New report on the bionomics of Coquillettidia venezuelensis in temporary breeding sites (Diptera: Culicidae)

INTRODUCTION: Findings of immature forms of Coquillettidia venezuelensis in temporary breeding sites, without the presence of aquatic plants or other submerged plant tissue are reported. METHODS: A systematic scooping technique to collect specimens was used at the breeding site. RESULTS: Immature forms of Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Anopheles rangeli, An. evansae and Culex sp. were collected from areas of the hydroelectric power station of São Salvador, State of Goiás. CONCLUSIONS This is a novel finding relating to the bioecology of Cq. venezuelensis, a species of medical interest that has been found naturally infected with arboviruses, including Oropouche and West Nile virus.

Mosquitos de ambientes peri e extradomiciliares na região sul do Brasil

Durante um ano de coletas de culicídeos no Município de Querência do Norte, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, utilizando-se isca humana e armadilhas de Falcão, investigou-se a composição faunística, a sazonalidade, o horário de maior densidade, a afinidade ao hospedeiro humano c a presença desses dípteros em abrigos de animais domésticos. De junho de 1989 a maio de 1990 foram coletados 5.923 mosquitos dos gêneros Aedes, Aedomyia, Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Psorophora, Sabethes e Uranotaenia. Identificaram-se 32 espécies de culícideos, dentre as quais Aedes scapularis, Anopheles albitarsis, Aedomyia squamipennis, Coquillettidia lynchi, Mansonia titillans e Coquillettidia venezuelensis tiveram maior prevalência, tendo sido capturados em grande número em isca humana, exceto Aedomyia squamipennis que compareceu sobretudo em abrigos de animais domésticos. O horário de maior atividade foi entre 18 e 19 horas e o mês de maior densidade foi o de abril, considerando-se o conjunto dos insetos capturados.

Alguns aspectos da ecologia dos mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de uma área de planície (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro. I. frequência comparativa das espécies em diferentes ambientes e métodos de coleta

Para estudar a ecologia dos mosquitos de planície litorânea do Rio de janeiro efetuamos, de agosto de 1981 a julho de 1983, uma série de coletas de adultos e formas imaturas numa fazenda, Granjas Calábria, em Jacarepaguá. Encontramos 50 espécies, inclusive nove que assinalamos pela primeira vez no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e várias transmissoras potenciais de doenças humanas. Neste primeiro artigo de uma série, apresentamos os resultados referentes á frequência comparativa dos adultos em diferentes ambientes e métodos de caputra. De 20.472 mosquitos adultos capturados, Mansonia titillans foi a espécie mais frequente, seguida de Aedes scapularis, phoniomyia deanei, Phoniomyia davisi e Culex saltanensis. Em isca humana a sequência foi a mesma. A fauna em armadilha luminosa não coincidiu com a de mosquitos capturados picando homem e animais, sendo Uranotaenia lowi a espécie mais assídua. As capturas em mata residual secundaria foram mais rendosas do que as realizadas em charco e ambientes descampados por ação antrópica, com exceção de Mansonia titillans, Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Culex amazonensis e Wyeomyia leucostigama em que essa diferença não se constatou ou se inverteu.

Alguns aspectos da ecologia dos mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de uma área de planície (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro: II. Frequência mensal e no ciclo lunar

Neste artigo publicamos os resultados de coletas semanais de mosquitos adultos em isca humana, realizadas no extradomicílio, em uma área de planície litorânea (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, de agosto de 1981 a julho de 1982, com o intuito de conhecer sua freqüència mensal e no ciclo lunar. Das 32 espécies obtidas, Aedes scapularis, Culex crybda, Culex declarator, Culex nigripalpus, Culex saltanensis, Mansonia titilans, Phoniomya davisi, Phonyomyia deanei e Phoniomyia theobaldi estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano. Conforme a variação estacional reunimos as espécies nos seguintes grupos: espécies cuja densidade foi diretamente proporcional à quantidade de chuvas e à temperatura, desenvolvendo-se em criadouros temporários e semipermanentes, como Aedes scapularis, Aedes taeniorhynchus e Culex nigripalpus; espécies ecléticas, cuja freqüência não acompanhou a das chuvas e temperatura, criando-se em coleções aquáticas permanentes, como Culex amazonensis, Culex declarator e Coquillettidia venezuelensis; e espécies com densidade inversamente proporcional à pluviosidade e à temperatura, evoluindo em águas perenes, como Mansoni titillans e Wyeomyia leucostigma. As coletas feitas durante a lua minguante foram as mais produtivas, porém pelos resultados obtidos não pudemos concluir que haja um nítido controle da lua sobre a densidade dos mosquitos.

Alguns aspectos da ecologia dos mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de uma área de planície (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro: III. Preferência horária das fêmeas para o hematofagismo

Apresentamos os resultados de observação sobre o ciclo circadiano de atividade hematofágica dos mosquitos, em Granja Calábria, Jacarepaguá, na planície litorânea do Rio de Janeiro, onde realizamos, em isca humana, ao ar livre, capturas semanais, de 8 às 10, de 13 às 15 e 18 às 20 horas, de agosto de 1981 a julho de 1982, além de três capturas horárias de 24 horas seguidas. A maioria das espécies locais revelou caráter crepuscular vespertino e noturno. Contudo Limatus durhami, Phoniomyia davisi, Wyeomyia leucostigma e Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) sp. foram essencialmente diurnas, enquanto Anopheles albitarsis, Culex chidesteri e Culex quinquefasciatus foram obtidas somente no crepúsculo vespertino e à noite. Embora Anopheles aquasalis, Culex coronator, Culex saltanensis, Culex crybda e Coquillettidia venezuelensis fossem preponderantemente noturnas e Phoniomyia deanei e Phoniomyia theobaldi principalmente diurnas, obtivemô-las algumas vezes, fora do horário preferencial, sendo que Phoniomyia deanei teve nítido incremento pré-crepuscular vespertino. Aedes scapularis, Aedes taeniorhynchus e Mansonia titillans, espécies mais ecléticas, picaram durante todo o nictêmero, mas com flagrante acentuação crepuscular vespertina.

Interference of dexamethasone in the pulmonary cycle of Strongyloides venezuelensis in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the interference of a daily treatment of dexamethasone in the pulmonary cycle of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in rats. Three principal effects were found: 1) increased alveolar hemorrhagic inflammation provoked by the passage of larvae into alveolar spaces; 2) significant decrease of eosinophil and mast cell migration to the axial septum of the lungs; and 3) impaired formation of the reticular fiber network, interfering with granuloma organization. This study showed that the use of drugs with immunomodulatory actions, such as dexamethasone, in addition to interfering with the morbidity from the pulmonary cycle of S. venezuelensis infection, may contribute to showing the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis.

Dexamethasone Effects in the Strongyloides venezuelensis Infection in A Murine Model

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids on the immune response to Strongyloides venezuelensis in mice. Balb/c mice were infected with S. venezuelensis and treated with Dexamethasone (Dexa) or vehicle. Dexa treatment increased circulating blood neutrophil numbers and inhibited eosinophil and mononuclear cell accumulation in the blood, bronchoalveolar, and peritoneal fluid compared with control animals. Moreover, Dexa decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12 production in the lungs and circulating immunoglobulin G1. (IgG1), IgG2a, and IgE antibody levels while increasing the overall parasite burden in the feces and intestine. Dexa treatment enhanced the fertility of female nematodes relative to untreated and infected mice. In summary, the alterations in the immune response induced by Dexa resulted in a blunted, aberrant immune response associated with increased parasite burden. This phenomenon is similar to that observed in S. stercoralis-infected humans who are taking immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory drugs, including corticosteroids.

Strongyloides venezuelensis: The antigenic identity of eight strains for the immunodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis

The antigens of eight strains of Strongyloides venezuelensis were identified by means of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot (IB) tests. Infective larvae (L3) from these strains were obtained from Rattus norvegicus feces cultures. For IFAT, sections of U were used while the ELISA and IB, tests were conducted with alkaline extract. Ninety serum samples were tested: 30 from patients with S. stercoralis, 30 from patients with other parasitic diseases, and 30 from healthy subjects (free of parasites). Average sensitivity and specificity among all eight strains, both for IFAT and ELISA, were, respectively, 93% and 100%. In the IB, anti-S. stercoralis IgG recognized a single antigenic fraction with 45 kDa. Serum samples from patients with S. stercoralis revealed antigens from different strains of S. venezuelensis, indicating antigenic identity for possible use in the synthesis of recombinant antigen that could be useful in immunodiagnosis and vaccine against this parasite. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Infectivity of Strongyloides venezuelensis is influenced by variations in temperature and time of culture

The present research investigated the influence of temperature and time of larvae culture on the infectivity of Strongyloides venezuelensis. Mice were infected s.c. with 1500 larvae of S. venezuelensis maintained at 28 degrees C for three days of culture (dc), 28 degrees C for seven dc or 18 degrees C for seven dc. On days 1,3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 post-infection the animals were sacrificed and cell numbers in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid (PCF), broncoalveolar fluid (BALF), cytokines, immunoglobulins, number of parasites and eggs/g of feces were quantified. Results demonstrated an increase in eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, PCF and HALF of infected mice. Larvae at 28 degrees C/3dc induced earlier eosinophils in the PCF and HALF as opposed to larvae at 28 degrees C/7dc and 18 degrees C/7dc. Larvae at 28 degrees C/7dc induced higher synthesis of IL-4. IL-5 and IL-10 on days Sand 7 post-infection. Larvae at 28 degrees C/3dc in culture induced higher synthesis of IL-12 than larvae of seven dc, but time in culture induced better synthesis of IFN-gamma, after larval migration had ceased and only adult worms were present. Larvae at 28 degrees C/3dc in culture induced higher synthesis of IgG and IgG1 and expelled less female parasites than larvae cultivated for seven days. In conclusion, it was observed that the infectivity of S. venezuelensis is influenced by variations in temperature and time of culture. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cyclooxygenase-derived mediators regulate the immunological control of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection

The aim of this study was to define the immunoregulatory role of prostaglandins in a mouse model of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Strongyloides venezuelensis induced an increase of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with the dual cyclooxygenase (COX-1/-2) inhibitors indomethacin and ibuprofen, and the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib partially blocked these cellular responses and was associated with enhanced numbers of infective larvae in the lung and adult worms in the duodenum. However, the drugs did not interfere with worm fertility. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also inhibited the production of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) mediators IL-5, IgG1, and IgE, while indomethacin alone also inhibited IL-4, IL-10, and IgG2a. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors tended to enhance the Th1 mediators IL-12 and IFN-gamma. This shift away from Th2 immunity in cyclooxygenase inhibitor-treated mice correlated with reduced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in infected duodenal tissue. As PGE(2) is a well-characterized driver of Th2 immunity, we speculate that reduced production of this lipid might be involved in the shift toward a Th1 phenotype, favoring parasitism by S. venezuelensis. These findings provide new evidence that cyclooxygenase-derived lipids play a role in regulating host defenses against Strongyloides, and support the exploration of eicosanoid signaling for identifying novel preventive and therapeutic modalities against these infections.

Counterregulation of Th2 immunity by interleukin 12 reduces host defenses against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin 12 (IL-12) during Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. IL-12(-/-) and wildtype C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously infected with 1500 larvae of S. venezuelensis. On days 7, 14, and 21 post-infection, we determined eosinophil and mononuclear cell numbers in the blood and broncoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), Th2 cytokine secretion in the lung parenchyma, and serum antibody levels. The numbers of eggs in the feces and worm parasites in the duodena were also quantified. The eosinophil and mononuclear cell counts and the concentrations of IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IgG1 and IgE antibodies increased significantly in infected IL-12(-/-) and wild-type mice as compared with uninfected controls. However, the number of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood and BALF and the Th2 cytokine levels in the lungs of infected IL-12-/- mice were greater than in infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In addition, serum IgE and IgG1 levels were also significantly enhanced in the infected mice lacking IL-12. Meanwhile, parasite burden and fecal egg counts were significantly decreased in infected IL-12-/- mice. Together, our results showed that the absence of IL-12 upregulates the Th2 immune response, which is important for control of S. venezuelensis infection. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II but not MHC class I molecules are required for efficient control of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice

P>Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode capable of chronic, persistent infection and hyperinfection of the host; this can lead to dissemination, mainly in immunosuppressive states, in which the infection can become severe and result in the death of the host. In this study, we investigated the immune response against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II deficient mice. We found that MHC II(-/-) animals were more susceptible to S. venezuelensis infection as a result of the presence of an elevated number of eggs in the faeces and a delay in the elimination of adult worms compared with wild-type (WT) and MHC I(-/-) mice. Histopathological analysis revealed that MHC II(-/-) mice had a mild inflammatory infiltration in the small intestine with a reduction in tissue eosinophilia. These mice also presented a significantly lower frequency of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, together with reduced T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines in small intestine homogenates and sera compared with WT and MHC I(-/-) animals. Additionally, levels of parasite-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, IgE, total IgG and IgG1 were also significantly reduced in the sera of MHC II(-/-) infected mice, while a non-significant increase in the level of IgG2a was found in comparison to WT or MHC I(-/-) infected mice. Together, these data demonstrate that expression of MHC class II but not class I molecules is required to induce a predominantly Th2 response and to achieve efficient control of S. venezuelensis infection in mice.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system in Strongyloididae. Biochemical evidence for developmentally regulated proteolysis in Strongyloides venezuelensis

Nematode parasites from the genus Strongyloides spp. are important pathogens of the intestinal mucosa of animals and humans. Their complex life cycles involve alternating developmental adaptations between larvae stages and the adult parthenogenetic female. Here, we report, primarily through homology-based searching, the existence of the major components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in this genus, using the available EST data from S. ratti, S. stercoralis, and Parastrongyloides trichosuri. In this study, S. venezuelensis was used as our model organism for detection of proteasome activity and ubiquitinated substrates in cytosolic preparations from the L3 larvae and the adult female. Marked differences in proteasome capabilities were found when these two stages were compared. A preference for degradation of chymotryptic synthetic peptides was found in both stages with the adult exhibiting a higher rate of hydrolysis compared to the larvae. Due to the high evolutionary conservation of proteasome alpha subunits, an anti-human proteasome antibody was able to recognize proteasome subunits in these preparations by Western blotting, supporting the proposal that the activity of the ubiqutin-proteasome system is developmentally regulated in this nematode.

Immunolocalization and pathological alterations following Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in the lungs and the intestine of MHC class I or II deficient mice

The present study, investigated the mechanisms involved in the immune responses of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I or class II knockout mice, following Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Wild-type C57BL/6 (WT), MHC II(-/-) and MHC I(-/-) mice were individually inoculated with 3000 larvae (U) of S. venezuelensis and sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21 post-infection (p.i.). Samples of blood, lungs and small intestines were collected. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylineosin for the pathological analysis. The presence of the parasite was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase analysis. MHC II(-/-) mice presented a significantly higher number of adult worms recovered from the small intestine on day 5 p.i. and presented elevated numbers of eggs in the feces. The infection by S. venezuelensis was completely eliminated 13 days after infection in WT as well as in MHC I(-/-) mice. In MHC II(-/-) mice, eggs and adult worms were still found on day 21 p.i., however, there was a significant reduction in their numbers. In the lung, the parasite was observed in MHC I(-/-) on day 1 p.i. and in MHC II(-/-) mice on days 1 and 5 p.i. In the small intestine of WT mice, a larger number of parasites were observed on day 8 p.i. and their absence was observed after day 13 p.i. Through immunohistochemistry analysis, the parasite was detected in the duodenum of WT on days 5 and 8 p.i., and in knockout mice on days 5, 8 and 13 p.i.; as well as in posterior portions of the small intestine in MHC I(-/-) and MHC II(-/-) on day 13 p.i., a finding which was not observed in WT mice. We concluded that immunohistochemistry analysis contributed to a more adequate understanding of the parasite localization in immunodeficient hosts and that the findings aid in the interpretation of immunopathogenesis in Strongyloides infection. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis evolution was not modified by multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis

P>According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in developed countries is mainly explained by the decreased contact between the human population and certain environmental agents as lactobacillus, mycobacteria and helminths. In this study, we evaluated the effect of multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Multiple infections before EAE induction were not able to change the evolution of the disease. No alterations were observed in weight loss, clinical score and inflammation intensity at the central nervous system. The presence of significant levels of parasite-specific IgG1 but not IgG2b suggested a Th2 polarization. However, the percentage and absolute number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells were not changed, being their levels in the spleen and lymph nodes of infected rats comparable to the ones found in normal animals. These results suggest that a Th2-polarized response without concomitant expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was not able to modify EAE progression. Even though these results do not threaten the hygiene hypothesis, they suggest that this paradigm might be an oversimplification. They also emphasize the need of a study to compare the immunoregulatory ability associated with different helminth spp.