The development of a Defense System against Coxsackievirus B5 Infection in Suckling Mice

There are many viruses that are able to infect the alimentary tract of man. Little is known, however, about the mechanism of infection itself or the pathophysiology of the gut during infection. 'The research reported here is concerned with the differences in susceptibility among suckling mice of various ages inoculated by the intraperitoneal and intragastric routes. Since the normal mode of entry of many viruses to the gut is via the oral route, Coxsackievirus B5, a human enterovirus which does attack this way, was utilized. It is a non-tumor producing RNA virus that has been shown to act similarly in the mouse and human. The virus was pooled in HeLa cell cultures and titered by a plaquing assay in the same cell cultures. CD-l mice, 10, 14, 18, and 22 days old , were infected either orally or intraperitoneally with 5.0 x 10^10 (10 day old animals) and 1.0 x10^9 plaque forming units per animal. Dissections were done at 1 and 3 days post infection with samples of the blood, heart, liver, and gut being taken from each animal. Each sample was titered individually and the data presented as an average of six samples. As a result of previous work, it is known that the gut of a newborn mouse isn't able to decrease the concentration of the infecting dose and therefore provides no defense against an enteric infection with Coxsackievirus B5. In contrat, mature mice are able to reduce the amount of viral dissemination across the gut as well as inhibit replication after absorption has occurred. The results of this study indicate that there is a double barrier system developing in suckling mice that is involved with and directly related to the gastrointestinal tract The first part of this defense is the inhibition of penetration of virus across the gut when the primary site of' infection is the intestinal mucosa. This mechanism develops sometime around 20 to 22 days after birth. At about 16-18 days of age, suckling mice that were challenged intragastrically are able to stop active replication and initiate clearance of virus from the systemic circulation. There are many factors that might contribute to the marked decrease in susceptibility with age of suckling mice. Some of these or possibly a combination of these factors might explain the defense mechanisms described above, but to date, the chemistry or mechanical functioning of the gastrointestinal barrier to enteric viral infection is unknown.

Potential-dependent surface-enhanced resonance raman spectroscopy at nanostructured TiO2 : A case study on cytochrome b5

Abstract: Nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes, prepared by anodization of titanium, are employed to probe the electron-transfer process of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) by surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy. Concomitant with the increased nanoscopic surface roughness of TiO2, achieved by raising the anodization voltage from 10 to 20 V, the enhancement factor increases from 2.4 to 8.6, which is rationalized by calculations of the electric field enhancement. Cyt b 5 is immobilized on TiO2 under preservation of its native structure but it displays a non-ideal redox behavior due to the limited conductivity of the electrode material. The electron-transfer efficiency which depends on the crystalline phase of TiO2 has to be improved by appropriate doping for applications in bioelectrochemistry. Nanostructured TiO2 electrodes are employed to probe the electron-transfer process of cytochrome b5 by surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy. Concomitant with the increased nanoscopic surface roughness of TiO2, the enhancement factor increases, which can be attributed to the electric field enhancement. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein interacts with coxsackievirus B3 RNA and influences its translation

We have investigated the possible role of trans-acting factors interacting with the untranslated regions (UTRs) of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) RNA. We show here that polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) binds specifically to both 5' and 3' UTRs, but with different affinity. We have demonstrated that PTB is a bona fide internal ribosome entry site (IRES) trans-acting factor (ITAF) for CVB3 RNA by characterizing the effect of partial silencing of FIB ex vivo in He La cells. Furthermore, IRES activity in BSC-1 cells, which are reported to have a very low level of endogenous FIB, was found to be significantly lower than that in He La cells. Additionally, we have mapped the putative contact points of PTB on the 5' and 3' UTRs by an RNA toe-printing assay. We have shown that the 3' UTR is able to stimulate CVB3 IRES-mediated translation. Interestingly, a deletion of 15 nt at the 5' end or 14 rut at the 3' end of the CVB3 3' UTR reduced the 3' UTR-mediated enhancement of IRES activity ex vivo significantly, and a reduced interaction was shown with PTB. It appears that the FIB protein might help in circularization of the CVB3 RNA by bridging the ends necessary for efficient translation of the viral RNA.

Purification and Partial Characterization of Microsomal NADH-Cytochrome b5 Reductase from Higher Plant Catharanthus roseus

A simple three step procedure was used to purify microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 (ferricyanide) reductase to homogeneity from the higher plant C. roseus. The microsomal bound reductase was solubilized using zwitterionic detergent-CHAPS. The solubilized reductase was subjected to affinity chromatography on octylamino Sepharose 4B, blue 2-Sepharose CL-6B and NAD+-Agarose. The homogeneous enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 33,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme catalyzes the reduction of purified cytochrome b5 from C. roseus in the presence of NADH. The reductase also readily transfers electrons from NADH to ferricyanide (Km 56 μM), 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (Km 65 μM) and cytochrome Image via cytochrome b5 but not to menadione.

The cDNA sequence of cytochrome b5 associated with cytokinin-induced haustoria formation in Cuscuta reflexa

A cDNA clone isolated by differentially screening a cytokinin-induced haustorial cDNA library of Cuscuta reflexa was sequenced and identified as the gene coding for cytochrome b(5), based on the similarity of the deduced amino-acid sequence with that of the cauliflower (60% identity) and tobacco (78% identity) proteins. The 5'-UTR is unusually long (720 bp) and contains 14 potential start codons (ATG) and 10 short ORFs.

Cryptic AUG is important for 48S ribosomal assembly during internal initiation of translation of coxsackievirus B3 RNA

We have investigated the possible role of a conserved cis-acting element, the cryptic AUG, present in the 5' UTR of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) RNA. CVB3 5' UTR contains multiple AUG codons upstream of the initiator AUG, which are not used for the initiation of translation. The 48S ribosomal assembly takes place upstream of the cryptic AUG. We show here that mutation in the cryptic AUG results in reduced efficiency of translation mediated by the CVB3 IRES; mutation also reduces the interaction of mutant IRES with a well characterized IRES trans-acting factor, the human La protein. Furthermore, partial silencing of the La gene showed a decrease in IRES activity in the case of both the wild-type and mutant. We have demonstrated here that the interaction of the 48S ribosomal complex with mutant RNA was weaker compared with wild-type RNA by ribosome assembly analysis. We have also investigated by chemical and enzymic modifications the possible alteration in secondary structure in the mutant RNA. Results suggest that the secondary structure of mutant RNA was only marginally altered. Additionally, we have demonstrated by generating compensatory and non-specific mutations the specific function of the cryptic AUG in internal initiation. Results suggest that the effect of the cryptic AUG is specific and translation could not be rescued. However, a possibility of tertiary interaction of the cryptic AUG with other cis-acting elements cannot be ruled out. Taken together, it appears that the integrity of the cryptic AUG is important for efficient translation initiation by the CVB3 IRES RNA.

Avaliação de diferentes estratégias de biorremediação no tratamento de solo contaminado por diesel B5

No Brasil, a contaminação do solo por derramamentos de combustíveis representa um dos mais graves problemas ambientais e o impacto da introdução de novas misturas como diesel/biodiesel na matriz energética requer investigação quanto a tecnologias apropriadas de remediação. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes estratégias de biorremediação no tratamento de solo contaminado experimentalmente com óleo diesel B5. Foram conduzidos três experimentos. No primeiro, quatro microcosmos em duplicata, contendo 500 g de solo e 5% (p/p) de óleo diesel B5, todos suplementados com oxigênio através de revolvimento manual e com ajuste de umidade, tiveram como tratamentos: bioestímulo com ajuste de pH (BE1); bioestímulo com ajuste de pH e nutrientes (BE2); bioaumento com ajuste de pH, nutrientes e adição de consórcio microbiano comercial KMA (BAM) e; controle abiótico, com ajuste de pH e solo esterilizado em autoclave (PA). Paralelamente, foi conduzido tratamento por bioaumento com ajuste de pH e nutrientes, suplementação de oxigênio e consórcio KMA, em solo contaminado apenas por diesel a 5% (BAD). A população microbiana foi monitorada através da contagem de UFC e os tratamentos, avaliados pela remoção de carbono orgânico e de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo (n-alcanos C10-C36). No segundo experimento, o metabolismo microbiano aeróbio foi avaliado através da produção de CO2 em respirômetros de Bartha (triplicatas), em solo contaminado com 5% (p/p) de óleo diesel B5, ajustado para pH e umidade, nas seguintes condições: solo com adição do consórcio KMA; solo com adição de cultura microbiana obtida a partir de outro solo proveniente de um posto de combustível com histórico de vazamento de tanques (RES) e; solo esterilizado por adição de azida de sódio a 0,3% (p/p). Como controle, solo sem contaminação, com sua população microbiana autóctone. No terceiro experimento, a capacidade da microbiota autóctone (EX), assim como do consórcio KMA e da cultura RES, em biodegradar óleo diesel B5, diesel e biodiesel de soja foi testada através do uso de indicadores de oxirredução DCPIP e TTC. Os experimentos em microcosmos indicam que houve uma complementaridade metabólica entre a população nativa e o consórcio comercial de microorganismos KMA, cuja presença promoveu um decaimento mais rápido de n-alcanos nas primeiras semanas do experimento. No entanto, após 63 dias de experimento, os tratamentos BAM, BAD e BE2 apresentaram, respectivamente, em média, 92,7%, 89,4% e 81,7% de remoção dos hidrocarbonetos n-alcanos C10-C36, sendo tais diferenças, sem significância estatística. Nos respirômetros, o bioaumento com cultura microbiana RES apresentou a maior produção de CO2 e a maior remoção de hidrocarbonetos (46,2%) após 29 dias. Tanto nos ensaios em microcosmos quanto nos respirométricos, não foi possível estimar a contribuição dos processos abióticos, tendo em vista evidências da existência de atividade microbiana no solo esterilizado térmica ou quimicamente. Os ensaios com os dois indicadores redox mostraram que apenas a microbiota nativa do solo em estudo e a cultura microbiana RES apresentaram potencial para degradar óleo diesel B5, biodiesel de soja ou diesel, quando colocadas em meio mineral contendo tais combustíveis como única fonte de carbono.

巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmegaterium)突变株Bn,B5的生物学特性及在Vc二步发酵中的伴生作用

对选出的巨大芽孢杆菌突变株Bn ,B5进行了生物学特性及发酵条件的研究 ,发现它们具耐低 pH和抗高浓 2KGA特性。可促进氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌生长 ,使其延迟期缩短 ,产酸增加。适宜的通气量下 ,摇瓶糖酸转化率提高 10 %～ 14% ;当发酵 pH为 6 .2～ 6 .6时 ,转化率提高 2 0 %～ 30 %

Familial idiopathic methemoglobinemia revisited: original cases reveal 2 novel mutations in NADH cytochrome b5 reductase

In 1943, the first description of familial idiopathic methemoglobinemia in the United Kingdom was reported in 2 members of one family. Five years later, Quentin Gibson (then of Queen's University, Belfast, Ireland) correctly identified the pathway involved in the reduction of methemoglobin in the family, thereby describing the first hereditary trait involving a specific enzyme deficiency. Recessive congenital methemoglobinemia (RCM) is caused by a deficiency of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-cytochrome b5 reductase. One of the original propositi with the type 1 disorder has now been traced. He was found to be a compound heterozygote harboring 2 previously undescribed mutations in exon 9, a point mutation Gly873Ala predicting a Gly291Asp substitution, and a 3-bp in-frame deletion of codon 255 (GAG), predicting loss of glutamic acid. A brother and a surviving sister are heterozygous; each bears one of the mutations. Thirty-three different mutations have now been recorded for RCM. The original authors' optimism that RCM would provide material for future genetic studies has been amply justified.

Chemical evolution in the circumstellar structure of B5 IRS1

The B5 dark cloud has been identified as a site of low-mass star formation. We report a survey of a selection of the molecular species modelled by the B5 dynamical and chemical model of Charnley et al. at the positions of circumstellar HCN clumps in B5 IRS1. All of the key species observed yield either abundances or upper limits to abundances below both the standard and the predicted values, appearing to show evidence of depletion and/or destruction if the transitions observed are thermalized. Our results are not in good agreement with the model, and they bring into question the interpretation of the structure of B5 IRS1 proposed by Fuller et al. It was expected that HCN clump C might exhibit a higher excitation than HCN clump A, since it appeared to be located within the blueshifted molecular outflow. However, there is no significant difference observed between the two clumps, suggesting that the near-infrared and optical nebulosity is evidence of a reflection nebula rather than shocked material in the outflow. Finally, it is observed that our results are more consistent with gas-grain models than with those models excluding gas-grain interaction.

Production of a monoclonal antibody and its application in an optical biosensor based assay for the quantitative measurement of Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) in foodstuffs

Pantothenicacid (PA), vitamin B5, is an essential B vitamin that may be fortified in food and as such requires robust and accurate methods of detection to meet compliance legislation. This study reports the production and characterisation of the first monoclonalantibody (MAb) specific for PA and the subsequent development of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensorassay for the quantification of PA. The developed assay was compared with an SPR based commercial kit which utilised a polyclonal antibody (PAb). Foodstuffs, including cereals (n = 43), infant formulas and baby food (n = 10) and fruit juices (n = 48) were analysed by both the MAb and PAb biosensorassays and comparison plots showed good correlation (R2 0.77–0.99). The results indicate that the MAb basedbiosensorassay is suitable for the measurement of PA in foodstuffs and has the added advantage of facilitating a constant, long term supply of identical antibody. Preliminary matrix studies suggest the MAb basedassay is an excellent candidate for further validation studies and routine quality assurance based analysis.