Deflection control in composite building by using belt truss and outriggers system

The design of high-rise building is more often dictated by its serviceability rather than strength. Structural Engineers are always striving to overcome challenges of controlling lateral deflection and storey drifts as well as self weight of structure imposed on foundation. One of the most effective techniques is the use of outrigger and belt truss system in Composite structures that can astutely solve the above two issues in High-rise constructions. This paper investigates deflection control by effective utilisation of belt truss and outrigger system on a 60-storey composite building subjected to wind loads. A three dimensional Finite Element Analysis is performed with one, two and three outrigger levels. The reductions in deflection are 34 percent, 42 percent and 51 percent respectively as compared to a model without any outrigger system. There is an appreciable decline in the storey drifts with the introduction of these stiffer arrangements.

Optimum position of steel outrigger system for high rise composite buildings subjected to wind loads

The responses of composite buildings under wind loads clearly become more critical as the building becomes taller, less stiff and more lightweight. When the composite building increases in height, the stiffness of the structure becomes more important factor and introduction to belt truss and outrigger system is often used to provide sufficient lateral stiffness to the structure. Most of the research works to date is limited to reinforced concrete building with outrigger system of concrete structure, simple building plan layout, single height of a building, one direction wind and single level of outrigger arrangement. There is a scarcity in research works about the effective position of outrigger level on composite buildings under lateral wind loadings when the building plan layout, height and outrigger arrangement are varied. The aim of this paper is to determine the optimum location of steel belt and outrigger systems by using different arrangement of single and double level outrigger for different size, shape and height of composite building. In this study a comprehensive finite element modelling of composite building prototypes is carried out, with three different layouts (Rectangular, Octagonal and L shaped) and for three different storey (28, 42 and 57-storey). Models are analysed for dynamic cyclonic wind loads with various combination of steel belt and outrigger bracings. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the single and double level steel belt and outrigger bracing are varied based on their positions for different size, shape and height of composite building.

Modelagem do comportamento dinâmico de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação do vento.

Com base em um cenário econômico favorável combinado aos avanços tecnológicos das ciências dos materiais e processos de construção, nas últimas três décadas, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Atualmente, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais ousadas e que englobam a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros de estruturas. Como o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial a fim de tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico (linear e não linear) de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de análises estáticas e dinâmicas lineares e não lineares para ações de serviço. O comportamento estrutural do edifício, quando submetido às ações dinâmicas induzidas pelo vento, também foi investigado. Os resultados revelam que edifícios esbeltos merecem atenção especial, no que diz respeito à concepção do projeto estrutural, sendo que seu comportamento deve ser verificado através de metodologias completas que incluam análises do tipo estática e dinâmica (lineares e não lineares).

Estudo do comportamento dinâmico de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação não determinística do vento.

Considerando-se um cenário econômico bastante favorável em conjunto com avanços tecnológicos da ciência dos materiais e processos construtivos, nos últimos trinta anos, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Nos dias de hoje, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais arrojadas englobando a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros civis. Deste modo, o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, nas quais o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial, objetivando tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos quando submetido às ações dinâmicas do vento não determinísticas. Deste modo, no desenvolvimento do modelo computacional são empregadas técnicas usuais de discretização, via método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa ANSYS. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de uma análise não linear geométrica para ações de serviço. A resposta dinâmica não determinística do modelo estrutural investigado, em termos dos valores máximos médios dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, foi obtida e comparada com os valores limites propostos por normas e recomendações de projeto.

Análise dinâmica não determinística de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação de cargas de vento.

Avanços tecnológicos no ramo das ciências dos materiais e de processos construtivos, combinado a um cenário econômico favorável, têm levado a um crescimento substancial na construção de edifícios de múltiplos andares pelo mundo. Estes edifícios têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais arrojadas e com elevados níveis de esbeltez, tornando-se verdadeiras obras de arte. Todavia, a compatibilidade dos requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias de estabilidade de tais estruturas é fundamental, e requer dos engenheiros civis um conhecimento teórico substancial desde a concepção do projeto estrutural até o processo construtivo propriamente dito. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural de um edifício de 20 pavimentos misto (aço-concreto) submetido às ações de cargas de vento não determinísticas. No núcleo interno da edificação três tipos de contraventamentos são empregados e analisados. De forma semelhante, no desenvolvimento do modelo computacional são empregadas técnicas usuais de discretização, via método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa Ansys. Assim, a resposta dinâmica não determinística do modelo estrutural, em termos dos valores máximos médios dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, é obtida e comparada com os valores limites propostos por normas e recomendações de projeto.

Influence of cladding on robustness of multi-storey buildings

In this dissertation the influence of a precast concrete cladding system on structural robustness of a multi-storey steel-composite building is studied. The analysis follows the well-established framework developed at Imperial College London for the appraisal of robustness of multi-storey buildings. For this scope a simplified nonlinear model of a typical precast concrete façade-system is developed. Particular attention is given to the connection system between structural frame and panel, recognised as the driving component of the nonlinear behaviour of the façade-system. Only connections involved in the gravity load path are evaluated (bearing connections). Together with standard connection, a newly proposed system (Slotted Bearing Connection) is designed to achieve a more ductile behaviour of the panel-connection system. A parametric study involving the dimensions of panel-connection components is developed to search for an optimal configuration of the bearing connection. From the appraisal of structural robustness of the panelised frame it is found that the standard connection systems may reduce the robustness of a multi-storey frame due to a poor ductile behaviour while the newly proposed connection is able to guarantee an enhanced response to the panelised multi-storey frame thanks to a higher ductility.

Study of the effectiveness of outrigger system for high-rise composite buildings for cyclonic region

The demands of taller structures are becoming imperative almost everywhere in the world in addition to the challenges of material and labor cost, project time line etc. This paper conducted a study keeping in view the challenging nature of high-rise construction with no generic rules for deflection minimizations and frequency control. The effects of cyclonic wind and provision of outriggers on 28-storey, 42-storey and 57-storey are examined in this paper and certain conclusions are made which would pave way for researchers to conduct further study in this particular area of civil engineering. The results show that plan dimensions have vital impacts on structural heights. Increase of height while keeping the plan dimensions same, leads to the reduction in the lateral rigidity. To achieve required stiffness increase of bracings sizes as well as introduction of additional lateral resisting system such as belt truss and outriggers is required.

Finite element modelling of load bearing steel stud walls under real building fires

Fire safety has become an important part in structural design due to the ever increasing loss of properties and lives during fires. Conventionally the fire rating of load bearing wall systems made of Light gauge Steel Frames (LSF) is determined using fire tests based on the standard time-temperature curve given in ISO 834 (ISO, 1999). The standard time-temperature curve given in ISO 834 (ISO, 1999) originated from the application of wood burning furnaces in the early 1900s. However, modern commercial and residential buildings make use of thermoplastic materials, which mean considerably high fuel loads. Hence a detailed fire research study into the performance of LSF walls was undertaken using the developed real fire curves based on Eurocode parametric curves (ECS, 2002) and Barnett’s BFD curves (Barnett, 2002) using both full scale fire tests and numerical studies. It included LSF walls without any insulation, and the recently developed externally insulated composite panel system. This paper presents the details of the numerical studies and the results. It also includes brief details of the development of real building fire curves and experimental studies.

Lateral movements in composite high-rise buildings under seismic action

Daring human nature has already led to the construction of high-rise buildings in naturally challenging geological regions and in worse environments of the world. However; literature review divulges that there is a lag in research of certain generic principles and rules for the prediction of lateral movement in multistorey construction. The present competitive trend orders the best possible used of available construction material and resources. Hence; the mixed used of reinforced concrete with structural steel is gaining prevalence day by day. This paper investigates the effects of Seismic load on composite multistorey building provided with core wall and trusses through FEM modelling. The results showed that increased rigidity corresponds to lower period of vibration and hence higher seismic forces. Since Seismic action is a function of mass and response acceleration, therefore; mass increment generate higher earthquake load and thus cause higher impact base shear and overturning movement. Whereas; wind force depends on building exposed, larger the plan dimension greater is the wind impact. Nonetheless; outriggers trusses noticeably contribute, in improving the serviceability of structure subjected to wind and earthquake forces.

Thermal performance of composite panels under fire conditions using numerical studies : plasterboards, rockwool, glass fibre and cellulose insulations

In recent times, light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in the building industry. They are usually made of cold-formed and thin-walled steel studs that are fire-protected by two layers of plasterboard on both sides. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where an insulation layer was used externally between the two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF wall panels. In this research, finite element thermal models of the new composite panels were developed using a finite element program, SAFIR, to simulate their thermal performance under both standard and Eurocode design fire curves. Suitable apparent thermal properties of both the gypsum plasterboard and insulation materials were proposed and used in the numerical models. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available standard fire test results of composite panels. This paper presents the details of the finite element models of composite panels, the thermal analysis results in the form of time-temperature profiles under standard and Eurocode design fire curves and their comparisons with fire test results. Effects of using rockwool, glass fibre and cellulose fibre insulations with varying thickness and density were also investigated, and the results are presented in this paper. The results show that the use of composite panels in LSF wall systems will improve their fire rating, and that Eurocode design fires are likely to cause severe damage to LSF walls than standard fires.

Static and dynamic performance of lightweight hybrid composite floor plate system

In the modern built environment, building construction and demolition consume a large amount of energy and emits greenhouse gasses due to widely used conventional construction materials such as reinforced and composite concrete. These materials consume high amount of natural resources and possess high embodied energy. More energy is required to recycle or reuse such materials at the cessation of use. Therefore, it is very important to use recyclable or reusable new materials in building construction in order to conserve natural resources and reduce the energy and emissions associated with conventional materials. Advancements in materials technology have resulted in the introduction of new composite and hybrid materials in infrastructure construction as alternatives to the conventional materials. This research project has developed a lightweight and prefabricatable Hybrid Composite Floor Plate System (HCFPS) as an alternative to conventional floor system, with desirable properties, easy to construct, economical, demountable, recyclable and reusable. Component materials of HCFPS include a central Polyurethane (PU) core, outer layers of Glass-fiber Reinforced Cement (GRC) and steel laminates at tensile regions. This research work explored the structural adequacy and performance characteristics of hybridised GRC, PU and steel laminate for the development of HCFPS. Performance characteristics of HCFPS were investigated using Finite Element (FE) method simulations supported by experimental testing. Parametric studies were conducted to develop the HCFPS to satisfy static performance using sectional configurations, spans, loading and material properties as the parameters. Dynamic response of HCFPS floors was investigated by conducting parametric studies using material properties, walking frequency and damping as the parameters. Research findings show that HCFPS can be used in office and residential buildings to provide acceptable static and dynamic performance. Design guidelines were developed for this new floor system. HCFPS is easy to construct and economical compared to conventional floor systems as it is lightweight and prefabricatable floor system. This floor system can also be demounted and reused or recycled at the cessation of use due to its component materials.

Optimisation of lateral load-resisting systems in composite high-rise buildings

This research is carried out by using finite element modelling of building prototypes with three different layouts (rectangular, octagonal and L-shaped) for three different heights (98.0 m, 147.0 m and 199.5 m) for the optimization of lateral load-resisting systems in composite high-rise buildings. Variations of lateral bracings (different number and varied placement along model height of belt-truss and outrigger floors) with RCC (reinforced cement concrete) core wall are used in composite high-rise building models. Prototypes of composite buildings are analysed for dynamic wind and seismic loads. The effects on serviceability (deflection and frequency) of models are studied and conclusions are deduced.