Variation in articulatory timing of three English consonants: An electropalatographic investigation

Increasingly, electropalatography (EPG) is being used in speech pathology research to identify and describe speech disorders of neurological origin. However, limited data currently exists that describes normal articulatory segment timing and the degree of variability exhibited by normal speakers when assessed with EPG. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to use the Reading EPG3 system to quantify segmental timing values and examine articulatory timing variability for three English consonants. Ten normal subjects repeated ten repetitions of CV words containing the target consonants /t/, /l/, and /s/ while wearing an artificial palate. The target consonants were followed by the /i/ vowel and were contained in the carrier phrase 'I saw a __'. Mean duration of the approach, closure/constriction, and release phases of consonant articulation were calculated. In addition, inter-subject articulatory timing variability was investigated using descriptive graphs and intra-subject articulatory timing variability was investigated using a coefficient of variation. Results revealed the existence of intersubject variability for mean segment timing values. This could be attributed to individual differences in the suprasegmental features of speech and individual differences in oral cavity size and structure. No significant differences were reported for degree of intra-subject variability between the three sounds for these same phases of articulation. However, when this data set was collapsed, results revealed that the closure/constriction phase of consonant articulation exhibited significantly less intra-subject variability than both the approach and release phases. The stabilization of the tongue against the fixed structure of the hard palate during the closure phase of articulation may have reduced the levels of intra-subject variability.

Electropalatographic assessment of tongue-to-palate contacts exhibited in dysarthria following traumatic brain injury: Spatial characteristics

Consonant imprecision has been reported to be a common feature of the dysarthric speech disturbances exhibited by individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inaccurate tongue placements against the hard palate during consonant articulation may be one factor underlying the imprecision. To investigate this hypothesis, electropalatography (EPG) was used to assess the spatial characteristics of the tongue-to-palate contacts exhibited by three males (aged 23-29 years) with dysarthria following severe TBI. Five nonneurologically impaired adults served as control subjects. Twelve single-syllable words of CV or CVC construction (where initial C = /t, d, S, z, k, g/, V=/i, a/) were read aloud three times by each subject while wearing an EPG palate. Spatial characteristics were analyzed in terms of the location, pattern, and amount of tongue-to-palate contact at the frame of maximum contact during production of each consonant. The results revealed that for the majority of consonants, the patterns and locations of contacts exhibited by the TBI subjects were consistent with the contacts generated by the group of control subjects. One notable exception was one subject's production of the alveolar fricatives in which complete closure across the palate was demonstrated, rather than the characteristic groove configuration. Major discrepancies were also noted in relation to the amount of tongue-to-palate contact exhibited, with two TBI subjects consistently demonstrating increased contacts compared to the control subjects. The implications of these findings for the development of treatment programs for dysarthric speech disorders subsequent to TBI are highlighted.

Occurrence of consonant production errors in liquid phonemes in children with operated cleft lip and palate

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Use of electropalatography in the treatment of disordered articulation following traumatic brain injury: A case study

Electropalatography (EPG) was used as a biofeedback tool in a case study of a 30-year-old male with disordered articulation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Based on qualitative measures of the participant's intelligibility, improved articulation of the fricatives /s/ and /integral/ were selected as treatment targets. Therapy was administered three times a week for 5 weeks. Results showed that word and sentence intelligibility increased approximately 10%, and error patterns for lingual articulation indicated that fricative -> stop and other fricative errors decreased considerably. EPG measures for /s/ exhibited a significantly more anterior main focus of articulatory contact post therapy. Consonant durations were significantly longer during weeks 3 and 4, and this finding was associated with the emergence of an articulatory contact pattern with a groove rather than complete closure. This articulatory pattern appeared inconsistently and was found to vary across articulations of /s/ but also within a single consonant production. For /integral/, the amount of contact was significantly reduced post therapy and an increase in duration was noted during week 4, similar to that occurring in the production of /s/. Spatial and timing measures were more variable than in normal speakers of English and indicated a general increase in variability across weeks for both /s/ and /integral/. It was concluded that, although the correct fricative patterns appeared only intermittently during production of the consonants, there seemed to be sufficient information for the listener to be able to classify the sound as a fricative. As a part of an intervention program, visual EPG biofeedback therapy would appear to have a definite role in assisting dysarthric speakers exhibiting difficulties with lingual articulation in understanding their errors, learning how to exploit kinesthetic, and acoustic sources of feedback, and how to make appropriate adjustments in tongue articulation to increase the level of speech intelligibility.

Facade articulation, Neville Bonner Building, Brisbane

Detail of precast concrete sunshading panels to freeway (West) elevation.

Facade articulation, Neville Bonner Building, Brisbane

Detail of precast concrete sunshading panels to freeway (West) elevation.

Primary to secondary LOTE articulation: A local case in Australia

In this study of articulation issues related to languages other than English (LOTE), "articulation" is defined and the challenges surrounding it are overviewed. Data taken from an independent school's admission documents over a 4-year period provide insights and reveal trends concerning students' preferences for language study, LOTE study continuity, and reasons for LOTE selection. The data also provides an accounting of some multiple LOTE learning experiences. The analysis indicates that many students who begin a LOTE in the early grades are thwarted in becoming proficient, because (1) continuation in the language is impossible due to unavailability of instruction; (2) expanded learning is hampered by teachers' inability to deal with a range of learners, (3) extended learning is hampered by administrative decisions or policies, or (4) students lose interest in the first LOTE and switch to another. Finally, a call is made for data gathering and research in local contexts to gain a better understanding of LOTE articulation challenges at the local, state, national, and international levels.

Competency Management Articulation for Human Resources

In recent years the approach to competences has gained great popularity due to process and organizational reengineering need. Taking opportunity on some recent work in this area dealing challenges that human resources face to develop planning training, I intend to identify several guidelines to develop a future architecture in a practical implementation. At this article is presented the concept development of competency management.

Phonological and articulation treatment approaches in Portuguese children with speech and language impairments: a randomized controlled intervention study

Background: In Portugal, the routine clinical practice of speech and language therapists (SLTs) in treating children with all types of speech sound disorder (SSD) continues to be articulation therapy (AT). There is limited use of phonological therapy (PT) or phonological awareness training in Portugal. Additionally, at an international level there is a focus on collecting information on and differentiating between the effectiveness of PT and AT for children with different types of phonologically based SSD, as well as on the role of phonological awareness in remediating SSD. It is important to collect more evidence for the most effective and efficient type of intervention approach for different SSDs and for these data to be collected from diverse linguistic and cultural perspectives. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a PT and AT approach for treatment of 14 Portuguese children, aged 4.0–6.7 years, with a phonologically based SSD. Methods & Procedures: The children were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment approaches (seven children in each group). All children were treated by the same SLT, blind to the aims of the study, over three blocks of a total of 25 weekly sessions of intervention. Outcome measures of phonological ability (percentage of consonants correct (PCC), percentage occurrence of different phonological processes and phonetic inventory) were taken before and after intervention. A qualitative assessment of intervention effectiveness from the perspective of the parents of participants was included. Outcomes & Results: Both treatments were effective in improving the participants’ speech, with the children receiving PT showing a more significant improvement in PCC score than those receiving the AT. Children in the PT group also showed greater generalization to untreated words than those receiving AT. Parents reported both intervention approaches to be as effective in improving their children’s speech. Conclusions & Implications: The PT (combination of expressive phonological tasks, phonological awareness, listening and discrimination activities) proved to be an effective integrated method of improving phonological SSD in children. These findings provide some evidence for Portuguese SLTs to employ PT with children with phonologically based SSD

Autonomie et vulnérabilité : état des lieux et essai d'articulation

Résumé Ce travail a commencé avec une confrontation entre les pensées de P. Ricoeur et E. Levinas sur le thème du rapport à autrui, cette confrontation portant particulièrement sur la place accordée par Levinas, dans son éthique, au thème de la vulnérabilité (ainsi que sur celui de la passivité), tandis que P. Ricoeur reste, selon moi, prioritairement un philosophe de l'activité et qui met, dans la question du rapport à autrui, l'accent sur la reconnaissance de l'autre dans l'empire de ses capacités. Ce débat, et les points qui retenaient en particulier mon attention, m'ont semblé pouvoir être inséré dans le contexte plus large d'une opposition entre éthique de l'autonomie et éthique de la vulnérabilité sur la base de lectures que j'effectuais par ailleurs dans le domaine des éthiques féminines, ou de ce que l'on appelle les éthiques du « care ». Les éthiques féminines, qui se sont développées les 30 dernières années, veulent revenir sur ce qu'elles identifient comme le modèle anthropologique de la modernité, qui privilégie une approche de l'homme en termes d'activité, de rationalité et d'autonomie au mépris d'autres traits comme la passivité, l'affectivité, la dépendance ou la vulnérabilité. Sans nier la rationalité ou l'autonomie de l'homme, elles veulent plutôt compléter une image qu'elles considèrent comme étant incomplète. Sur la base de leur anthropologie alternative, les auteurs qui appartiennent à ce courant proposent une nouvelle définition de l'éthique. Les éthiques du « care » se situent d'une manière générale dans une relation critique avec les éthiques de la justice comme avec les conceptions de l'agent et du patient moral héritées de la philosophie kantienne. Disons brièvement que, plutôt que de faire de l'autonomie et de son respect l'axe de leur réflexion morale, les éthiciennes du « care » insistent sur la signification morale de nos rapports de responsabilité ou de sollicitude à l'égard des personnes vulnérables. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, je reviens sur la genèse de la notion d'autonomie dans la philosophie morale et politique de la pré-modernité, en mettant le développement de ce concept en lien non seulement avec ce que J. Scheewind appelle les « morales de l'autogouvernement », mais aussi avec la naissance des philosophies du sujet et un mouvement général d'intériorisation des sources morales. J'essaye ensuite de dégager le sens de l'idée d'autonomie, sur la base de la notion de liberté positive élaborée par Berlin, avant de distinguer ses différentes significations (autonomie politique, personnelle, morale/autonomie procédurale vs substantielle, autonomie comme capacité, comme droit ou comme idéal). Je me concentre particulièrement sur la conception hiérarchique de l'autonomie personnelle développée par Frankfurt et Dworkin, avant de revenir à la conception kantienne de l'autonomie morale. Je consacre ensuite une section aux conceptions relationnelles de l'autonomie, ce qui me permet de faire le lien avec le thème de la vulnérabilité. Pour le développement historique de cette notion dans la pensée contemporaine, j'insiste, outre sur les éthiques du « care », sur les développements de la bioéthique et la philosophie de H. Jonas. Après un travail de définition du concept de vulnérabilité, j'élabore les éléments d'une éthique de la vulnérabilité que j'essaie d'articuler à la notion d'autonomie. Dans la deuxième partie, je confronte les éthiques de Ricoeur et de Levinas dans la perspective de l'opposition autonomie/vulnérabilité, en montrant leurs limites respectives.