixed threading dislocations rather than the reduction of dislocation density mainly accounts for such a strain evolution. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.