Saguis (Callithrix jacchus) sob ciclo claro-escuro de 21 h: um modelo de dessincronização forçada em primata diurno

The circadian system consists of multiple oscillators organized hierarchically, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master oscillator to mammalians. There are lots of evidences that each SCN cell is an oscillator and that entrainment depends upon coupling degree between them. Knowledge of the mechanism of coupling between the SCN cells is essential for understanding entrainment and expression of circadian rhythms, and thus promote the development of new treatments for circadian rhythmicity disorders, which may cause various diseases. Some authors suggest that the dissociation model of circadian rhythm activity of rats under T22, period near the limit of synchronization, is a good model to induce internal desynchronization, and in this way, enhance knowledge about the coupling mechanism. So, in order to evaluate the pattern of the motor activity circadian rhythm of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, in light-dark cycles at the lower limit of entrainment, two experiments were conducted: 1) 6 adult females were submitted to the LD symmetric cycles T21, T22 and T21.5 for 60, 35 and 48 days, respectively; 2) 4 male and 4 female adults were subjected to T21 for 24 days followed by 18 days of LL, and then back to T21 for 24 days followed by 14 days of LL. Vocalizations of all animals and motor activity of each one of them were continuously recorded throughout the experiments, but the vocalizations were recorded only in Experiment 1. Under the Ts shorter than 24 h, two simultaneous circadian components appeared in motor activity, one with the same period of LD cycle, named light-entrained component, and the other in free-running, named non-light-entrained component. Both components were displayed for all the animals in T21, five animals (83.3%) in T21.5 and two animals (33.3%) in T22. For vocalizations both components were observed under the three Ts. Due to the different characteristics of these components we suggest that dissociation is result of partial synchronization to the LD cycle, wherein at least one group oscillator is synchronized to the LD by relative coordination and masking processes, while at least another group of oscillators is in free-running, but also under the influence of masking by the LD. As the T21 h was the only cycle able to promote the emergence of both circadian components in circadian rhythms of all Callithrix jacchus, this was then considered the lower entrainment limit of LD cycle promoter of dissociation in circadian rhythmicity of this species, and then suggested as a non-human primate model for forced desynchronization

Efeitos de vocalizações de co-específicos e do escuro sobre o ritmo circadiano da atividade motora em sagüis (Callithrix jacchus)

The principal zeitgeber for most of species is the light-dark photocycle (LD), though other environment factors as food availability, temperature and social cues may act. Daily adjustment of the circadian pacemaker may result from integration of environmental photic and non-photic cues with homeostatic cues. Characterization of non-photic effects on circadian timing system in diurnal mammals is scarce in relation to nocturnal, especially for ecologically significant cues. Thus, we analyzed the effect of conspecific vocalizations and darkness on circadian activity rhythm (CAR) in the diurnal primate Callithirx jacchus. With this objective 7 male adults were isolated in a room with controlled illumination, temperature (26,8 ± 0,2°C) and humidity (81,6 ± 3,6%), and partial acoustic isolation. Initially they were under LD 12:12 (~300:2 lux), and subsequently under constant illumination (~2 lux). Two pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness, separated by 22 days, at 7:30 h (external time) during 1 h. They induced phase delays at circadian times (CTs) 1 and 10 and predominantly phase advances at CTs 9 and 15. After that, two dark pulses were applied, separated by 14 days, during 1 h at 7:30 h (external time). These pulses induced phase delays at CTs 2, 3 and 18, predominantly phase advances at CTs 8, 10 and 19, and no change at CT 14. However, marmosets CAR showed oscillations in endogenous period and active phase duration influenced by vocalizations from animals outside the experimental room, which interfered on the phase responses to pulses. Furthermore, social masking and relative coordination with colony were observed. Therefore, phase responses obtained in this work cannot be attributed only to pulses. Afterwards, pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness at 19:00 h (external time), during 1 h for 5 consecutive days, and after 21 days, for 30 consecutive days, on attempt to synchronize the CAR. No animal was synchronized by these daily pulses, although oscillations in endogenous period were observed for all. This result may be due to habituation. Other possibility is the absence of social significance of the vocalizations for the animals due to random reproduction, since each vocalization has a function that could be lost by a mixture of sounds. In conclusion, conspecific vocalizations induce social masking and relative coordination in marmosets CAR, acting as weak zeitgeber

Caracterização do ritmo circadiano de atividade e repouso em saguis idosos (Callithrix Jacchus)

Advanced age may become a limiting factor for the maintenance of rhythms in organisms, reducing the capacity of generation and synchronization of biological rhythms. In this study, the influence of aging on the expression of endogenous periodicity and synchronization (photic and social) of the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was evaluated in a diurnal primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). This study had two approaches: one with longitudinal design, performed with a male marmoset in two different phases: adult (three years) and older (9 y.o.) (study 1) and the second, a transversal approach, with 6 old (♂: 9.7 ± 2.0 y.o.) and 11 adults animals (♂: 4.2 ± 0.8 y.o.) (study 2). The evaluation of the photic synchronization involved two conditions in LD (natural and artificial illuminations). In study 1, the animal was subjected to the following stages: LD (12:12 ~ 350: ~ 2 lx), LL (~ 350 lx) and LD resynchronization. In the second study, the animals were initially evaluated in natural LD, and then the same sequence stages of study 1. During the LL stage in study 2, the vocalizations of conspecifics kept in natural LD on the outside of the colony were considered temporal cue to the social synchronization. The record of the activity was performed automatically at intervals of five minutes through infrared sensor and actimeters, in studies 1 and 2, respectively. In general, the aged showed a more fragmented activity pattern (> IV < H and > PSD, ANOVA, p < 0.05), lower levels of activity (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and shorter duration of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in LD conditions, when compared to adults. In natural LD, the aged presented phase delay pronounced for onset and offset of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while the adults had the active phase more adjusted to light phase. Under artificial LD, there was phase advance and greater adjustment of onset and offset of activity in relation to the LD in the aged (ANOVA, p < 0.05). In LL, there was a positive correlation between age and the endogenous period () in the first 20 days (Spearman correlation, p < 0.05), with prolonged  held in two aged animals. In this condition, most adults showed free-running period of the circadian activity rhythm with  < 24 h for the first 30 days and later on relative coordination mediated by auditory cues. In study 2, the cross-correlation analysis between the activity profiles of the animals in LL with control animals kept under natural LD, found that there was less social synchronization in the aged. With the resubmission to the LD, the resynchronization rate was slower in the aged (t-test; p < 0.05) and in just one aged animal there was a loss of resynchronization capability. According to the data set, it is suggested that the aging in marmosets may be related to: 1) lower amplitude and greater fragmentation of the activity, accompanied to phase delay with extension of period, caused by changes in a photic input, in the generation and behavioral expression of the CAR; 2) lower capacity of the circadian activity rhythm to photic synchronization, that can become more robust in artificial lighting conditions, possibly due to the higher light intensities at the beginning of the active phase due to the abrupt transitions between the light and dark phases; and 3) smaller capacity of non-photic synchronization for auditory cues from conspecifics, possibly due to reducing sensory inputs and responsiveness of the circadian oscillators to auditory cues, what can make the aged marmoset most vulnerable, as these social cues may act as an important supporting factor for the photic synchronization.

Caracterização do ritmo circadiano de atividade e repouso em saguis idosos (Callithrix Jacchus)

Advanced age may become a limiting factor for the maintenance of rhythms in organisms, reducing the capacity of generation and synchronization of biological rhythms. In this study, the influence of aging on the expression of endogenous periodicity and synchronization (photic and social) of the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was evaluated in a diurnal primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). This study had two approaches: one with longitudinal design, performed with a male marmoset in two different phases: adult (three years) and older (9 y.o.) (study 1) and the second, a transversal approach, with 6 old (♂: 9.7 ± 2.0 y.o.) and 11 adults animals (♂: 4.2 ± 0.8 y.o.) (study 2). The evaluation of the photic synchronization involved two conditions in LD (natural and artificial illuminations). In study 1, the animal was subjected to the following stages: LD (12:12 ~ 350: ~ 2 lx), LL (~ 350 lx) and LD resynchronization. In the second study, the animals were initially evaluated in natural LD, and then the same sequence stages of study 1. During the LL stage in study 2, the vocalizations of conspecifics kept in natural LD on the outside of the colony were considered temporal cue to the social synchronization. The record of the activity was performed automatically at intervals of five minutes through infrared sensor and actimeters, in studies 1 and 2, respectively. In general, the aged showed a more fragmented activity pattern (> IV < H and > PSD, ANOVA, p < 0.05), lower levels of activity (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and shorter duration of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in LD conditions, when compared to adults. In natural LD, the aged presented phase delay pronounced for onset and offset of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while the adults had the active phase more adjusted to light phase. Under artificial LD, there was phase advance and greater adjustment of onset and offset of activity in relation to the LD in the aged (ANOVA, p < 0.05). In LL, there was a positive correlation between age and the endogenous period () in the first 20 days (Spearman correlation, p < 0.05), with prolonged  held in two aged animals. In this condition, most adults showed free-running period of the circadian activity rhythm with  < 24 h for the first 30 days and later on relative coordination mediated by auditory cues. In study 2, the cross-correlation analysis between the activity profiles of the animals in LL with control animals kept under natural LD, found that there was less social synchronization in the aged. With the resubmission to the LD, the resynchronization rate was slower in the aged (t-test; p < 0.05) and in just one aged animal there was a loss of resynchronization capability. According to the data set, it is suggested that the aging in marmosets may be related to: 1) lower amplitude and greater fragmentation of the activity, accompanied to phase delay with extension of period, caused by changes in a photic input, in the generation and behavioral expression of the CAR; 2) lower capacity of the circadian activity rhythm to photic synchronization, that can become more robust in artificial lighting conditions, possibly due to the higher light intensities at the beginning of the active phase due to the abrupt transitions between the light and dark phases; and 3) smaller capacity of non-photic synchronization for auditory cues from conspecifics, possibly due to reducing sensory inputs and responsiveness of the circadian oscillators to auditory cues, what can make the aged marmoset most vulnerable, as these social cues may act as an important supporting factor for the photic synchronization.

A coordenação entre os segmentos perna e coxa no andar : uma análise a partir da teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos

Utilizando-se entre a perna e a coxa os princípios da Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos, foi estudada a coordenação intra-membros durante o andar em 16 sujeitos do sexo feminino. Os movimentos da perna e da coxa e suas relações foram analisados dinamicamente como sistemas acoplados de ciclo limite. Os sujeitos foram filmados lateralmente executando o andar em duas situações experimentais: normal e com uma sandália na perna direita na proporção de 5% do comprimento do segmento inferior. Os dados transformados em variáveis cinemáticas possibilitaram a análise da coordenação em termos de ângulos de fase, ponto de coordenação e fase relativa. Através dos dados angulares, foram testadas as propriedades dos osciladores não-lineares de ciclo limite. Os resultados indicaram que os segmentos apresentam uma órbita atrativa específica para cada um deles, que se mantém invariante ao longo das idades. Esta órbita atrativa representa a organização espaço-temporal do segmento durante o andar, servindo também para a visualização da quantidade de energia dissipada por parte de cada segmento. A análise dos ângulos de fase no momento da reversão, do ponto de coordenação e da fase relativa possibilitaram a identificação do treinamento mútuo e da estabilidade estrutural.

A coordenação bimanual em função do foco atencional

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Padrão de coordenação do pular corda: um estudo desenvolvimental

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Interferência relativa entre o tomateiro industriale Amaranthus viridis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise ambiental de um aterro sanitário e sua influência relativa sobre a qualidade das águas superficiais do entorno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad relativa de Plutella xylostella (L) (Lepidoptera: plutellidae) a tres aislados de Beauveria bassiana (Balls) vuill

Con el objetivo de encontrar alternativas adecuadas de manejo de Plutella xylostella (L.), una de las principales plagas del cultivo del repollo (Brassica oleracea (L.), se llevó a cabo el presente trabajo, en el laboratorio de hongos entomopatogenos del Centro Nacional de Protección Vegetal (CENAPROVE) y la Universidad Nacional Agraria (U.N.A), en el periodo comprendido entre Febrero 1991 y Enero 1992. Se evaluó la respuesta de Plutella xylostella a tres aislados de Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. Los aislados evaluados fueron 64-88, CB-32 y 116-87, con cuatro concentraciones acuosas de cada aislado correspondientes a 105, 106, 107, 108 conidias/ml, obteniéndose rangos de porcentajes de mortalidad entre 27.3%-81.50% (64-88), 29.28% -70.39% (CB-32), 5.08% -37.5% (116-87). Se calcularon las CL50 para los aislados 64-88, CB-32 y 116-87 obteniéndose los valores de 1.8 x 106, 4.41 x 106 y 4.4 x 108 conidias/ml respectivamente, siendo los aislados 64-88 y CB-32 los que se mostraron más promisorios para el control de Plutella xylostella. El aislado 64-88 mostró tendencia a ser más eficaz en el control de larvas de esta plaga. Los valores encontrados de TL50 variaron; siendo el aislado 64-88 el que obtuvo menor tiempo (3.6 días después de la inoculación) para la mayor concentración, seguido del aislado CB-32 que alcanzó valores de 5.86 días para la mayor concentración, para el aislado 116-87 no se obtuvo el TL50 esperado ya que los valores resultaron extremadamente altos, no llegando a alcanzar el 50 % de mortalidad.

Susceptibilidad relativa de tres especies del género Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) a una cepa del hongo entomopatógeno Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson

Bioensayos fueron conducidos para determinar la susceptibilidad relativa de larvas del II instar tres especies del género Spodoptera (Frugiperda, exigua y sunia) (Lepidoptera: Noctidae), Se usaron cinco concentraciones (44000, 4400, 440, 44 y4,4 conidias/mm2) de Nomuraea rileyi de la cepa NI-87 aislada de Spodoptera frugiperda. Para calcular una dosis letal media (DL) en cada especie. Además, se calculó el tiempo letal medio para efectos subletales del hongo sobre la duración del estado larval. S frugiperda resulto ser la especie con tendencia a ser más susceptible con una DL50 de 93.29 conidias/mm2 seguida de S exigua con 1918.25 conidias/mm2 y S Sunia con 20042569.5 conidias/mm2. Rangos de mortalidad variaron de 36.9-90% y 31.7-90%,23.8-80% y 23.8-79.9, 43-31.1 y 5.0-26.2% para S. frugiperda, S. exigua, S. sunia para la primera y segunda repetición del bioensayo respectivamente. El TL50 vario de 7.6-16.1 días para S. frugiperda y de 6.5-29.1 días para S. Exigua se encontraron diferentes significativas entre las concentraciones y no entre especies evaluadas: Al evaluar el efecto subletal de N. rileyi se encontró una disminución significativa en el número de días a parar conforme aumento la concentración de conidias de N. rileyi en larvas que sobrevivieron el tratamiento.

Legislação relativa à aposentadoria especial

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XXI - Previdência e Direito Previdenciário.

Análise das dimensões do trabalho na Coordenação de Relações Públicas da Câmara dos Deputados : uma proposta de intervenção

Analisa o contexto de produção de serviços da Coordenação de Relações Públicas da Câmara dos Deputados, de modo a evidenciar possíveis disfunções que dificultem a realização das atribuições dos profissionais de relações públicas da Casa. Investiga as variáveis de organização do trabalho, das condições de trabalho e das relações sociais de trabalho. Articula técnicas de coleta e análise de dados qualitativa e quantitativa, utilizando a Escala de Condições, Organização e Relações Sociais de Trabalho - ECORT.

Coordenação de jornalismo : a cobertura jornalística na Câmara dos Deputados

Descreve e avalia as atividades desempenhadas pela Coordenação de Jornalismo da Câmara dos Deputados, desde sua criação em 2003 até o ano de 2006, ressaltando seu papel de integração entre os veículos de comunicação da instituição (TV Câmara, Rádio Câmara, Jornal da Câmara, Agência Câmara). Apresenta produtos desenvolvidos pela coordenação e sugere ações para aperfeiçoamento de seus serviços.

Emendas orçamentárias como instrumento de coordenação no legislativo brasileiro

Discute o papel das emendas orçamentárias no comportamento legislativo dos parlamentares. Na pesquisa foram analisadas duas vertentes. Uma defende que a barganha entre o Governo e parlamentares para a liberação de emendas é individualizada, de forma que os empenhos são difundidos durante o exercício financeiro conforme as negociações vão avançando. A outra sustenta que a negociação se dá coletivamente, com a liberação das emendas individuais em lotes, de forma organizada e coordenada pelos líderes partidários. Descreve um instrumento de coordenação no qual os parlamentares seriam obedientes aos seus líderes em troca da liberação de limites orçamentários para atendimento das emendas, negociadas pelos representantes partidários junto ao Poder Executivo, que visa nessa barganha à formação de um governo de coalizão.