Emotional stability promotes intelligence

Emotional stability promotes intelligence In the research field of the relationship between intelligence and personality factors, one of the most consistent findings is that intelligence is positively correlated with emotional stability. However, few studies have considered this relationship in children, and very few have differentiated between types of intelligence as well as underlying differences in working memory capacity when explaining the relationship between intelligence scores and emotional stability. In this study, the level of emotional stability and performance in a proxy for fluid and crystallized intelligence as well as in two working memory tasks was assessed in a sample of 397 primary school children. Results reveal that emotional stability is significantly positively related to vocabulary (crystallized intelligence), moderated by high working memory performance, but unrelated to abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence). This was interpreted as indicating that the positive relationship between intelligence and emotional stability is mainly due to learning advantages starting in early age, due to high working memory performance, rather than to higher general intelligence. This bears the important implication that emotionally labile children (high level of neuroticism) should be supported to regulate their negative emotions, intrusive thoughts and anxiety as early as possible to eliminate progressive learning disadvantages. One approach to do so is by specific working memory training targeting the improvement of emotional regulation skills.

The four- vs. alternative six-factor structure of the French WISC-IV: Comparison using confirmatory factor analyses

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reported in the French technical manual of the WISC-IV provides evidence supporting a structure with four indices: Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning (PRI), Working Memory (WMI), and Processing Speed (PSI). Although the WISC-IV is more attuned to contemporary theory, it is still not in total accordance with the dominant theory: the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive ability. This study was designed to determine whether the French WISC-IV is better described with the four-factor solution or whether an alternative model based on the CHC theory is more appropriate. The intercorrelations matrix reported in the French technical manual was submitted to confirmatory factor analysis. A comparison of competing models suggests that a model based on the CHC theory fits the data better than the current WISC-IV structure. It appears that the French WISC-IV in fact measures six factors: crystallized intelligence (Gc), fluid intelligence (Gf), short-term memory (Gsm), processing speed (Gs), quantitative knowledge (Gq), and visual processing (Gv). We recommend that clinicians interpret the subtests of the French WISC-IV in relation to this CHC model in addition to the four indices.

Beyond g : putting multiple intelligences theory to the test /

The purpose of this study was to investigate Howard Gardner's (1983) Multiple Intelligences theory, which proposes that there are eight independent intelligences: Linguistic, Spatial, Logical/Mathematical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic, Bodily-Kinesthetic, and Musical. To explore Gardner's theory, two measures of each ability area were administered to 200 participants. Each participant also completed a measure of general cognitive ability, a personality inventory, an ability self-rating scale, and an ability self-report questionnaire. Nonverbal measures were included for most intelligence domains, and a wide range of content was sampled in Gardner's domains. Results showed that all tests of purely cognitive abilities were significantly correlated with the measure of general cognitive ability, whereas Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, and one of the Intrapersonal measures were not. Contrary to what Multiple Intelligences theory would seem to predict, correlations among the tests revealed a positive manifold and factor analysis indicated a large factor of general intelligence, with a mathematical reasoning test and a classification task from the Naturalistic domain having the highest ^- loadings. There were only minor sex differences in performance on the ability tests. Participants' self-estimates of ability were significantly and positively correlated with actual performance in some, but not all, intelligences. With regard to personality, a hypothesized association between Openness to Experience and crystallized intelligence was supported. The implications of the findings in regards to the nature of mental abilities were discussed, and recommendations for further research were made.

Working memory training in children: Effectiveness depends on temperament

Studies revealing transfer effects of working memory (WM) training on non-trained cognitive performance of children hold promising implications for scholastic learning. However, the results of existing training studies are not consistent and provoke debates about the potential and limitations of cognitive enhancement. To examine the influence of individual differences on training outcomes is a promising approach for finding causes for such inconsistencies. In this study, we implemented WM training in an elementary school setting. The aim was to investigate near and far transfer effects on cognitive abilities and academic achievement and to examine the moderating effects of a dispositional and a regulative temperament factor, neuroticism and effortful control. Ninetynine second-graders were randomly assigned to 20 sessions of computer-based adaptiveWMtraining, computer-based reading training, or a no-contact control group. For the WM training group, our analyses reveal near transfer on a visual WM task, far transfer on a vocabulary task as a proxy for crystallized intelligence, and increased academic achievement in reading and math by trend. Considering individual differences in temperament, we found that effortful control predicts larger training mean and gain scores and that there is a moderation effect of both temperament factors on post-training improvement: WM training condition predicted higher post-training gains compared to both control conditions only in children with high effortful control or low neuroticism. Our results suggest that a short but intensive WM training program can enhance cognitive abilities in children, but that sufficient selfregulative abilities and emotional stability are necessary for WM training to be effective.

Remédiation cognitive portant sur les aspects fluide et cristallisé de l’intelligence auprès d'adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite : approche par le jeu.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de créer, d’implanter et d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un programme de remédiation cognitive, intervenant de façon comparable sur les aspects fluide (Gf) et cristallisé (Gc) de l’intelligence, au sein d’une population d’intérêt clinique, les adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite (FIL). Compte tenu de la forte prévalence de ce trouble, le programme de remédiation GAME (Gains et Apprentissages Multiples pour Enfant) s’est développé autour de jeux disponibles dans le commerce afin de faciliter l’accès et l’implantation de ce programme dans divers milieux. Le premier article de cette thèse, réalisé sous forme de revue systématique de la littérature, avait pour objectif de faire le point sur les études publiées utilisant le jeu comme outil de remédiation cognitive dans la population pédiatrique. L’efficacité, ainsi que la qualité du paradigme utilisé ont été évaluées, et des recommandations sur les aspects méthodologiques à respecter lors de ce type d’étude ont été proposées. Cet article a permis une meilleure compréhension des écueils à éviter et des points forts méthodologiques à intégrer lors de la création du programme de remédiation GAME. Certaines mises en garde méthodologiques relevées dans cet article ont permis d’améliorer la qualité du programme de remédiation cognitive développé dans ce projet de thèse. Compte tenu du peu d’études présentes dans la littérature scientifique concernant la population présentant un FIL (70intelligence, champs d’intervention qui a été négligé compte tenu de la stabilité longtemps postulée de ces processus. Ce programme de remédiation, intitulé GAME, s’adressait aux adolescents présentant un FIL pur ou partiel (soit les deux indices de raisonnement étaient dans la zone limite, soit un seul des deux), et présentait deux versants, GAME-c (portant sur l’intelligence cristallisée) et GAME-f (portant sur l’intelligence fluide). Cette intervention durait seize heures réparties sur huit semaines. Les résultats indiquent que les adolescents ayant suivi GAME-f ont amélioré leur raisonnement fluide; alors que les adolescents ayant suivi GAME-c ont amélioré à la fois leur raisonnement cristallisé et fluide. Cette étude contribue à remettre en question la stabilité des processus intellectuels. C’est par contre la première fois que des améliorations de l’intelligence sont constatées dans une population d’intérêt clinique par le biais d’un entraînement direct. Enfin, les variables cognitives, adaptatives, comportementales et psychiatriques susceptibles d’influencer la qualité de l’amélioration pour chacun des programmes GAME ont fait l’objet d’analyses supplémentaires dans un dernier chapitre et permettent de conclure à la possibilité d’adapter le programme GAME à d’autres populations (ex: déficience intellectuelle). Cette thèse a donc permis de souligner la pertinence d’utiliser les jeux comme outil de remédiation cognitive de part leur versatilité dans leur utilisation, leur facilité d’accès et leur faible coût. Elle met également en avant la nécessité de développer une meilleure compréhension de la population présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite et d’effectuer des évaluations neuropsychologiques exhaustives auprès de cette population (cognitif, adaptatif, comportemental et psychiatrique). Enfin, elle souligne la possibilité d’améliorer par remédiation directe les intelligences fluide et cristallisée auprès d’individus avec une intelligence subnormale et suggère qu’il pourrait en être de même pour des populations présentant des déficits cognitifs, comme la déficience intellectuelle légère. Les avenues futures de recherche et les retombées cliniques de ce travail sont discutées, en lien avec les différents résultats trouvés dans ces études.

Remédiation cognitive portant sur les aspects fluide et cristallisé de l’intelligence auprès d'adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite : approche par le jeu

L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de créer, d’implanter et d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un programme de remédiation cognitive, intervenant de façon comparable sur les aspects fluide (Gf) et cristallisé (Gc) de l’intelligence, au sein d’une population d’intérêt clinique, les adolescents présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite (FIL). Compte tenu de la forte prévalence de ce trouble, le programme de remédiation GAME (Gains et Apprentissages Multiples pour Enfant) s’est développé autour de jeux disponibles dans le commerce afin de faciliter l’accès et l’implantation de ce programme dans divers milieux. Le premier article de cette thèse, réalisé sous forme de revue systématique de la littérature, avait pour objectif de faire le point sur les études publiées utilisant le jeu comme outil de remédiation cognitive dans la population pédiatrique. L’efficacité, ainsi que la qualité du paradigme utilisé ont été évaluées, et des recommandations sur les aspects méthodologiques à respecter lors de ce type d’étude ont été proposées. Cet article a permis une meilleure compréhension des écueils à éviter et des points forts méthodologiques à intégrer lors de la création du programme de remédiation GAME. Certaines mises en garde méthodologiques relevées dans cet article ont permis d’améliorer la qualité du programme de remédiation cognitive développé dans ce projet de thèse. Compte tenu du peu d’études présentes dans la littérature scientifique concernant la population présentant un FIL (70intelligence, champs d’intervention qui a été négligé compte tenu de la stabilité longtemps postulée de ces processus. Ce programme de remédiation, intitulé GAME, s’adressait aux adolescents présentant un FIL pur ou partiel (soit les deux indices de raisonnement étaient dans la zone limite, soit un seul des deux), et présentait deux versants, GAME-c (portant sur l’intelligence cristallisée) et GAME-f (portant sur l’intelligence fluide). Cette intervention durait seize heures réparties sur huit semaines. Les résultats indiquent que les adolescents ayant suivi GAME-f ont amélioré leur raisonnement fluide; alors que les adolescents ayant suivi GAME-c ont amélioré à la fois leur raisonnement cristallisé et fluide. Cette étude contribue à remettre en question la stabilité des processus intellectuels. C’est par contre la première fois que des améliorations de l’intelligence sont constatées dans une population d’intérêt clinique par le biais d’un entraînement direct. Enfin, les variables cognitives, adaptatives, comportementales et psychiatriques susceptibles d’influencer la qualité de l’amélioration pour chacun des programmes GAME ont fait l’objet d’analyses supplémentaires dans un dernier chapitre et permettent de conclure à la possibilité d’adapter le programme GAME à d’autres populations (ex: déficience intellectuelle). Cette thèse a donc permis de souligner la pertinence d’utiliser les jeux comme outil de remédiation cognitive de part leur versatilité dans leur utilisation, leur facilité d’accès et leur faible coût. Elle met également en avant la nécessité de développer une meilleure compréhension de la population présentant un fonctionnement intellectuel limite et d’effectuer des évaluations neuropsychologiques exhaustives auprès de cette population (cognitif, adaptatif, comportemental et psychiatrique). Enfin, elle souligne la possibilité d’améliorer par remédiation directe les intelligences fluide et cristallisée auprès d’individus avec une intelligence subnormale et suggère qu’il pourrait en être de même pour des populations présentant des déficits cognitifs, comme la déficience intellectuelle légère. Les avenues futures de recherche et les retombées cliniques de ce travail sont discutées, en lien avec les différents résultats trouvés dans ces études.

C-TONI: Teste de inteligência não verbal aferição de dados normativos para crianças sinalizadas com necessidades educativas especiais (nee) do concelho de Vila de Franca de Xira

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Fault Detection in Power Distribution Systems Using Automated Integration of Computational Intelligence Tools

The main purpose of this paper is to present architecture of automated system that allows monitoring and tracking in real time (online) the possible occurrence of faults and electromagnetic transients observed in primary power distribution networks. Through the interconnection of this automated system to the utility operation center, it will be possible to provide an efficient tool that will assist in decisionmaking by the Operation Center. In short, the desired purpose aims to have all tools necessary to identify, almost instantaneously, the occurrence of faults and transient disturbances in the primary power distribution system, as well as to determine its respective origin and probable location. The compilations of results from the application of this automated system show that the developed techniques provide accurate results, identifying and locating several occurrences of faults observed in the distribution system.

Swarm Intelligence applied in synthesis of hunting strategies in a three-dimensional environment

Systems of distributed artificial intelligence can be powerful tools in a wide variety of practical applications. Its most surprising characteristic, the emergent behavior, is also the most answerable for the difficulty in. projecting these systems. This work proposes a tool capable to beget individual strategies for the elements of a multi-agent system and thereof providing to the group means on obtaining wanted results, working in a coordinated and cooperative manner as well. As an application example, a problem was taken as a basis where a predators` group must catch a prey in a three-dimensional continuous ambient. A synthesis of system strategies was implemented of which internal mechanism involves the integration between simulators by Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), a Swarm Intelligence technique. The system had been tested in several simulation settings and it was capable to synthesize automatically successful hunting strategies, substantiating that the developed tool can provide, as long as it works with well-elaborated patterns, satisfactory solutions for problems of complex nature, of difficult resolution starting from analytical approaches. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated

In the first of two articles presenting the case for emotional intelligence in a point/counterpoint exchange, we present a brief summary of research in the field, and rebut arguments against the construct presented in this issue.We identify three streams of research: (1) a four-branch abilities test based on the model of emotional intelligence defined in Mayer and Salovey (1997); (2) self-report instruments based on the Mayer–Salovey model; and (3) commercially available tests that go beyond the Mayer–Salovey definition. In response to the criticisms of the construct, we argue that the protagonists have not distinguished adequately between the streams, and have inappropriately characterized emotional intelligence as a variant of social intelligence. More significantly, two of the critical authors assert incorrectly that emotional intelligence research is driven by a utopian political agenda, rather than scientific interest. We argue, on the contrary, that emotional intelligence research is grounded in recent scientific advances in the study of emotion; specifically regarding the role emotion plays in organizational behavior. We conclude that emotional intelligence is attracting deserved continuing research interest as an individual difference variable in organizational behavior related to the way members perceive, understand, and manage their emotions.

The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior

In this second counterpoint article, we refute the claims of Landy, Locke, and Conte, and make the more specific case for our perspective, which is that ability-based models of emotional intelligence have value to add in the domain of organizational psychology. In this article, we address remaining issues, such as general concerns about the tenor and tone of the debates on this topic, a tendency for detractors to collapse across emotional intelligence models when reviewing the evidence and making judgments, and subsequent penchant to thereby discount all models, including the ability-based one, as lacking validity. We specifically refute the following three claims from our critics with the most recent empirically based evidence: (1) emotional intelligence is dominated by opportunistic academics-turned-consultants who have amassed much fame and fortune based on a concept that is shabby science at best; (2) the measurement of emotional intelligence is grounded in unstable, psychometrically flawed instruments, which have not demonstrated appropriate discriminant and predictive validity to warrant/justify their use; and (3) there is weak empirical evidence that emotional intelligence is related to anything of importance in organizations. We thus end with an overview of the empirical evidence supporting the role of emotional intelligence in organizational and social behavior.

Workgroup emotional intelligence: Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus

Over the last decade, ambitious claims have been made in the management literature about the contribution of emotional intelligence to success and performance. Writers in this genre have predicted that individuals with high emotional intelligence perform better in all aspects of management. This paper outlines the development of a new emotional intelligence measure, the Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile, Version 3 (WEIP-3), which was designed specifically to profile the emotional intelligence of individuals in work teams. We applied the scale in a study of the link between emotional intelligence and two measures of team performance: team process effectiveness and team goal focus. The results suggest that the average level of emotional intelligence of team members, as measured by the WEIP-3, is reflected in the initial performance of teams. In our study, low emotional intelligence teams initially performed at a lower level than the high emotional intelligence teams. Over time, however, teams with low average emotional intelligence raised their performance to match that of teams with high emotional intelligence.

Studies of Cognition and Emotion in Organisations: Attribution, Affective Events, Emotional Intelligence and Perception of Emotion

This article details the author’s attempts to improve understanding of organisational behaviour through investigation of the cognitive and affective processes that underlie attitudes and behaviour. To this end, the paper describes the author’s earlier work on the attribution theory of leadership and, more recently, in three areas of emotion research: affective events theory, emotional intelligence, and the effect of supervisors’ facial expression on employees’ perceptions of leader-member exchange quality. The paper summarises the author’s research on these topics, shows how they have contributed to furthering our understanding of organisational behaviour, suggests where research in these areas are going, and draws some conclusions for management practice.

Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator of Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Job Insecurity

We present a model linking perceptions of job insecurity to emotional reactions and negative coping behaviors. Our model is based on the idea that emotional variables explain, in part, discrepant findings reported in previous research. In particular, we propose that emotional intelligence moderates employees' emotional reactions to job insecurity and their ability to cope with associated stress. In this respect, low emotional intelligence employees are more likely than high emotional intelligence employees to experience negative emotional reactions to job insecurity and to adopt negative coping strategies.

Emotional awareness and emotional intelligence in leadership teaching

Recent research has highlighted the importance of emotional awareness and emotional intelligence in organizations, and these topics are attracting increasing attention. In this article, the authors present the results of a preliminary classroom study in which emotion concepts were incorporated into an undergraduate leadership course. In the study, students completed self report and ability tests of emotional intelligence. The test results were compared with students' interest in emotions and their performance in the course assessment. Results showed that interest in and knowledge of emotional intelligence predicted team performance, whereas individual performance was related to emotional intelligence.