The subjective experience of negative symptoms : characteristics of emotional withdrawal

According to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), negative symptoms are those personal characteristics that are thought to be reduced from normal functioning, while positive symptoms are aspects of functioning that exist as an excess or distortion of normal functioning. Negative symptoms are generally considered to be a core feature of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, negative symptoms are not always present in those diagnosed, and a diagnosis can be made with only negative or only positive symptoms, or with a combination of both. Negative symptoms include an observed loss of emotional expression (affective flattening), loss of motivation or self directedness (avolition), loss of speech (alogia), and also a loss of interests and pleasures (anhedonia). Positive symptoms include the perception of things that others do not perceive (hallucinations), and extraordinary explanations for ordinary events (delusions) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Both negative and positive symptoms are derived from watching the patient and thus do not consider the patient’s subjective experience. However, aspects of negative symptoms, such as observed affective flattening are highly contended. Within conventional psychiatry, the absence of emotional expression is assumed to coincide with an absence of emotional experience. Contrasting research findings suggests that patients who were observed to score low on displayed emotional expression, scored high on self ratings of emotional experience. Patients were also observed to be significantly lower on emotional expression when compared with others (Aghevli, Blanchard, & Horan, 2003; Selton, van der Bosch, & Sijben, 1998). It appears that there is little correlation between emotional experience and emotional expression in patients, and that observer ratings cannot help us to understand the subjective experience of the negative symptoms. This chapter will focus on research into the subjective experiences of negative symptoms. A framework for these experiences will be used from the qualitative research findings of the primary author (Le Lievre, 2010). In this study, the primary author found that subjective experiences of the negative symptoms belonged to one of the two phases of the illness experience; “transitioning into emotional shutdown” or “recovering from emotional shutdown”. This chapter will use the six themes from the phase of “transitioning into emotional shutdown”. This phase described the experience of turning the focus of attention away from the world and onto the self and the past, thus losing contact with the world and others (emotional shutdown). Transitioning into emotional shutdown involved; “not being acknowledged”, “relational confusion”, “not being expressive”, “reliving the past”, “detachment”, and “no sense of direction” (Le Lievre, 2010). Detail will be added to this framework of experience from other qualitative research in this area. We will now review the six themes that constitute a “transition into emotional shutdown” and corresponding previous research findings.

Hacia una nueva taxonomía en la elaboración de los nombres corporativos y del lenguaje en la empresa actual

Históricamente, las taxonomías elaboradas por los especialistas sobre los nombres de marca utilizaban diferentes categorías. Tomemos, a título de ejemplo, nombres patronímicos y siglas o nombres patronímicos y acrónimos, considerados siempre como categorías exclusivas y, lo que es más importante, excluyentes: un nombre patronímico o una sigla, o un nombre patronímico o un acrónimo, etc. ¿Pero qué sucede, por ejemplo, cuando o un nombre patronímico está implícito en las siglas o cuando un nombre patronímico también está implícito en los acrónimos? ¿Será que el nombre de una empresa construido a partir de las iniciales de un nombre y de apellido dejaría de ser patronímico? Este artículo analiza las categorías tradicionalmente establecidas para clasificar los nombres de marca. Además de llevar a cabo una revisión crítica de la literatura existente, en él proponemos una nueva taxonomía que amplía y oxigena las susodichas clasificaciones al uso. Se ofrece una nueva taxonomía nunca antes usada que se extiende, complementa y ofrece aire fresco a las referidas clasificaciones tradicionales, con los consiguientes beneficios derivados de ello, entre otros, empoderamiento, creatividad y vigor para ampliar las posibilidades de viabilidad del registro de marcas corporativas.

The Maine register and United States' almanac for the year of our Lord 1820 ... containing civil, judicial, ecclesiastical and military lists in Maine, associations and corporate institutions ... names of the post towns and post masters ... : also, the constitution as reported by the convention, catalogues of the officers of the general government ... times of the sittings of the several courts, and a variety of other interesting articles.

Shaw & Shoemaker,