Points of convergence and divergence : normative, institutional and operational relationships between R2P and POC

As an international norm, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has gained substantial influence and institutional presence—and created no small controversy—in the ten years since its first conceptualisation. Conversely, the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (PoC) has a longer pedigree and enjoys a less contested reputation. Yet UN Security Council action in Libya in 2011 has thrown into sharp relief the relationship between the two. UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973 follow exactly the process envisaged by R2P in response to imminent atrocity crimes, yet the operative paragraphs of the resolutions themselves invoke only PoC. This article argues that, while the agendas of PoC and R2P converge with respect to Security Council action in cases like Libya, outside this narrow context it is important to keep the two norms distinct. Peacekeepers, humanitarian actors, international lawyers, individual states and regional organisations are required to act differently with respect to the separate agendas and contexts covered by R2P and PoC. While overlap between the two does occur in highly visible cases like Libya, neither R2P nor PoC collapses normatively, institutionally or operationally into the other.

Convergence and divergence during the adaptation to similar environments by an Australian Groundsel

Adaptation to replicate environments is often achieved through similar phenotypic solutions. Whether selection also produces convergent genomic changes in these situations remains largely unknown. The variable groundsel, Senecio lautus, is an excellent system to investigate the genetic underpinnings of convergent evolution, because morphologically similar forms of these plants have adapted to the same environments along the coast of Australia. We compared range-wide patterns of genomic divergence in natural populations of this plant and searched for regions putatively affected by natural selection. Our results indicate that environmental adaptation followed complex genetic trajectories, affecting multiple loci, implying both the parallel recruitment of the same alleles and the divergence of completely different genomic regions across geography. An analysis of the biological functions of candidate genes suggests that adaptation to coastal environments may have occurred through the recruitment of different genes participating in similar processes. The relatively low genetic convergence that characterizes the parallel evolution of S. lautus forms suggests that evolution is more constrained at higher levels of biological organization.

Convergence and divergence of transport and mobility policies in Latin America: Lack of urban co-modality

This issue of the FAL bulletin analyses transport and mobility policy in Latin America, where the lack of integrated public policies for urban mobility and the failure to take coordinated action over time make it difficult to prioritize investments and coordinate existing initiatives (both public and private).

Planimetric ice-flow convergence and flow-orthonormal strain rate across the Antarctic Ice Sheet, with links to model result files

Fast-flowing ice streams discharge most of the ice from the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet coastward. Understanding how their tributary organisation is governed and evolves is essential for developing reliable models of the ice sheet's response to climate change. Despite much research on ice-stream mechanics, this problem is unsolved, because the complexity of flow within and across the tributary networks has hardly been interrogated. Here I present the first map of planimetric flow convergence across the ice sheet, calculated from satellite measurements of ice surface velocity, and use it to explore this complexity. The convergence map of Antarctica elucidates how ice-stream tributaries draw ice from the interior. It also reveals curvilinear zones of convergence along lateral shear margins of streaming, and abundant convergence ripples associated with nonlinear ice rheology and changes in bed topography and friction. Flow convergence on ice-stream tributaries and their feeding zones is markedly uneven, and interspersed with divergence at distances of the order of kilometres. For individual drainage basins as well as the ice sheet as a whole, the range of convergence and divergence decreases systematically with flow speed, implying that fast flow cannot converge or diverge as much as slow flow. I therefore deduce that flow in ice-stream networks is subject to mechanical regulation that limits flow-orthonormal strain rates. These properties and the gridded data of convergence and flow-orthonormal strain rate in this archive provide targets for ice- sheet simulations and motivate more research into the origin and dynamics of tributarization.

High-resolution melt-curve analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-HRM) for the characterisation of pathogenic leptospires: intra-serovar divergence, interserovar convergence, and evidence of attenuation in Leptospira reference collections.

High-resolution melt-curve analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-HRM) is a novel technology that has emerged as a possible method to characterise leptospires to serovar level. RAPD-HRM has recently been used to measure intra-serovar convergence between strains of the same serovar as well as inter-serovar divergence between strains of different serovars. The results indicate that intra-serovar heterogeneity and inter-serovar homogeneity may limit the application of RAPD-HRM in routine diagnostics. They also indicate that genetic attenuation of aged, high-passage-number isolates could undermine the use of RAPD-HRM or any other molecular technology. Such genetic attenuation may account for a general decrease seen in titres of rabbit hyperimmune antibodies over time. Before RAPD-HRM can be further advanced as a routine diagnostic tool, strains more representative of the wild-type serovars of a given region need to be identified. Further, RAPD-HRM analysis of reference strains indicates that the routine renewal of reference collections, with new isolates, may be needed to maintain the genetic integrity of the collections.

Le développement récent des trois "petites" télévisions francophones de Suisse, de Belgique et du Québec, convergence ou divergence?

Dans le cadre d’une sociologie des organisations portant sur les liens entre organisations télévisuelles et environnement, la présente thèse a pour objectif de cerner les modalités du développement récent de la télévision au Québec en le comparant à celui de la Belgique francophone et de la Suisse. Une telle comparaison repose sur un principe méthodologique simple: on cerne d’autant mieux la réalité que l’on étudie si on peut la comparer à une réalité équivalente d’autres sociétés. En s’appuyant sur des théories de développement organisationnel reliées au courant néo-fonctionnaliste et en adaptant des « histoires de cas » d’études organisationnelles à la réalité télévisuelle des années 90 et 2000, le chercheur a mis au point une grille de classification des données permettant d’étudier les composantes du développement de la télévision dans trois « petites » sociétés industrialisées. Dans un premier temps, il a pu constater une augmentation très importante du nombre de chaînes de télévision par rapport à ce qu’il était dans les années 50 à 70, le tout encadré par les autorités réglementaires en place. Par la suite, dans chacune de ces trois sociétés et sur une période de vingt-cinq ans, il a pu préciser les interactions et échanges entre organisations télévisuelles et environnement lesquels ont été, selon les cas, harmonieux, difficiles, voire même conflictuels. Après avoir comparé les modalités d’une telle augmentation entre les trois sociétés, le chercheur a pu constater une convergence de surface. On note bien quelques similitudes entre les trois sociétés, mais, surtout, chacune d’entre elles est restée sur son quant-à-soi. En Suisse, l’importance accordée au consensus social a favorisé un développement équilibré de l’augmentation des chaines. En Belgique, pays aux divisions profondes constamment réaffirmées, les oppositions ont permis, malgré tout, l’édification d’un ensemble audiovisuel relativement stable. Au Québec, avec une augmentation exponentielle du nombre de chaines, on a assisté à un véritable surdéveloppement de la télévision encouragé et planifié par les autorités gouvernementales canadiennes en réaction à un supposé envahissement culturel américain. Le CRTC, la régie des ondes canadiennes, a pesé de tout son poids pour favoriser l’augmentation du contenu canadien et de la production locale. Par ailleurs, cette augmentation s’est faite avec des ressources limitées. On en fait trop avec trop peu. C’est ce qui permettrait d’expliquer la baisse de qualité de la télévision québécoise contemporaine. Comme élément de solution aux problèmes que la télévision québécoise connait présentement, il faudrait considérer cette dernière pour ce qu’elle est véritablement: une petite télévision dans un univers industriellement hautement développé. Si une telle conception est très bien acceptée aussi bien en Belgique qu’en Suisse, elle ne l’est pas au Québec

REGIONAL CONVERGENCE AND R&D INVESTMENT: APPLIED INVESTIGATION IN PORTUGAL

R&D investments are seen has having an enormous potential impact on the competitive position of regions and perhaps on regional convergence (or divergence) too. The aim of the paper is to study both the localization of R&D investments and regional income distribution among the NUTs 3 regions of Portugal to conclude if these variables are related or not. To study the spatial convergence (approximation) of per capita income (GDPpc) and R&D investments in the regions of Portugal, we use a standard methodology of spatial econometrics. We conclude that regions with higher GDPpc are not the same with the highest concentration of R&D investments, with the exception of the northern coastline. The R&D investments are geographically linked to the network of higher education institutions, especially in the interior regions of the country. The northern regions reveal more dynamic in terms of R&D, which apparently is not felt in the population's standard of living measured by GDPpc.