Diagnostic de l'accessibilité aux soins de santé en Haïti

L’accessibilité aux soins de santé est une priorité de nombreux gouvernements à travers le monde. En Haïti, les gouvernements se sont succédés et ont tenté à travers les années des interventions dont les résultats ne sont souvent pas satisfaisants. Le programme d’assistance médicale cubain, actuellement appliqué dans le pays, est en œuvre dans plus d’une vingtaine de pays en développement, mais il existe très peu d’évaluations indépendantes qui permettent de l’appréhender. Cet ouvrage se donne pour objectif de vérifier le bien fondé de cette intervention en tenant compte du contexte, d’établir la plausibilité en fonction des moyens du pays et finalement, de proposer des solutions qui améliorent la situation. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, l’étude de cas a été adoptée comme stratégie de recherche. Cette technique permet de mieux analyser le contexte, et de comprendre ses effets sur le programme. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées pour permettre de faire les analyses stratégique et logique nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs sus-cités. Les entrevues ont visé successivement la compréhension du modèle théorique, la détermination des problèmes pertinents auxquels fait le système de santé, les causes de la difficulté de rétention des professionnels et finale l’analyse du modèle. L’évaluation a révélé que l’accessibilité aux soins de santé est complexe et qu’un grand nombre de facteurs l’influencent. En Haïti, ces facteurs ne sont pas différents de ceux recensés dans la littérature. Mais la composante géographique associée à l’aspect administratif du système de santé en général constituent les éléments qui auraient l’impact le plus important sur l’accessibilité du système de santé. Vu les conditions actuelles, la modernisation de la gestion représente l’avenue à privilégier en attendant que les moyens permettent d’agir sur les autres facteurs. La rétention des professionnels de santé est un facteur essentiel de l’accessibilité aux soins de santé. Pour être efficace, les mécanismes de rétention utilisés doivent s’accompagner de mesures comme l’amélioration des conditions de travail, ainsi qu’un salaire compétitif. Les conditions de vie dans le milieu rural haïtien ne peuvent en rien être comparées à celles des pays développés. On ne peut espérer les mêmes résultats avec les programmes de rétention utilisés par cette intervention. Tenant compte du contexte socioéconomique et du tableau épidémiologique haïtien, il serait peut-être plus efficient de créer de nouveaux corps de métier. Ces derniers devraient être en mesure de régler les problèmes de santé simples, et occasionneraient des coûts moins importants. Ce serait à court terme et même à moyen terme une solution viable dans le contexte actuel. Le programme actuel s’il semble respecter les données probantes en matière d’accessibilité aux soins, néglige d’incorporer les paramètres spécifiques au milieu haïtien, nécessaires à l’atteinte de ses objectifs. La politisation excessive est aussi un facteur qui à terme pourrait conduire à l’échec de ce programme. Si à court terme le programme parvient à augmenter le nombre de professionnels de santé dans le pays, il est peu probable que cela dure. Les moyens précaires du pays ne lui permettent pas de se payer des professionnels hautement qualifiés dans les milieux sous desservis. L’intervention pour réussir doit intégrer les caractéristiques particulières du milieu et mettre plus d’accent sur la gestion du système.

Challenging Educational Underdevelopment: The Cuban Solidarity Approach as a Mode of South-South Cooperation

The Capacity to Share is the first book to document how Cubans share their highly developed educational services with other low-income states, especially those in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. A variety of international and Cuban authors break new ground in presenting this research. They investigate the experiences of people who have studied in Cuba on scholarships from the Cuban government, the implications for their home countries, and the work of Cuban teachers and administrators to support education in other countries. The authors discuss how the Cuban "solidarity" approach prioritizes global educational cooperation for mutual support, rather than imposing conditional aid. The book offers original and unusual insights into issues of culture, education, aid, development, and change as they relate to low-income states.

The Capacity to Share : A Study of Cuba's International Cooperation in Educational Development

Since 1959, international cooperation has been a key feature of Cuba’s commitment to egalitarian social well-being. Aspects of this experience have been well documented , in general and with reference to specific initiatives across human development and occupational sectors. Others have been little examined, of which education is one. This book describes the internationalism of Cuban education policy as practised in Cuba and in other parts of the Global “South.”

The Cuban Revolution and Internationalism: Structuring Education and Health

The Capacity to Share is the first book to document how Cubans share their highly developed educational services with other low-income states, especially those in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. A variety of international and Cuban authors break new ground in presenting this research. They investigate the experiences of people who have studied in Cuba on scholarships from the Cuban government, the implications for their home countries, and the work of Cuban teachers and administrators to support education in other countries. The authors discuss how the Cuban "solidarity" approach prioritizes global educational cooperation for mutual support, rather than imposing conditional aid. The book offers original and unusual insights into issues of culture, education, aid, development, and change as they relate to low-income states.

"You help me improve my English, I'll teach you Physics!" Cuban teachers overseas

Lending teachers for two-year periods is one of the ways in which Cuba has been able to collaborate with other countries in their efforts to improve educational planning and practice. My field research in 2001 in Jamaica (March and November) and in Namibia (December) enabled me to obtain information about how Cuban teachers are being utilized, and about the educational implications of this project. In Jamaica, I interviewed 15 Cuban teachers in several schools and one in the vocational institute, as well as the Cuban project supervisor in charge of the 51 Cuban teachers. I also talked with officials at the Jamaican Ministry of Education to obtain an idea of the developmental needs in the various subjects that the Cubans had been asked to teach. In Namibia I interviewed personnel in the National Sports Directorate and the Cuban manager in charge of the sports education project. The chapter draws on these interviews to build a picture of how the program of collaboration is organized, and considers its postcolonial significance, in theory and in practice, as an example of South-South collaboration. The chapter contributes to a multilevel style of comparative education analysis based on microlevel qualitative fieldwork within a framework that compares cross-cultural issues and national policies. The discussion of the educational situation of the host countries suggests why Cuban teachers can contribute to meeting curricular needs, particularly in the areas of the sciences, mathematics, Spanish, and sports. The friendly and joking remark of one of the Cuban teachers to school students in Jamaica: “You help me improve my English, I’ll teach you Physics!” highlights the reciprocal potential of these cooperation projects, discussed in several chapters of this book.

Cooperation using a robotic ad hoc network made from Bluetooth, JXTA, OSGi and other commercial off the shelf (COTS) products

Abstract - Mobile devices in the near future will need to collaborate to fulfill their function. Collaboration will be done by communication. We use a real world example of robotic soccer to come up with the necessary structures required for robotic communication. A review of related work is done and it is found no examples come close to providing a RANET. The robotic ad hoc network (RANET) we suggest uses existing structures pulled from the areas of wireless networks, peer to peer and software life-cycle management. Gaps are found in the existing structures so we describe how to extend some structures to satisfy the design. The RANET design supports robot cooperation by exchanging messages, discovering needed skills that other robots on the network may possess and the transfer of these skills. The network is built on top of a Bluetooth wireless network and uses JXTA to communicate and transfer skills. OSGi bundles form the skills that can be transferred. To test the nal design a reference implementation is done. Deficiencies in some third party software is found, specifically JXTA and JamVM and GNU Classpath. Lastly we look at how to fix the deciencies by porting the JXTA C implementation to the target robotic platform and potentially eliminating the TCP/IP layer, using UDP instead of TCP or using an adaptive TCP/IP stack. We also propose a future areas of investigation; how to seed the configuration for the Personal area network (PAN) Bluetooth protocol extension so a Bluetooth TCP/IP link is more quickly formed and using the STP to allow multi-hop messaging and transfer of skills.

Investigating relationships between relationship quality, customer loyalty and cooperation : an empirical study of convenience stores' franchise chain systems in Taiwan

Franchising has been widely accepted as an effective way to conduct and expand businesses. However, a franchise system is not a guarantee of success in the market. A successful franchise system should rely on a close and strong franchising relationship. Franchising is an important relationship management business. Franchising arrangements normally last for a number of years, so the franchisor and franchisee in the arrangement relationship are usually motivated to cooperate with each other. In addition, highly loyal franchisees may be obtained through a successful long-term franchising relationship. Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous wave of interest in franchising relationships. However, little research has been conducted to determine the reasons for long-term franchising relationships. As a result, this study focuses on the important elements that might lead to a successful long-term franchising relationship. This study attempts to examine empirically three essential constructs (relationship quality, cooperation and customer loyalty), which might lead to successful long-term franchising relationships between franchisees and franchisors among the convenience stores in Taiwan. Mailed questionnaires were utilised to collect the research data. A total of 500 surveys were mailed randomly to the manager/supervisor of convenience stores’ franchisees among the four main franchisors (7-ELEVEN, Family, Hi-Life and OK) in Taiwan. The final sample size is 120, yielding a response rate of 24 per cent. The results show that relationship quality positively influences the cooperative relationships between franchisors and franchisees. Relationship quality is also positively correlated with franchisees’ loyalty. Additionally, the results indicate that the cooperative relationships between franchisors and franchisees are significantly associated with franchisees’ loyalty.

Between Two Worlds : Harry Reade, the Sydney waterfront and Cuban animation

Harry Reade (1927-1998) was an Australian waterside worker-artist who became involved with animation production through the Waterside Workers’ Federation Film Unit, in Sydney. During the early years of the Cuban Revolution, Reade contributed to Cuba’s social and cultural reform process by influencing the development of the educational sector of Cuban animation. This article examines the forces that shaped Reade and the ways in which he contributed to the use of animation as an agent of social change.

Achieving cooperation in a distributed multi-robot team

DMAPS (Distributed Multi-Agent Planning System) is a planning system developed for distributed multi-robot teams based on MAPS (Multi-Agent Planning System). MAPS assumes that each agent has the same global view of the environment in order to determine the most suitable actions. This assumption fails when perception is local to the agents: each agent has only a partial and unique view of the environment. DMAPS addresses this problem by creating a probabilistic global view on each agent by fusing the perceptual information from each robot. The experimental results on consuming tasks show that while the probabilistic global view is not identical on each robot, the shared view is still effective in increasing performance of the team.