A vocação construtiva na Arte Sul-Americana: os cinéticos venezuelanos e os concretos paulistas

Pós-graduação em Artes - IA

El papel de Brasil y Venezuela en la construcción de la política de seguridad energética Suramericana

Esta investigación surge de la necesidad de resolver cuestiones importantes en materia de seguridad energética en Suramérica y analizar los atributos de poder de Brasil y Venezuela, buscando exponer el papel protagónico de ambos países, además de estudiar las iniciativas de integración de la región alrededor de la energía y de ver a estos dos actores como motores de dicha integración.

A reforma agraria e suas implicações no processo de desenvolvimento do Estado de Rondonia

Na década de 80 teve início o Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado para o Noroeste do Brasil. Financiado pelo Governo Federal e o Banco Mundial sob coordenação do Governo Federal e execução de institutos federais e estaduais. Seria através do POLONOROESTE que as instituições chaves do Estado seriam criadas e/ou fortalecidas. O objetivo do POLONOROESTE era absorver o fluxo migratório de maneira coordenada e sustentável. E principalmente concluir o asfaltamento da BR-364. Na visão dos ambientalistas vários problemas surgiram a partir do POLONOROESTE. O próprio Banco Mundial chegou ã conclusão que o plano foi aplicado de forma precipitada, embora tivesse seus pontos positivos. Realizou-se em 1984 uma revisão de meio termo no programa. Apresentou, inicialmente, em versão preliminar o Zoneamento Sócio-Econômico-Ecológico que seria o instrumento básico de planejamento e ordenamento territorial. A partir de estudos feitos pelo Zoneamento Sócio-Econômico-Ecológico teve início o PLANAFLORO. O Brasil não pode estagnar seu desenvolvimento em nome da questão ambiental. O foco não é somente estratégico, mas uma questão de sobrevivência dos povos da floresta amazônica. Entendendo-se como povos da floresta todos os cidadãos que lá habitam. Inúmeros países formaram Comitês Internacionais de Defesa da Amazônia com o pensamento de que a posse da floresta amazônica pela Guiana inglesa, BrasiL Venezuela, Colômbia, Peru e Bolívia era meramente circunstancial. Que a floresta na verdade era patrimônio da humanidade. Esse nível de consciência pelo resto do mundo tem transcendido os limites da tranqüilidade dos países a que pertence a Amazônia. Problemas sociais como a denominada "chacina dos yanomamis" em Roraima, servem para que as ONG's procurem mostrar a incompetência do Brasil em administrar esse rico território.

The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax from South America and Africa

The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax are controversial. It is generally suggested that South American, and East and West African isolates could be classified as subspecies or species allied to T. vivax. This is the first phylogenetic study to compare South American isolates (Brazil and Venezuela) with West/East African T. vivax isolates. Phylogeny using ribosomal sequences positioned all T. vivax isolates tightly together on the periphery of the clade containing all Salivarian trypanosomes. The same branching of isolates within T. vivax clade was observed in all inferred phylogenies using different data sets of sequences (SSU, SSU plus 5.8S or whole ITS rDNA). T. vivax from Brazil, Venezuela and West Africa (Nigeria) were closely related corroborating the West African origin of South American T. vivax, whereas a large genetic distance separated these isolates from the East African isolate (Kenya) analysed. Brazilian isolates from cattle asymptomatic or showing distinct pathology were highly homogeneous. This study did not disclose significant polymorphism to separate West African and South American isolates into different species/subspecies and indicate that the complexity of T. vivax in Africa and of the whole subgenus Trypanosoma (Duttonella) might be higher than previously believed. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.

Microsatellite analysis supports clonal propagation and reduced divergence of Trypanosoma vivax from asymptomatic to fatally infected livestock in South America compared to West Africa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The phylogeography of trypanosomes from South American alligatorids and African crocodilids is consistent with the geological history of South American river basins and the transoceanic dispersal of Crocodylus at the Miocene

Abstract Background Little is known about the diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography of trypanosomes infecting non-mammalian hosts. In this study, we investigated the influence of host species and biogeography on shaping the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and distribution of trypanosomes from South American alligatorids and African crocodilids. Methods Small Subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) and glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes were employed for phylogenetic inferences. Trypanosomes from crocodilians were obtained by haemoculturing. Growth behaviour, morphology, and ultrastructural features complement the molecular description of two new species strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses. Results The inferred phylogenies disclosed a strongly supported crocodilian-restricted clade comprising three subclades. The subclade T. grayi comprised the African Trypanosoma grayi from Crocodylus niloticus and tsetse flies. The subclade T. ralphi comprised alligatorid trypanosomes represented by Trypanosoma ralphi n. sp. from Melanosuchus niger, Caiman crocodilus and Caiman yacare from Brazilian river basins. T. grayi and T. ralphi were sister subclades. The basal subclade T. terena comprised alligatorid trypanosomes represented by Trypanosoma terena n. sp. from Ca. yacare sharing hosts and basins with the distantly genetic related T. ralphi. This subclade also included the trypanosome from Ca. crocodilus from the Orinoco basin in Venezuela and, unexpectedly, a trypanosome from the African crocodilian Osteolaemus tetraspis. Conclusion The close relationship between South American and African trypanosomes is consistent with paleontological evidence of recent transoceanic dispersal of Crocodylus at the Miocene/Pliocene boundaries (4–5 mya), and host-switching of trypanosomes throughout the geological configuration of South American hydrographical basins shaping the evolutionary histories of the crocodilians and their trypanosomes.

The phylogeography of trypanosomes from South American alligatorids and African crocodilids is consistent with the geological history of South American river basins and the transoceanic dispersal of Crocodylus at the Miocene

Background: Little is known about the diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography of trypanosomes infecting non-mammalian hosts. In this study, we investigated the influence of host species and biogeography on shaping the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and distribution of trypanosomes from South American alligatorids and African crocodilids. Methods: Small Subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) and glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes were employed for phylogenetic inferences. Trypanosomes from crocodilians were obtained by haemoculturing. Growth behaviour, morphology, and ultrastructural features complement the molecular description of two new species strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses. Results: The inferred phylogenies disclosed a strongly supported crocodilian-restricted clade comprising three subclades. The subclade T. grayi comprised the African Trypanosoma grayi from Crocodylus niloticus and tsetse flies. The subclade T. ralphi comprised alligatorid trypanosomes represented by Trypanosoma ralphi n. sp. From Melanosuchus niger, Caiman crocodilus and Caiman yacare from Brazilian river basins. T. grayi and T. ralphi were sister subclades. The basal subclade T. terena comprised alligatorid trypanosomes represented by Trypanosoma terena n. sp. from Ca. yacare sharing hosts and basins with the distantly genetic related T. ralphi. This subclade also included the trypanosome from Ca. crocodilus from the Orinoco basin in Venezuela and, unexpectedly, a trypanosome from the African crocodilian Osteolaemus tetraspis. Conclusion: The close relationship between South American and African trypanosomes is consistent with paleontological evidence of recent transoceanic dispersal of Crocodylus at the Miocene/Pliocene boundaries (4–5 mya), and host-switching of trypanosomes throughout the geological configuration of South American hydrographical basins shaping the evolutionary histories of the crocodilians and their trypanosomes.

La influencia del regionalismo post-liberal en la cooperación sur-sur dentro de la Unasur

El interés de este estudio de caso es analizar la influencia del regionalismo post-liberal en la cooperación sur-sur (CSS) de América Latina. Se analiza y explica cómo las dinámicas del regionalismo post-liberal del nuevo milenio, mediante esquemas de integración regional como la UNASUR, dieron paso al resurgimiento de la CSS en América Latina, no como una herramienta a favor de la integración, sino como un instrumento del liderazgo regional. Siguiendo finalmente la perspectiva neorrealista de Kenneth Waltz, con la cual se explican las transformaciones estructurales que dieron paso a un nuevo modelo de integración y los procesos de CSS que dentro de éste se desarrollan.

An Assessment of the Case for Monetary Union or Official Dollarization in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela

We use a data set covering the whole period of Argentina's currency board and most of that spanned by the Mercosur trade agreement to examine the case for either a Latin American monetary union or monetary union with the USA (through official dollarization). Our econometric evidence using VAR techniques indicates that macroeconomic shocks are still so highly asymmetric in Latin America and between Latin American countries and the USA as to make monetary union or official dollarization somewhat doubtful policies.

Railway expansion in Latin America; descriptive and narrative history of the railroad systems of Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia and all other countries of South and Central America.

Plates printed on both sides.

American firms, subsidiaries and affiliates, Argentina [Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela]

Mode of access: Internet.

Report on cooperative health program of the governments of Bolivia [Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela] and the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.