Modelos para estimar as exigências de energia metabolizável para poedeiras

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Exigências de proteína para frangas de postura de 1 a 18 semanas de idade

The objective of this experiment was to determine the protein requirements for hen pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age, by factorial method, using the nitrogen balance and the comparative slaughtering techniques. Protein requirements for maintenance, was obtained by the nitrogen balance technique using four diets with different protein levels (18,9, 4 and 2% of CP) aiming to obtain positive balance, next to zero and negative nitrogen balance. The endogenous nitrogen losses (0.2575 g of N/kg·75/day) was obtained by regression of nitrogen balance (NB) on ingestion nitrogen (IN). The requirements of nitrogen for maintenance was estimated by the intercept of axis X (0.3831 g of N/kg·75/day). The slope of the straight line still supplied the efficiency of N of the diet (67.21%). The regression coefficients of the equation represented the requirements of net nitrogen for weight gain. Considering the conversion efficiencies of nitrogen of the diet into nitrogen for weight gain, the requirements of nitrogen were determined for weight gain of .065, .087g and .090 g of N per gram of weight gain, for the phases 1 to 6, 7 to 12, and 13 to 18 weeks of age, respectively. Based on the results, three equations of prediction of the daily nitrogen requirements were fitted in function of live weight (LW in kg) and daily weight gain (G in g): 1 to 6 weeks N=.3831 x BW·75 + G .065, 7 to 12 weeks N=.3831 × BW·75 + G .087, and 13 to 18 weeks N=.3831 × BW·75 + G .090.

Comparative Electrochemical Study of Unsubstituted and Substituted Bis(phthalocyaninato) Rare Earth(III) Complexes

The electrochemistry of homoleptic substituted phthalocyaninato rare earth double-decker complexes M(TBPc)2 and M(OOPc)2 [M = Y, La...Lu except Pm; H2TBPc = 3(4),12(13),21(22),30(31)-tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine, H2OOPc = 3,4,12,13,21,22,30,31-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyanine] has been comparatively studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in CH2Cl2 containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). Two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and three or four quasi-reversible one-electron reductions have been revealed for these neutral double-deckers of two series of substituted complexes, respectively. For comparison, unsubstituted bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth analogues M(Pc)2 (M = Y, La...Lu except Pm; H2Pc = phthalocyanine) have also been electrochemically investigated. Two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations and up to five quasi-reversible one-electron reductions have been revealed for these neutral double-decker compounds. The three bis(phthalocyaninato)cerium compounds display one cerium-centered redox wave between the first ligand-based oxidation and reduction. The half-wave potentials of the first and second oxidations and first reduction for double-deckers of the tervalent rare earths depend on the size of the metal center. The difference between the redox potentials of the second and third reductions for MIII(Pc)2, which represents the potential difference between the first oxidation and first reduction of [MIII(Pc)2]−, lies in the range 1.08−1.37 V and also gradually diminishes along with the lanthanide contraction, indicating enhanced π−π interactions in the double-deckers connected by the smaller, lanthanides. This corresponds well with the red-shift of the lowest energy band observed in the electronic absorption spectra of reduced double-decker [MIII(Pc′)2]− (Pc′ = Pc, TBPc, OOPc).