Supplemento á Collecç~ao dos tratados, convenç~oes, contratos e actos publicos celebrados entre a corôa de Portugal e as mais potencias desde 1640;

The "Supplemento" forms vol. 9-30 of the "Collecç~ao." Each vol. contains chronological index.

Negocia????o entre Estado e sindicatos: instrumentos de negocia????o coletiva de trabalho no governo do Distrito Federal

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar, ?? luz da conven????o da Organiza????o Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) 151, os instrumentos de negocia????o coletiva de trabalho entre o Governo do Distrito Federal e os sindicatos de servidores p??blicos. Para tanto, o referencial te??rico foi organizado em 4 t??picos: o primeiro ?? o conceito de inputs e outputs para se compreender melhor como ingressam as demandas - inputs de pol??ticas p??blicas ??? outputs ao Estado. Em seguida, ?? explicitado o conceito de agente principal, para esclarecer como os sindicatos de servidores p??blicos constituem-se num grupo de press??o corporativa relevante para a gest??o p??blica. No segundo cap??tulo ?? apresentado um breve hist??rico da consolida????o do modelo sindical brasileiro, qual a sua pauta e de que maneira ela orienta a a????o sindical na busca por influenciar as tomadas de decis??o do Estado. O terceiro cap??tulo aborda a import??ncia estrat??gica do Estado em dialogar com as press??es constitu??das pelo movimento sindical no setor p??blico, bem como a relev??ncia dos servidores p??blicos, por meio de gest??o participativa, com o instrumento da negocia????o coletiva para construir a governabilidade. No quarto cap??tulo s??o abordados os dispositivos legais para a constitui????o de espa??o de negocia????o coletiva entre sindicato e governo, considerando que o reconhecimento do di??logo com os sindicatos no setor p??blico depende do Estado se apropriar e aprofundar os mecanismos legais de negocia????o. Para tanto, s??o apresentados os instrumentos legais internacionais e nacionais, bem como os infra legais do Distrito Federal. Esta pesquisa foi realizada procurando apresentar a teoria e o que ?? praticado no GDF, no per??odo de 2011-2013, no governo Agnelo Queiroz, respons??vel por instituir o Dialoga-DF, que acolhe as demandas dos servidores p??blicos, por meio de um sistema de negocia????o permanente, que procura praticar o que postula a conven????o OIT 151. Para tanto, a vivencia do pesquisador foi importante para acesso ?? din??mica do processo negocial no GDF. Para complementar tal experi??ncia, foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com as representa????es sindicais que participam de diversas mesas de negocia????o. Por fim, s??o apresentados alguns limites e avan??os na negocia????o coletiva no GDF, perante a cultura organizacional corporativa tradicional nos servi??os p??blicos, mas que vem mudando ?? medida que o Estado aperfei??oa a gest??o p??blica em busca da efici??ncia e de melhores servi??os p??blicos oferecidos ?? popula????o

A organiza????o da ??rea de compras e contrata????es na administra????o p??blica federal brasileira: o elo fr??gil

O trabalho se prop??e a resgatar a trajet??ria pouco conhecida de persistente debilidade institucional da ??rea de compras e contrata????es p??blicas. Analisa a reiterada incapacidade de constru????o de uma estrutura organizacional capaz de atender a requisitos de consolida????o da ??rea. Aborda os aspectos relacionados com a constru????o de uma vis??o e identidade, delimita????o do espa??o de atua????o e jurisdi????o, cria????o do arcabou??o de leis e normas e estrutura????o de processos e procedimentos. S??o considerados tamb??m aspectos correlatos de desenvolvimento de sistemas informatizados na ??rea. A an??lise ?? baseada em periodiza????o que considera os seguintes momentos: a experi??ncia da Divis??o de Materiais do DASP (1938 -1945), as tentativas frustradas de cria????o do Sistema de Material, ao longo dos anos 50 e 60, a incorpora????o da ??rea ao Sistema de Servi??os Gerais, sob o marco do Decreto-lei n. 200/1967 e a estrutura????o atual, conformada a partir do desenvolvimento de um sistema informatizado (SIASG-Comprasnet). O trabalho conclui com a aprecia????o da situa????o atual e perspectivas de consolida????o institucional da ??rea.

OS ARTIFÍCIOS DA PERFEIÇÃO: JOÃO DE BARROS POR MANUEL SEVERIM DE FARIA

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar as convenções intelectuais que nortearam a escrita do retrato heróico do humanista João de Barros por Manuel Severim de Faria, em sua “Vida de João de Barros, em que se discorre sobre os preceitos da história e perfeição com que escreveu as suas Décadas”, livro que compõe os Discursos vários políticos, publicado pela primeira vez em 1624. Para isso, consideramos que a confecção da memória dos lugares ocupados por João de Barros responde à demanda de uma sociedade estamental, na qual a dignidade do ofício exercido denota a dignidade de quem o exerce.

Scepticism Revisited

Liberalism claims that for a subject S to be justified in believing p, a proposition about the external world, on the basis of his senses it is not necessary to be antecedently justified in believing propositions as there is an external world. On the other hand, conservatism claims that to be justified in believing that p on the basis of one’s perception, one must have antecedent justification to believe that p. Intuitively, we are inclined to think that liberalism about the structure of perceptual justification fits better with our epistemic practices. We acknowledge that, although we cannot produce warrant for the background belief in the external world, our empirical beliefs can be perceptually justified. However, I am interested in arguing that conservatism is theoretically better supported than liberalism. The first reason to defend this is based on the fact that in embracing liberalism dogmatism is affected by pervasive problems. The second one comes from recognizing the strength of the argument based on the thesis that experience is theory-laden. But not all are advantages for conservatism. Conservatism is presupposed in contemporary formulations of scepticism through the requirement of prior justification for background assumptions, and this fact compels anti-sceptical conservatives to conceive a non-evidential form of warrant, entitlement, to contest the sceptical threat My main worry is that, although the path of entitlement has some prospects to succeed, this new notion of justification seems to be posed ad hoc for conservatives to solve the sceptical problem. These contents are organized along the three chapters. The result of chapter 1 is a pattern of sceptical argument formed by two premises: P1*, a conservative principle, and P2*. In chapter 2 and chapter 3 two anti-sceptical proposals against the argument sketched in chapter 1 are described. Chapter 2 is devoted to explain and assess a first anti-sceptical proposal that denies P1*: dogmatism. Moreover, in chapter 3, another anti-sceptical strategy is described (the route of entitlement) that contests scepticism denying the plausibility of P2*.

Estudi tècnic dels Cartells de la Festa Major de Vilafranca del Penedès del VINSEUM

L'octubre de 2010 es va iniciar un estudi sobre els cartells de la Festa Majar de Vilafranca que esconserven al Centre de Documentació del Museu de les Cultures del Vi de Catalunya (CDV i VINSEUM)de Vilafranca del Penedes. Aquests cartells són part de la documentació grafica que genera aquestafesta i cronológicament se situen entre el 1907 i el 2007.El treball es va dur a terme mitjanc;ant conven i entre el Museu i la Universitat de Barcelona per ala real ització del Practicum del Máster en Direcció de Projectes de Conservació-Restauració ambI'objectiu d'estudiar I'estat de conservació de la Col·lecció de Cartells del CDV i propasar un seguit derecomanacions practiques per a la seva preservació futura.L'interes que va generar aquest primer estudi va donar pas a la necessitat d'aprofundir en lescaracterístiques tecniques deis Cartells de la Col ·lecció. A més, el fet de poder estudiar una col·leccióde cartells cronológicament correlatius i fets en un mateix Iloc geografic, Catalunya, permetria coneixerI'evo!ució tant de les tecniques d'impressió com deis materials utilitzats en la producció de cartells.En I'estudi es plantejaven dos obj ectius principals: en primer lIoc, recollir el maxim d'informaciósobre els mat erials i les tecniques deis cartells; i en segon, plantej ar la possibi litat de relacionarels diferents materials deis cartells amb el seu estat de conservació, intent ant posar de manifest sirealment els elements constitutius del paper I'havien afectat i si ho feien de la mateixa manera endiferents exemplars.

Sermones diversi.

En bas du f. 1, note du XVe s.: "Ad usum fratris Ludovici [...] [conven]tus Compendiensis ordinis fratrum predicatorum", de la même main que celle qui a écrit le titre du ms. en tête. Il s'agit probablement d'un moine du couvent dominicain installé à Compiègne vers 1254. Compiègne.

FEM based Virtual Prototyping and Design of Third Harmonic Excitation System for Low Voltage Brushless Alternators

Salient pole brushless alternators coupled to IC engines are extensively used as stand-by power supply units for meeting in- dustrial power demands. Design of such generators demands high power to weight ratio, high e ciency and low cost per KVA out- put. Moreover, the performance characteristics of such machines like voltage regulation and short circuit ratio (SCR) are critical when these machines are put into parallel operation and alterna- tors for critical applications like defence and aerospace demand very low harmonic content in the output voltage. While designing such alternators, accurate prediction of machine characteristics, including total harmonic distortion (THD) is essential to mini- mize development cost and time. Total harmonic distortion in the output voltage of alternators should be as low as possible especially when powering very sophis- ticated and critical applications. The output voltage waveform of a practical AC generator is replica of the space distribution of the ux density in the air gap and several factors such as shape of the rotor pole face, core saturation, slotting and style of coil disposition make the realization of a sinusoidal air gap ux wave impossible. These ux harmonics introduce undesirable e ects on the alternator performance like high neutral current due to triplen harmonics, voltage distortion, noise, vibration, excessive heating and also extra losses resulting in poor e ciency, which in turn necessitate de-rating of the machine especially when connected to non-linear loads. As an important control unit of brushless alternator, the excitation system and its dynamic performance has a direct impact on alternator's stability and reliability. The thesis explores design and implementation of an excitation i system utilizing third harmonic ux in the air gap of brushless al- ternators, using an additional auxiliary winding, wound for 1=3rd pole pitch, embedded into the stator slots and electrically iso- lated from the main winding. In the third harmonic excitation system, the combined e ect of two auxiliary windings, one with 2=3rd pitch and another third harmonic winding with 1=3rd pitch, are used to ensure good voltage regulation without an electronic automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and also reduces the total harmonic content in the output voltage, cost e ectively. The design of the third harmonic winding by analytic methods demands accurate calculation of third harmonic ux density in the air gap of the machine. However, precise estimation of the amplitude of third harmonic ux in the air gap of a machine by conventional design procedures is di cult due to complex geome- try of the machine and non-linear characteristics of the magnetic materials. As such, prediction of the eld parameters by conven- tional design methods is unreliable and hence virtual prototyping of the machine is done to enable accurate design of the third har- monic excitation system. In the design and development cycle of electrical machines, it is recognized that the use of analytical and experimental methods followed by expensive and in exible prototyping is time consum- ing and no longer cost e ective. Due to advancements in com- putational capabilities over recent years, nite element method (FEM) based virtual prototyping has become an attractive al- ternative to well established semi-analytical and empirical design methods as well as to the still popular trial and error approach followed by the costly and time consuming prototyping. Hence, by virtually prototyping the alternator using FEM, the important performance characteristics of the machine are predicted. Design of third harmonic excitation system is done with the help of results obtained from virtual prototype of the machine. Third harmonic excitation (THE) system is implemented in a 45 KVA ii experimental machine and experiments are conducted to validate the simulation results. Simulation and experimental results show that by utilizing third harmonic ux in the air gap of the ma- chine for excitation purposes during loaded conditions, triplen harmonic content in the output phase voltage is signi cantly re- duced. The prototype machine with third harmonic excitation system designed and developed based on FEM analysis proved to be economical due to its simplicity and has the added advan- tage of reduced harmonics in the output phase voltage.

Educaci??n obligatoria, asistencia escolar y trabajo infantil en Espa??a en el primer tercio del siglo XX

En la sociedad espa??ola de comienzos del siglo XX, la educaci??n estaba lejos de ser un bien generalizado, ya que la educaci??n secundaria y superior eran un claro privilegio de minor??as, y la educaci??n primaria no estaba suficientemente extendida. En este per??odo, la escolarizaci??n sufr??a una gran escasez de plazas escolares, y surg??a una gran necesidad de sostenimiento del mercado laboral, a cuyo sistema productivo conven??a la introducci??n del trabajo infantil. Sin embargo, la sociedad espa??ola fue cambiando profundamente en ese tercio de siglo, y ese cambio se reflej?? en su actitud hacia la escolarizaci??n obligatoria y el trabajo infantil.

Gobernanza del gas natural no convencional para el desarrollo sostenible de América Latina y el Caribe: experiencias generales y tendencias en la Argentina, el Brasil, Colombia y México

El presente estudio tiene por objeto relacionar la problemática del desarrollo sostenible con la explotación de gas natural no convencional a nivel general y en específico para los países seleccionados

Die Entwicklung der Mesofauna eines Weinberges im nordöstlichen Rheinhessen im Vergleich zum Lennebergwald und weiteren Agrarflächen

ZusammenfassungrnrnrnDer Köderstreifentest, die Auswertung der Minicontainer und die Erfassung der Bodenlebewesen mit Hilfe der Bodenstechkerne ergeben zusammen eine gut standardisierte Methode zur Darstellung und Beurteilung der Mesofauna. Unter der Vorraussetzung gleicher abiotischer Faktoren ist es problemlos möglich, selbst unterschiedliche Standorte wie Agrarflächen, Weinberge und Waldböden vergleichend zu untersuchen.rnrnAuf den verschiedenen Versuchsflächen des Laubenheimer Weinberges gelingt es deutlich zu zeigen, wie wichtig eine naturnahe Begrünung für den Boden ist. Dies betrifft nicht nur die Entwicklung der Humusschicht und damit die Bodenlebewesen, sondern auch die Schaffung von Kapillaren und Poren, die durch schwere landwirtschaftliche Geräte im Rahmen der Bo-denverdichtung reduziert werden. Erosionserscheinungen kommen vollständig zum Stillstand. Das Ökosystem Boden sollte auch so gut wie keine Belastung durch Herbizide, Insektizide und Pestizide erfahren. Ähnliches gilt auch für agrarisch genutzte Flächen. rnrnDer Lennebergwald als Naherholungsregion von Mainz ist besonders schützenswert, da dieser durch intensiven Immissionseintrag aufgrund der Nähe zu den Autobahnen und durch die Eutrophierung über die Haustiere stark belastet wird. Die immer größere Ausdehnung des Siedlungsgebietes und die damit verbundene steigende Anzahl an Waldbesuchern, die durch Verlassen der vorgegebenen Wege den Boden zerstören, gefährden zusätzlich das Ökosystem.rnrnÜber Sinn und Zweck einer Flurbereinigung zu diskutieren ist hier nicht angebracht. Aus bo-denkundlicher Sicht ist sie nicht zu befürworten, da hiermit alle bodenbewahrenden Maßnah-men ignoriert werden. Wichtig ist es, bei den Landwirten Aufklärungsarbeit zu leisten, was bodenschonende und bodenweiterentwickelnde Bearbeitungsmethoden bedeuten. Mit Hilfe sachgemäßer Aufklärung und richtiger Umsetzung kann durch Begrünungsmaßnahmen der zum Teil sehr stark strapazierte Boden erhalten, gefördert und auf lange Sicht stabilisiert wer-den.rnrnAufgrund der festgestellten Tatsachen wurde ab 2008 auf eine flächige Dauerbegrünung um-gestellt, so dass es auch in den unbegrünten Rebzeilen zu einer Bodenverbesserung kommen kann. Mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit dürfte diese schneller voranschreiten, da die Mesofauna von den benachbarten begrünten Rebzeilen einwandern kann. rnDie Mesofauna landwirtschaftlich genutzter Flächen und Waldgebiete kann, obwohl extrem unterschiedlich, miteinander verglichen werden.rnrnBrachflächen und Waldgebiete lassen sich aufgrund der unberührten Bodenstrukturen sogar gut miteinander vergleichen. Temperatur- und Niederschlagsverhältnisse müssen dabei über-einstimmen. Die Azidität der jeweiligen Böden gilt es zu berücksichtigen, da verschiedene Tiergruppen damit unterschiedlich umgehen. Collembolen bevorzugen neutrale Böden, wäh-rend Acari als Räuber mit den Lebewesen in sauren Böden besser zurechtkommen. Die Streu-auflage ist dabei von großer Bedeutung.rnrnIm Rahmen von Bearbeitungsmaßnahmen kommt es durch jeglichen Maschineneinsatz zu ei-ner mehr oder weniger starken Veränderung der Bodenstruktur und somit auch der darin le-benden Mesofauna. Bis sich diese erholt hat, steht meist schon die nächste Bodenbewirtschaf-tung an. Die Bodenverdichtung spielt auch eine Rolle. Bei herkömmlichem Ackerbau ist eine Fruchtfolge mit eingeschalteter Brache oder Gründüngung mit Klee oder Luzerne angebracht, um die Mesofauna nicht zu stark zu strapazieren. Organische Düngegaben leicht abbaubarer Streu sind deutlich zu bevorzugen gegenüber sehr zellulose- und ligninhaltigen Pflanzenresten. Die Einbringung von Stoppeln nach Aberntung von Getreidefeldern ist sinnvoll, solange dabei nicht zu tief in die Bodenstruktur eingegriffen wird (ZIMMER 1997).rnrnIm Rahmen der Sonderkultur Wein, bei der eine Bodenbearbeitung aus den aufgezeigten Gründen eigentlich nicht notwendig wäre, sind Dauerbegrünungsmaßnahmen generell von Nutzen: der Erosion wird vorgebeugt, die Bodenfeuchte konstant gehalten, der anfallende Mulch als Gründüngung genutzt. Dies sind alles entscheidende Faktoren, die die Meso- und Makrofauna fördern. Nur die Bodenverdichtung durch schweres Gerät, wie Schlepper und Vollernter, sind für den Boden nicht förderlich (HEISLER 1993, EHRENSBERGER 1993). Nie-derdruckreifen und Verringerung der Befahrung sind geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen. rnrnEntgegen landläufiger Winzermeinung, stellen die Pflanzen einer Begrünung eigentlich keine Konkurrenz für die Weinstöcke dar. Die Vorteile einer Begrünung sind nicht nur die Förde-rung der einheimischen Flora in ihrem standortgerechten Artenreichtum, sondern auch Ver-vielfältigung von Meso- und Makrofauna aufgrund der dadurch mehr anfallenden und ein-zuarbeitenden leicht abbaubaren Streu (GRIEBEL 1995).rn

Effect of late weaning and use of alternative cages on performance of does, suckling and fattening rabbits under extensive reproductive management

The effects of the combined use of long lactation periods (46 days) with alternative cages on the reproductive and growth performance of 104 rabbit does and their litters during five consecutive reproductive cycles were studied. Half of does were housed in conven- tional polyvalent cages (39 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm) and the other half in alternative polyvalent cages (39 cm x 100 cm x 60 cm), with a raised platform. Half of the rabbit does in each type of cage were weaned at 32 and the other half at 46 days after parturition. Longer lactation negatively affected the body weight ( P o 0.001), fat and energy content ( P o 0.05) of rabbit does at the end of the lactation period, but this effect decreased with the number of parturitions. Fertility, prolificacy and doe mortality were not affected by lactation length. Late weaning led to higher litter size (by 8.9%) and litter weight (by 11.3%) at the end of growing period ( P o 0.001) and lower feed conversion ratio per cage during the experimental period (13.5%) than weaning at 32 day ( P o 0.001). These results were paralleled by lower mortality (12.6 vs. 17.6%; P o 0.01) of young rabbits weaned later during the overall experimental period. Differences in performance as a result of different weaning ages were only observed during cycles with worst health status (third and fifth cycles) in which late weaning decreased mortality. Type of cage did not affect doe body weight and body condition, mortality, fertility, prolificacy and litter size during the five reproductive cycles. Nevertheless, at day 21 litter weight and feed conversion ratio between 3 and 21 day were 4.2% higher ( P o 0.01) and 5.0% lower ( P o 0.05), respectively, in animals housed in alternative rather than in conventional cages. Alternative cages also led to heavier litters at 59 days ( P o 0.01). It was concluded that the combined use of longer lactations and cages with higher available surface with a raised platform could be alternatives to improve animal welfare in farmed rabbit.

Contribuciones para el tratamiento de aguas residuales con sistemas alternativos de bajo coste. Aplicaciones para el desarrollo en poblaciones reducidas y cooperación

Este trabajo se ha centrado en la búsqueda y análisis de técnicas de saneamiento y depuración que proporcionen soluciones a poblaciones pequeñas, que por su situación económica o de desarrollo, carecen de estos servicios básicos. Es bien conocido los problemas que genera la falta de acceso al saneamiento básico en contextos de subdesarrollo, agravado en numerosos casos, por los incrementos en la dotación de agua sin introducir las infraestructuras para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales. Esta situación incide directamente sobre la salud de las personas y del medioambiente. Afortunadamente existen Organismos Internacionales y Agencias de Desarrollo y de Medioambiente, que intervienen directamente en estos temas. Los problemas no sólo se presentan en los llamados países en vías de desarrollo, sino que se ha comprobado que también afecta a poblaciones pequeñas con escasos recursos, del mundo más desarrollado. Muchas han sido las técnicas utilizadas con gran éxito en programas de cooperación, pero algunas han fracasado por pérdida de funcionalidad, por errores de diseño, por rápido deterioro de los materiales, o simplemente por falta de adaptabilidad al terreno o no previsión de controles y mantenimiento. La solución a estos eventos pasa por la innovación tanto tecnológica como de gestión, sin olvidar la componente socioeconómica y cultural. Tomar conciencia de un buen diseño adaptado a las características del terreno y de la población, evitaría fracasos por colapso, por falta de mantenimiento, de financiación etc. Por otra parte, se considera necesaria la implementación de programas educativos que incluyan mejoras en los hábitos higiénicos y el conocimiento de las infraestructuras que permitan a la población de destino, adquirir una formación sobre las propias instalaciones, su uso, su mantenimiento y conservación. El desarrollo y mejora de las técnicas de saneamiento y depuración requiere una continuidad en las investigaciones que facilite la adaptación de las instalaciones ya existentes a las diferentes coyunturas que puedan presentarse, garantizando su funcionamiento a largo plazo. Las técnicas denominadas “no convencionales” se caracterizan por ser soluciones económicas y sostenibles, que en algunos casos, requieren poco mantenimiento e incluso éste puede realizarse por personal no especializado, esto es, por los propios usuarios del servicio. Concretamente en el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo una revisión general de las tipologías conocidas, tanto convencionales como no convencionales y de su posible aplicación en función de la población de destino, con especial incidencia en las poblaciones más desfavorecidas. Una vez realizada, se han seleccionado las técnicas de saneamiento y depuración no convencionales por el interés personal en las poblaciones con mayores dificultades socioeconómicas. Se han estudiado distintas situaciones en diferentes países y contextos Nicaragua, Ecuador, India y España. Es en esta última, donde se han tenido más facilidades para la obtención de datos y análisis de los mismos, concretamente de la instalación del municipio de Fabara en la provincia de Zaragoza, situado en el Bajo Aragón. ABSTRACT The focus of this project lies on the research and analysis of sanitation and waste water treatment techniques able to provide solutions to small settlements which lack such basic services out of economic or underdevelopment reasons. The problems generated by the absence of access to basic sanitation services in underdevelopment contexts are well known, and many cases can be found where increase of water provision doesn’t involve installation of waste water treatment infrastructures. This situation has a direct impact on people’s health and also on the environment. Fortunately, there are International Organizations and Development Agencies which act directly on these matters. These problems don’t only occur in so called developing countries, as it has been confirmed that small settlements with scarce resources in the more developed world can also be affected. Many techniques have been successfully used in cooperation programs, but also some of them have failed due to loss of functionality, design mistakes, rapid material deterioration, or simply site inadequacy or lack of control and maintenance precautions. The solution to these incidents requires technological as well as management innovation, regarding for all cases the socioeconomic and cultural factors. The awareness of a good design, adapted to the site and population characteristics, would prevent from failures due to collapse, lack of maintenance, funding, etc. Furthermore, the implementation of education programs for improving hygienic habits and for transmitting the understanding of the infrastructures is considered necessary for allowing the aimed population to gain proper knowledge on their own infrastructure, its use, maintenance and preservation. The improvement of sanitation and waste water treatment techniques requires a continuous process of investigation, in order to adapt the existing infrastructure to the different situations that may come up, being able to ensure its long-term functioning. The so called non conventional techniques are characterized by being economic and sustainable solutions, requiring in some cases low maintenance, conducted even by non specialized personnel, that is, by the users themselves. In the present project a general overview of the already developed typologies has been carried out, taking into account the conventional as well as the non conven tional techniques and their possible application according to the aimed population, regarding especially the most underprivileged settlements. Thereupon, out of interest for the settlements with most socioeconomic difficulties, the non conventional sanitation and waste water techniques have been selected. A variety of situations in different countries and contexts has been examined, specifically in Nicaragua, Ecuador, India and Spain. The latest has proven easier for data collection and analysis, focusing finally on the existing infrastructure in the village of Fabara, province of Zaragoza, in the Bajo Aragón.

Estudo de propriedades físicas de solventes eutécticos de origem natural

No contexto da utilização de solventes alternativos mais sustentáveis e eficientes, capazes de substituir solventes orgânicos convencionais que apresentam várias desvan-tagens tais como toxicidade, inflamabilidade, volatilidade, etc., foram propostos na lite-ratura várias alternativas entre as quais os solventes eutécticos de origem natural. Para potenciar a sua aplicação em diversas áreas, incluindo a tecnologia biomédica, é necessário estudar as suas propriedades físicas dada a ainda insuficiente base de dados disponível. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é efetuar a medição da massa vo-lúmica, da viscosidade e do índice de refração de solventes eutécticos de origem natural, formados por cloreto de colina e açúcares, ácidos orgânicos ou álcoois. Para isso, foram escolhidos quatro sistemas modelo, já propostos na literatura: glicerol + cloreto de coli-na + água (proporção molar 2:1:1); glucose + cloreto de colina + água (2:5:5); sacarose + cloreto de colina + água (1:4:4); ácido málico + cloreto de colina + água (1:1:2). Fo-ram ainda avaliados os efeitos da adição de água e/ou da temperatura nas diferentes propriedades físicas. A viscosidade dos solventes eutécticos foi medida entre 293,15 K e 323,15 K, para valores de fração mássica de água entre 5% e 30%. Nesta gama de temperatura, os da-dos experimentais foram modelizados de forma satisfatória por uma equação do tipo Arrhenius. Como esperado, a viscosidade diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura e com o aumento de conteúdo em água. De facto, um aumento da temperatura de 20 °C para 50 °C traduz-se numa diminuição muito significativa da viscosidade dos solventes estudados. O índice de refração foi medido à temperatura de 298,15 K, obtendo-se valores na gama 1,41-1,50. Finalmente, a massa volúmica foi medida entre 298,15 K e 333,15 K. Verifica-se que, nas condições estudadas, a massa volúmica diminui linearmente com a temperatura e com o aumento da fração mássica de água, sendo muito menos sensível ao conteúdo em água ou à temperatura do que a viscosidade.