Complex Symbolic Sequence Encodings for Predictive Monitoring of Business Processes

This paper addresses the problem of predicting the outcome of an ongoing case of a business process based on event logs. In this setting, the outcome of a case may refer for example to the achievement of a performance objective or the fulfillment of a compliance rule upon completion of the case. Given a log consisting of traces of completed cases, given a trace of an ongoing case, and given two or more possible out- comes (e.g., a positive and a negative outcome), the paper addresses the problem of determining the most likely outcome for the case in question. Previous approaches to this problem are largely based on simple symbolic sequence classification, meaning that they extract features from traces seen as sequences of event labels, and use these features to construct a classifier for runtime prediction. In doing so, these approaches ignore the data payload associated to each event. This paper approaches the problem from a different angle by treating traces as complex symbolic sequences, that is, sequences of events each carrying a data payload. In this context, the paper outlines different feature encodings of complex symbolic sequences and compares their predictive accuracy on real-life business process event logs.

Complex symbolic sequence clustering and multiple classifiers for predictive process monitoring

This paper addresses the following predictive business process monitoring problem: Given the execution trace of an ongoing case,and given a set of traces of historical (completed) cases, predict the most likely outcome of the ongoing case. In this context, a trace refers to a sequence of events with corresponding payloads, where a payload consists of a set of attribute-value pairs. Meanwhile, an outcome refers to a label associated to completed cases, like, for example, a label indicating that a given case completed “on time” (with respect to a given desired duration) or “late”, or a label indicating that a given case led to a customer complaint or not. The paper tackles this problem via a two-phased approach. In the first phase, prefixes of historical cases are encoded using complex symbolic sequences and clustered. In the second phase, a classifier is built for each of the clusters. To predict the outcome of an ongoing case at runtime given its (uncompleted) trace, we select the closest cluster(s) to the trace in question and apply the respective classifier(s), taking into account the Euclidean distance of the trace from the center of the clusters. We consider two families of clustering algorithms – hierarchical clustering and k-medoids – and use random forests for classification. The approach was evaluated on four real-life datasets.

Formação de classes ordinais após a aprendizagem de seqüências independentes

A aquisição de relações ordinais entre estímulos arbitrários é uma importante habilidade comportamental, requisito para a aprendizagem de comportamentos acadêmicos, especialmente a alfabetização. O propósito deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do ensino de seqüências de dois termos com sobreposição na emergência de relações ordinais com mais de dois estímulos. A sobreposição ocorre quando o último estímulo em uma seqüência de dois estímulos é o primeiro de outra seqüência (e.g., S1 -> S2 e S2 ->S3, onde S2 é o estímulo sobreposto). Nas Etapas 1 e 2 de um experimento conduzido com cinco estudantes do ensino fundamental foram ensinadas seqüências de dois termos com os cinco estímulos de um conjunto A (A1 -> A2, A2 -> A3, A3 -> A4, A4 ->A5) e os cinco de um conjunto B (B1 -> B2, B2 ->B3, B3 -> B4, B4 -> B5). Estabelecida essa linha de base, foram conduzidos testes da emergência de relações ordinais com três, quatro e cinco termos dos conjuntos A e B, separadamente. A Etapa 3 avaliou se estímulos das seqüências ensinadas eram mutuamente substituíveis, com base na mesma função ordinal (primeiro, secundo, etc.). Os estudantes compuseram as relações ordinais ensinadas e apresentaram relações ordinais emergentes com estímulos dos conjuntos A e B, separadamente. Três estudantes também realizaram a substituição mútua entre estímulos dos conjuntos A e B na Etapa 3. Esses resultados sugerem a formação de cinco classes de estímulos (A1B1, A2B2, etc.), cada uma consistindo de estímulos que ocuparam a mesma função ordinal em diferentes seqüências. Os resultados têm implicações para a análise de comportamento simbólico complexo. Merecem consideração, também, aspectos metodológicos que favoreceram a aprendizagem relacional e a emergência de comportamento novo.

Crystal structure of a CAP-DNA complex: the DNA is bent by 90 degrees

The 3 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) complexed with a 30-base pair DNA sequence shows that the DNA is bent by 900. This bend results almost entirely from two 400 kinks that occur between TG/CA base pairs at positions 5 and 6 on each side of the dyad axis of the complex. DNA sequence discrimination by CAP derives both from sequence-dependent distortion of the DNA helix and from direct hydrogen-bonding interactions between three protein side chains and the exposed edges of three base pairs in the major groove of the DNA. The structure of this transcription factor-DNA complex provides insights into possible mechanisms of transcription activation

Multifractal analysis of geomagnetic storm and solar flare indices and their class dependence

The multifractal properties of two indices of geomagnetic activity, D st (representative of low latitudes) and a p (representative of the global geomagnetic activity), with the solar X-ray brightness, X l , during the period from 1 March 1995 to 17 June 2003 are examined using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). The h(q) curves of D st and a p in the MF-DFA are similar to each other, but they are different from that of X l , indicating that the scaling properties of X l are different from those of D st and a p . Hence, one should not predict the magnitude of magnetic storms directly from solar X-ray observations. However, a strong relationship exists between the classes of the solar X-ray irradiance (the classes being chosen to separate solar flares of class X-M, class C, and class B or less, including no flares) in hourly measurements and the geomagnetic disturbances (large to moderate, small, or quiet) seen in D st and a p during the active period. Each time series was converted into a symbolic sequence using three classes. The frequency, yielding the measure representations, of the substrings in the symbolic sequences then characterizes the pattern of space weather events. Using the MF-DFA method and traditional multifractal analysis, we calculate the h(q), D(q), and τ (q) curves of the measure representations. The τ (q) curves indicate that the measure representations of these three indices are multifractal. On the basis of this three-class clustering, we find that the h(q), D(q), and τ (q) curves of the measure representations of these three indices are similar to each other for positive values of q. Hence, a positive flare storm class dependence is reflected in the scaling exponents h(q) in the MF-DFA and the multifractal exponents D(q) and τ (q). This finding indicates that the use of the solar flare classes could improve the prediction of the D st classes.

Interethnic studies of TNF polymorphisms confirm the likely presence of a second MHC susceptibility locus in ankylosing spondylitis

The objective of this study was to investigate TNF promoter region polymorphisms for association with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The TNF -238 and -308 polymorphisms were genotyped in 306 English AS cases and 204 ethnically matched healthy B27-positive controls, and 96 southern German AS cases, 58 B27-positive and 251 B27-negative ethnically matched controls. Additionally, the TNF -376 polymorphism was genotyped in the southern German cases and controls. In the southern German AS patients a significant reduction in TNF -308.2 alleles was seen, compared with B27 positive controls (odds ratio 0.4, P= 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.9), but no difference in allele frequencies was observed at TNF -238. Significant association between AS and both TNF -238 and TNF -308 was excluded in the English cases. These results confirm previous observations in the southern German population of association between TNF promoter region polymorphisms and AS, but the lack of association in the English population suggests that these polymorphisms themselves are unlikely to be directly involved. More likely, a second, non-HLA-B, MHC locus is involved in susceptibility to AS in these two populations.

准噶尔盆地三个泉凸起油气成藏条件及动力学研究

Sangequan Uplift in Junggar Basin is an inherited positive structure, which has undergone many times of violent tectonic movements, with high tectonic setting, and far away from the oil-source sag, reservoir forming condition is complex. Combining sequence stratigraphy, depositional facies, reservoir formation theory with seismic and well logging analysis, this paper conducted integrated study on the hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, entrapment conditions, the reservoir forming dynamics and the forming model, and acquired the following recognition: (1) The special reservoir formation conditions that enable Sangequan Uplift to form a giant oil-gas field of over 100 million tons of reserves are as follows: (D Deltaic frontal sandbody is developed in Jurassic Xishanyao Formation, Toutunhe Formation and Lower Cretaceous Hutubihe Formation, with good reservoir quality;? Abundant hydrocarbon resources are found in Western Well Pen-1 Sag, which provides sufficient oil sources for reservoir formation of Sagequan Uplift; ?The unconformity-fault-sandbody system has formed a favorable space transporting system and an open conduit for long-distance hydrocarbon migration; ?fault, low amplitude anticline and lithological traps were well developed, providing a favorable space for hydrocarbon accumulation. (2) The most significant source beds in the Western Well Pen-1 Sag are the Mid-Permian Lower Wuerhe Formation and Lower-Permian Fengcheng Formation. The oil in the Well Block Lu-9 and Shinan Oilfield all originated from the hydrocarbon source beds of Fengcheng Formation and Lower Wuerhe Formation in the Western Well Pen-1 Sag and migrated through Jidong and Jinan deep faults linking unconformity of different regions from sources to structural highs of the uplift and shallow horizons. (3) There were 2 reservoir formation periods in District Sangequan: the first was in late Cretaceous during which the upper part of Xishanyao Formation and Toutunhe Formation; the second was in Triassic, the main resources are high-maturity oil and gas from Fengcheng Formation and Wuerhe Formation in Western Pen-1 Well sag and the gas from coal measure strata of Xishanyao Formation, that were accumulated in Hutubihehe Formation. (4) Model of the hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, reservoir formation of the study area are categorized as three types starting from the hydrocarbon source areas, focusing on the faults and unconformity and aiming at reservoirs: ① Model of accumulation and formation of reservoir through faults or unconformities along the "beam" outside source; ②Model of migration, accumulation and reservoir formation through on-slope near source;③Model of migration, accumulation and reservoir formation of marginal mid-shallow burial biogas-intermediate gas. (5) Pinchout, overlap and lithologic traps are developed in transitional zones between Western Well Pen-1 sag and Luliang uplift. Many faulted blocks and faulted nose-like traps are associated with large structures on Sangequan uplift. Above traps will be new prospecting areas for further hydrocarbon exploration in future.

Inverse problems in dynamic cognitive modeling

Inverse problems for dynamical system models of cognitive processes comprise the determination of synaptic weight matrices or kernel functions for neural networks or neural/dynamic field models, respectively. We introduce dynamic cognitive modeling as a three tier top-down approach where cognitive processes are first described as algorithms that operate on complex symbolic data structures. Second, symbolic expressions and operations are represented by states and transformations in abstract vector spaces. Third, prescribed trajectories through representation space are implemented in neurodynamical systems. We discuss the Amari equation for a neural/dynamic field theory as a special case and show that the kernel construction problem is particularly ill-posed. We suggest a Tikhonov-Hebbian learning method as regularization technique and demonstrate its validity and robustness for basic examples of cognitive computations.

10,000 years in the life of the river Wandle: excavations at the former Vinamul site, Butter Hill, Wallington

Archaeological excavations alongside the river Wandle in Wallington produced evidence of the environmental history and human exploitation of the area. The recovery of a large assemblage of struck flint provided information on the nature of the prehistoric activities represented, while a detailed environmental archaeological programme permitted an examination of both the local sediment successions and thus an opportunity to reconstruct the environmental history of the site. The site revealed a complex sedimentary sequence deposited in riverine conditions, commencing during the early Holocene (from c 10,000 years before present) and continuing through the late Holocene (c last 3000 years). Large flint nodules were washed by the river onto the site where they were procured and worked by Mesolithic and Bronze Age communities. Potentially usable nodules had been tested, and suitable pieces completely reduced, while the majority of useful flakes and blades had been removed for use elsewhere. Small numbers of retouched pieces, such as scrapers and piercers, indicate that domestic activities took place nearby. By the Saxon period the site had begun to stabilise, although it remained marshy and probably peripheral to habitation. Two pits from this period were excavated, one of which contained an antler pick. A small quantity of cereal grain also suggests that cultivated land lay in the vicinity of the site. During the 19th century a mill race was dug across the site, redirecting water from the river Wandle, which resulted in episodic flooding.

Discriminação simples com mudanças sucessivas na função dos estímulos em bebês

Este trabalho investigou em três bebês, que tinham entre 10 e 14 meses no início do estudo, a aprendizagem de discriminações simples com mudanças sucessivas na função dos estímulos (DSMS), considerando que esse repertório pode facilitar a aprendizagem de discriminações condicionais por identidade (DCI), um possível pré-requisito no desenvolvimento de repertórios simbólicos mais complexos. A tarefa consistia na apresentação de figuras animadas (GIFs) em uma tela sensível ao toque, com um arranjo que simulava a configuração de um treino de DCI: em uma tentativa de discriminação simples, primeiro um estímulo (estímulo isolado EI) era apresentado e responder a ele produzia seu desaparecimento, reforço e a apresentação simultâneas de dois ou três estímulos, um deles o EI, o estímulo correto (S+). Foram programadas oito tentativas por sessão. O treino foi planejado para iniciar com uma discriminação simples com dois estímulos, com mudança na função dos estímulos, até que três estímulos diferentes tivessem funcionado uma vez como S+ e outra como S-. Após essa etapa passaria a ser apresentado três estímulos na mesma tentativa, até que cada um deles tivesse funcionado como S+ e S- (um ciclo de treino de DSMS). Depois disso o mesmo procedimento seria repetido com a redução de 50% do reforçamento nas apresentações do EI a cada ciclo de treino, até sua retirada total. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças somente alcançaram a etapa inicial do treino de DSMS planejado: duas mostraram evidência de aprendizagem de DSMS com dois estímulos e uma de discriminação simples também com dois estímulos. Das diversas manipulações que foram feitas procurando favorecer a permanência das crianças na tarefa e a aprendizagem da mesma, a que pareceu gerar melhores resultados foi a substituição dos conjuntos de estímulos ao longo do treino. Discute-se como essa manipulação, caracterizada como um treino de múltiplos exemplares de determinado repertório discriminativo, pode ser usada para ensinar DCI para crianças com menos de dois anos.

Intencionalidade em Tomasello, Searle, Dennett e em abordagens comportamentais da cognição humana

A abordagem de Tomasello da evolução da cognição humana busca integrar processos biológicos, comportamentais e culturais em um mesmo sistema explicativo. No entanto, uma das principais críticas a essa abordagem é a necessidade de uma melhor elaboração do conceito de intencionalidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: (1) analisar o tratamento de Tomasello do conceito de intencionalidade; e (2) estabelecer interlocuções desse tratamento com teorias da intencionalidade na filosofia da mente e com abordagens funcionalistas da cognição humana na psicologia comportamental. Sugerimos que o tratamento do conceito de intencionalidade na abordagem de Tomasello é compatível com essas teorias e abordagens. Além disso, a abordagem de Tomasello pode ampliar a investigação de processos simbólicos mais complexos do que aqueles tradicionalmente investigados pela psicologia comportamental.

Intencionalidade, linguagem e análise do comportamento

As abordagens analítico-comportamentais da linguagem ainda não conseguiram fornecer um tratamento conceitual e empírico adequado dos comportamentos verbais complexos. Uma proposta funcionalista recente que vem abordando repertórios complexos na aquisição e no desenvolvimento da linguagem é a teoria da aquisição da linguagem baseada no uso, de Tomasello e cols. Esta teoria vem se desenvolvendo no interior de uma análise mais ampla de Tomasello e cols. sobre a evolução da cognição humana. Nesta proposta, a compreensão e o compartilhamento da intencionalidade são elementos-chave para o desenvolvimento cognitivo e linguístico humano. E é justamente o uso do conceito de intencionalidade o que tem produzido as principais críticas a esta proposta, principalmente, enquanto possibilidade de representar um retorno às propostas mentalistas sobre cognição e linguagem. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho procurou: (1) analisar a proposta de Tomasello e cols. sobre a evolução da cognição humana e a relação entre essa proposta e a aquisição e o desenvolvimento da linguagem – analisando, especificamente, o papel do conceito de intencionalidade nessa proposta e a relação entre intencionalidade e linguagem; (2) analisar o tratamento do conceito de intencionalidade nos trabalhos de John R. Searle e de Daniel C. Dennett, comparando-o com o proposto por Tomasello e cols., segundo os critérios de (a) definição de intencionalidade e (b) relação entre intencionalidade e linguagem; e (3) analisar o tratamento que o conceito de intencionalidade tem recebido na Análise do Comportamento, comparandoo com o proposto por Tomasello e cols, segundo os mesmos critérios (a) e (b). Esperava-se que estas análises permitissem um maior esclarecimento sobre o uso do conceito de intencionalidade na proposta de Tomasello e cols. e uma aproximação dessa proposta com um referencial analítico-comportamental, i.e., sem recorrer a entidades mentais como elementos explicativos da cognição e da linguagem. Tomasello e cols. propõem que a cognição humana é um tipo de cognição primata, derivada de adaptações biológicas característica dos primatas em geral para compreender os outros intencionalmente, em termos de ações, percepções, estados emocionais e objetivos, além de uma motivação exclusivamente humana para compartilhar intencionalidade com os outros. A partir dessas características, os humanos se tornaram capazes de se engajar em atividades de colaboração relacionadas à cognição cultural (envolvendo a criação e o uso de símbolos lingüísticos e matemáticos, artefatos culturais, tecnologias, práticas culturais e instituições sociais), que alteraram profundamente os modos de interação social da espécie humana, permitindo a ela acumular e modificar conhecimentos ao longo da história e transmitir esses conhecimentos para as gerações posteriores. Considerando a análise dos usos do conceito de intencionalidade nas propostas de Tomasello e cols, Searle, Dennett e da Análise do Comportamento, foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre as propostas de Tomasello e cols. e de Dennett, ambas caracterizando a intencionalidade como um conjunto de habilidades cognitivo-comportamentais dos organismos, resultante da história evolutiva das espécies. Contudo, foi possível relacionar o uso do o conceito de intencionalidade nas propostas de Searle e da Análise do Comportamento com o conceito de intencional na proposta de Tomasello e cols., ambos significando uma propriedade referencial (i.e., estar relacionado com) de certos fenômenos em relação a aspectos do mundo. No que concerne à relação entre intencionalidade e linguagem, as propostas de Tomasello e cols., Searle e de Dennett destacam a importância da interação da intencionalidade com a linguagem para a evolução da cognição humana propriamente dita. Contudo, Tomasello e cols. se aproximam mais do modelo de Searle, ao sugerirem que a linguagem simbólica é uma habilidade comportamental humana derivada da intencionalidade. Dennett, por outro lado, se contrapõe a essa hipótese, afirmando que intencionalidade e linguagem simbólica são dois fenômenos comportamentais distintos que co-evoluíram e passaram a interagir em certo momento da história evolutiva da espécie humana. Em geral, o presente trabalho sugere que os principais conceitos utilizados na proposta de Tomasello e cols. sobre a evolução da cognição humana e, especificamente, na teoria da aquisição da linguagem baseada no uso, são compatíveis com alguns conceitos aplicados em outras áreas do conhecimento, como a filosofia da mente e as ciências do comportamento. Em adição, o presente trabalho também possibilitou uma aproximação da proposta de Tomasello e cols. com um referencial analíticocomportamental. Sugere-se que (i) a adoção de um vocabulário analítico-comportamental pode contribuir para abordar os fenômenos contemplados na proposta de Tomasello e cols., evitando a recorrência a pressupostos mentalistas; e, (ii) a proposta de Tomasello e cols. pode oferecer relevantes contribuições para a Análise do Comportamento, no que se refere à investigação de processos simbólicos, principalmente, a aquisição e o desenvolvimento da linguagem simbólica, na medida em que esta proposta tem investigado processos simbólicos mais complexos do que aqueles tradicionalmente investigados na Análise do Comportamento.

Studio di ausili tecnologici compensativi di supporto all'iter di apprendimento matematico secondario e universitario degli studenti con dislessia

Data coming out from various researches carried out over the last years in Italy on the problem of school dispersion in secondary school show that difficulty in studying mathematics is one of the most frequent reasons of discomfort reported by students. Nevertheless, it is definitely unrealistic to think we can do without such knowledge in today society: mathematics is largely taught in secondary school and it is not confined within technical-scientific courses only. It is reasonable to say that, although students may choose academic courses that are, apparently, far away from mathematics, all students will have to come to terms, sooner or later in their life, with this subject. Among the reasons of discomfort given by the study of mathematics, some mention the very nature of this subject and in particular the complex symbolic language through which it is expressed. In fact, mathematics is a multimodal system composed by oral and written verbal texts, symbol expressions, such as formulae and equations, figures and graphs. For this, the study of mathematics represents a real challenge to those who suffer from dyslexia: this is a constitutional condition limiting people performances in relation to the activities of reading and writing and, in particular, to the study of mathematical contents. Here the difficulties in working with verbal and symbolic codes entail, in turn, difficulties in the comprehension of texts from which to deduce operations that, once combined together, would lead to the problem final solution. Information technologies may support this learning disorder effectively. However, these tools have some implementation limits, restricting their use in the study of scientific subjects. Vocal synthesis word processors are currently used to compensate difficulties in reading within the area of classical studies, but they are not used within the area of mathematics. This is because the vocal synthesis (or we should say the screen reader supporting it) is not able to interpret all that is not textual, such as symbols, images and graphs. The DISMATH software, which is the subject of this project, would allow dyslexic users to read technical-scientific documents with the help of a vocal synthesis, to understand the spatial structure of formulae and matrixes, to write documents with a technical-scientific content in a format that is compatible with main scientific editors. The system uses LaTex, a text mathematic language, as mediation system. It is set up as LaTex editor, whose graphic interface, in line with main commercial products, offers some additional specific functions with the capability to support the needs of users who are not able to manage verbal and symbolic codes on their own. LaTex is translated in real time into a standard symbolic language and it is read by vocal synthesis in natural language, in order to increase, through the bimodal representation, the ability to process information. The understanding of the mathematic formula through its reading is made possible by the deconstruction of the formula itself and its “tree” representation, so allowing to identify the logical elements composing it. Users, even without knowing LaTex language, are able to write whatever scientific document they need: in fact the symbolic elements are recalled by proper menus and automatically translated by the software managing the correct syntax. The final aim of the project, therefore, is to implement an editor enabling dyslexic people (but not only them) to manage mathematic formulae effectively, through the integration of different software tools, so allowing a better teacher/learner interaction too.

Differential forms on Carnot groups

The main goal of this thesis is to understand and link together some of the early works by Michel Rumin and Pierre Julg. The work is centered around the so-called Rumin complex, which is a construction in subRiemannian geometry. A Carnot manifold is a manifold endowed with a horizontal distribution. If further a metric is given, one gets a subRiemannian manifold. Such data arise in different contexts, such as: - formulation of the second principle of thermodynamics; - optimal control; - propagation of singularities for sums of squares of vector fields; - real hypersurfaces in complex manifolds; - ideal boundaries of rank one symmetric spaces; - asymptotic geometry of nilpotent groups; - modelization of human vision. Differential forms on a Carnot manifold have weights, which produces a filtered complex. In view of applications to nilpotent groups, Rumin has defined a substitute for the de Rham complex, adapted to this filtration. The presence of a filtered complex also suggests the use of the formal machinery of spectral sequences in the study of cohomology. The goal was indeed to understand the link between Rumin's operator and the differentials which appear in the various spectral sequences we have worked with: - the weight spectral sequence; - a special spectral sequence introduced by Julg and called by him Forman's spectral sequence; - Forman's spectral sequence (which turns out to be unrelated to the previous one). We will see that in general Rumin's operator depends on choices. However, in some special cases, it does not because it has an alternative interpretation as a differential in a natural spectral sequence. After defining Carnot groups and analysing their main properties, we will introduce the concept of weights of forms which will produce a splitting on the exterior differential operator d. We shall see how the Rumin complex arises from this splitting and proceed to carry out the complete computations in some key examples. From the third chapter onwards we will focus on Julg's paper, describing his new filtration and its relationship with the weight spectral sequence. We will study the connection between the spectral sequences and Rumin's complex in the n-dimensional Heisenberg group and the 7-dimensional quaternionic Heisenberg group and then generalize the result to Carnot groups using the weight filtration. Finally, we shall explain why Julg required the independence of choices in some special Rumin operators, introducing the Szego map and describing its main properties.

Geochemistry, isotopes, trace elements and fluid inclusion geothermometry at DSDP Hole 83-504B

Stockwork-like metal sulfide mineralizations were found at 910-928 m below seafloor (BSF) in the pillow/dike transition zone of Hole 504B. This is the same interval where most physical properties of the 5.9-m.y.-old crust of the Costa Rica Rift change from those characteristic of Layer 2B to those of Layer 2C. The pillow lavas, breccias, and veins of the stockwork-like zone were studied by transmitted and reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. Bulk rock oxygen isotopic analyses as well as isolated mineral oxygen and sulfur isotopic analyses and fluid inclusion measurements were carried out. A complex alteration history was reconstructed that includes three generations of fissures, each followed by precipitation of characteristic hydrothermal mineral parageneses: (1) Minor and local deposition of quartz occurred on fissure walls; adjacent wall rocks were silicified, followed by formation of chlorite and minor pyrite I in the veins, whereas albite, sphene, chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, actinolite, and pyrite replaced igneous phases in the host rocks. The hydrothermal fluids responsible for this first stage were probably partially reacted seawater, and their temperatures were at least 200-250° C. (2) Fissures filled during the first stage were reopened and new cracks formed. They were filled with quartz, minor chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, traces of epidote, common pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and minor galena. During the second stage, hydrothermal fluids were relatively evolved metal- and Si-rich solutions whose temperatures ranged from 230 to 340° C. The fluctuating chemical composition and temperature of the solutions produced a complex depositional sequence of sulfides in the veins: chalcopyrite I, ± Fe-rich sphalerite, chalcopyrite II ("disease"), Fe-poor sphalerite, chalcopyrite III, galena, and pyrite II. (3) During the last stage, zeolites and Mg-poor calcite filled up the remaining spaces and newly formed cracks and replaced the host rock plagioclase. Analcite and stilbite were first to form in veins, possibly at temperatures below 200°C; analcite and earlier quartz were replaced by laumontite at 250°C, whereas calcite formation temperature ranged from 135 to 220°C. The last stage hydrothermal fluids were depleted in Mg and enriched in Ca and 18O compared to seawater and contained a mantle carbon component. This complex alteration history paralleling a complex mineral paragenesis can be interpreted as the result of a relatively long-term evolution of a hydrothermal system with superimposed shorter term fluctuations in solution temperature and composition. Hydrothermal activity probably began close to the axis of the Costa Rica Rift with the overall cooling of the system and multiple fracturing stages due to movement of the crust away from the axis and/or cooling of a magmatic heat source.