Russia and the Common Space on Freedom, Security and Justice. CEPS Paper on Liberty and Security in Europe No. 54, 25 February 2013

EU-Russia cooperation in the framework of the Common Space on Freedom, Security and Justice, launched almost a decade ago in 2003, has borne fruit more in the security aspects than the justice and liberty-related policy areas. This study assesses the uneven cooperation on justice and home affairs between the EU and Russia, while delving into the intersection between cooperation on justice, liberty and security and the promotion of human rights, democracy and rule of law in EU-Russia relations. The study concludes by proposing a set of policy recommendations to the European Parliament for playing a more active role in this important field of cooperation between the EU and Russia.

'Living together on one's own': Cohousing for older people - an example from Denmark and The Netherlands

‘Living together on one’s own’ is the seemingly contradictory expression of the National Association of Housing Communities for Elderly People (LVGO) in The Netherlands which in fact captures the essence of cohousing. Cohousing is a novel kind of neighbourhood, housing a novel form of intentional community, which began to take shape in Denmark in the early to mid-1960s and, independently, in The Netherlands a few years later. The inventors of cohousing wanted to live in a much more communal or community-oriented neighbourhood than was usual, but they wanted to do so without sacrificing the privacy of individual families or households and their dwellings. Could they have their cake and eat it too? It would seem so. What is cohousing for older people (op-cohousing)? Op-cohousing is essentially no different, except for the differences in outlook or expectations, experience, interests and abilities that a particular, exclusively older, group of people have brought to this housing type. I discuss and analyse several communities in both countries.

The European Union and the Member States: two different perceptions of border

Abstract In this article we analyze two different perceptions of border inside Europe. On the one hand, we have the perception idealized by the European Union as an international organization, which believes that states benefit more from cooperation and dilution of borders in a common space than from keeping its borders as a symbol of its sovereignty. On the other hand, we have the European member states, taken individually, with particular interests and goals that, given the threat of illegal immigration, which is currently felt in the large-scale Europe, adopt a realistic perception of the border, and look at each territory as a space that needs protection from external threats. Following this argument, we reason that the current construction of walls in several European countries reflects the rebirth of a realistic perception of the border, and this is one more challenge for Europe regarding its unity and solidarity. Is this the end of the Schengen Agreement? What is going to happen to the European project if each state unilaterally adopts a strategy to deal with illegal immigration and refugees that are coming to Europe? Can immigration lead to a retrocession of the EU idealist significance of border?

La otra mirada de las calles: análisis del graffiti en Bogotá, en el caso del beso de los invisibles, país de mierda de Jaime Garzón y las víctimas, responsable a teoría política de Estesis de Ranciere

El interés de esta monografía es realizar un análisis del arte callejero o graffiti desde la teoría política de Jacques Rancière. Para ello se tomaron como unidades de análisis tres graffitis de la ciudad de Bogotá: El Beso de los Invisibles, País de Mierda de Jaime Garzón y Las Victimas, que, por sus características, permiten la aplicación de las categorías fundamentales de la esthesis política del autor. Los puntos de partida que guían a esta monografía se centra en la transformación de la ciudad a partir del arte urbano y en cómo los graffitis se han convertido en una forma de comunicación alternativa que se presenta en la ciudad. También se establece como premisa fundamental la importancia de ver otras maneras del hacer político, ya que muestra cómo a través del arte callejero se puede crear una transgresión, una subversión del sentido original para llegar así a la reivindicación de nuevos sujetos políticos

Effects of competition on sexual and clonal reproduction of a tunicate: the importance of competitor identity

Individual fitness and the structure of marine communities are strongly affected by spatial competition. Among the most common space holders are the colonial ascidians, which have the ability to monopolize large areas of hard substrate, overgrowing most other competitors. The effects of competition on colony growth and on gonad production of the ascidian Didemnum perlucidum were studied in southeastern Brazil by experimentally removing surrounding competitors. Colonies of D, perlucidum competing for space exhibited a growth rate 9 times less than that of colonies that were competitor free. Among the colonies subject to competition, growth rates were unrelated to the percentage of colony border that was free of competitors. However, the identity of the competitor was important in the outcome of border contacts. At the beginning of the experiment, most border encounters of D. perlucidum were with solitary organisms, which in most cases were overgrown. These were progressively replaced by colonial ascidians and bryozoans, resulting mostly in stand-off interactions. Besides reducing asexual growth, spatial competition also affected female gonad production. Colonies free of competitors had a significantly higher proportion of zooids with ovaries. Thus, our findings show that spatial competition reduces both ascidian colony size and gonad production.

Falso trabalho de parto: compreendendo os motivos da procura precoce à maternidade através da fenomenologia social

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Casa de silêncio, Mar de solidão: o espaço literário nos contos de Orlanda Amarílis e de Sophia de M. B. Andresen

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Lo público en lo privado : la calle elevada como catalizador del encuentro colectivo

En la actualidad, el individualismo social originado por las nuevas sociedades de la información, la crisis económica, y, aún más acusado por aquella arquitectura que busca la máxima rentabilidad, ha provocado una creciente incomunicación entre las personas que comparten los mismos espacios residenciales. La presente tesis doctoral aborda el estudio del espacio común dentro del proyecto de vivienda colectiva, desde la noción de espacio intermedio, entendido como frontera espacial –entre el espacio público de la ciudad y la atmosfera íntima de la vivienda– donde tienen lugar los encuentros sociales entre residentes. El principal objetivo de la investigación es rescatar y poner en valor principios básicos del diseño arquitectónico –muchos de ellos en desuso– que mejoran la calidad del espacio colectivo y favorecen la aparición de una atmósfera agradable para el encuentro interpersonal, así como un intento de codificación de estos aspectos, atendiendo a criterios conceptuales que definen el espacio público contemporáneo. La hipótesis de partida se basa en la consideración del proyecto de viviendas como modelo análogo al proyecto urbano de la ciudad –con el que guarda sugerentes similitudes–, y los espacios intermedios como espacio de referencia que pone en valor aquello que liga – integrado en el propio proyecto–. Este supuesto básico ha permitido a diferentes autores poner en relación fecunda el diseño de la casa, el edificio y la ciudad, con el individuo, la comunidad y la sociedad; y ha posibilitado plantear la trasposición de conceptos arquitectónicos fructíferos, en relación con el espacio público –usando como representante la idea de calle elevada–, que ahora pueden enriquecer el entorno privado del edificio. Sirviéndose de instrumentos específicos de la disciplina arquitectónica, la tesis trata de explicar la devaluación a nivel social de los espacios colectivos, derivada de la construcción en altura y del uso excesivo de la estandarización en el proyecto de viviendas a partir del período de postguerra, e intensificada en el postmodernismo por la revolución de las comunicaciones. Se puede así reorientar el diseño de los proyectos de vivienda colectiva no como una simple agrupación de viviendas que favorecen la incomunicación, sino tratando de impulsar unas edificaciones que potencien la comunicación interpersonal. La reunión y reagrupación de un vocabulario arquitectónico específico, acorde con la complejidad social intrínseca en los espacios colectivos, amplia el alcance de los conceptos tratados. Dicha terminología se basa principalmente en mecanismos de cualificación espacial y permite evaluar la dimensión colectiva de la esfera semipública en el edificio de viviendas. ABSTRACT Currently, the social individualism caused by the new societies of information, the economic crisis and even more by architecture, which looks for maximum profitability, has led to a rising lack of communication between people that share the same living space. This doctoral thesis deals with the study of common space, which is based on the notion of in-between space, within the collective housing project. It is considered as a spatial frontier –between the public space of the city and the intimate atmosphere of the housing– where social contact between residents takes place. The main purpose of this research is to collect basic principles of architectural design –many of them no longer in use– that improve the quality of collective space. Following conceptual criteria that define the contemporary public space, they encourage the emergence of a pleasant atmosphere for interpersonal meeting as well as an attempt to codify these aspects. The initial hypothesis is based on the consideration of the housing project as a model analogous to the urban project of the city, with which it bears some similarities. Furthermore, it is based on the in-between spaces as space of reference that valuates what binds – integrated in the project-. That basic supposition has served various authors to connect the design of the house, the building and the city with the individual, the community and the society. In addition –regarding public space and using the idea of the street in the sky as representative–, it has enabled to bring up the transposition of productive architectural concepts, which can now enrich the private environment of the building. Using specific architectural instruments, this thesis deals with explaining the social devaluation of collective spaces. It has resulted from the high rise building construction as well as from the excessive standardization in the housing project since the postwar period and is intensified by the communications revolution in postmodernism. Thus, it is possible to change the design of collective housing projects not as a mere cluster of dwellings that enhance isolation, but by trying to promote buildings that improve interpersonal communication. The collection and regrouping of a specific architectural vocabulary, in accordance with the social complexity inherent in collective spaces, expands the scope of the discussed concepts. Such terminology is mainly based on qualifying spatial strategies and allows to assess the collective dimension of the semi-public sphere in dwelling.

Sentidos de solidariedade

A solidariedade ressurge, na contemporaneidade, como valor ético e princípio jurídico, envolvendo o desafio da responsabilidade para com o outro. Torna-se fundamental, assim, investigar os diversos sentidos de solidariedade, a qual se mostra relevante para a construção de um espaço comum, marcado pelo respeito à pluralidade e destinado a uma eficaz proteção aos necessitados. Um dos princípios norteadores deste trabalho é a indagação acerca de até onde estamos dispostos a financiar um sistema fundado no princípio da solidariedade. Outro questionamento também se revela essencial: seria preciso buscar, em alguma esfera de transcendência, motivações possíveis para a solidariedade num mundo pós-moderno que parece primar pelo individualismo exacerbado? Na busca por respostas, delineia-se um sentido específico do humano, voltado à responsabilidade para com o outro, sobretudo para com aquele que é estranho, estrangeiro, diferente. A solidariedade, para além da mera noção de tolerância que incorpora a diferença, exige um compromisso coletivo. Alcançar a plenitude polissêmica da solidariedade passa pelo esforço de valorizar a diversidade humana, de modo a viabilizar o agir conjunto, pressuposto basilar da atitude política.

How online applications can help to achieve integral learning

The development of transversal competencies provides an integral education. However, its practical implementation among different subjects is not a trivial task. There are several issues that should be previously solved in an optimal way to take advantage of the synergy among subjects. Main issues are: i) the need for a common space for the documents management, ii) the availability of the document everywhere and anytime, and iii) the possibility to collaborate in the documents edition tasks. It was implemented a virtual portfolio for the students which allows the assessment of all the subjects in a global way. To this goal we used the Google apps due to its free access, availability and suitability for the collaborative editing tasks.

Current challenges in EU politics. A perspective from North Rhine-Westphalia. ZEI Discussion Paper C216, 2013

I would like to briefly recapitulate where Europe stands today, and what has been achieved. Because I maintain that in the EU’s 27 Member States we have, despite the failings and shortcomings we all bemoan, reached a level of unity, prosperity and rule of law unheard of in the history of this continent, and possibly of the world. As far as territory is concerned: the European Economic Community started out with six members. The late Bronislaw Geremek, former Foreign Minister of Poland and an eminent historian, used to point out that this, at the time, corresponded in size and shape roughly to the empire of Charlemagne, one of the greatest unified territories the continent has ever known. And yet, a mere 55 years after the Treaty of Rome we have gone far beyond that. Today’s European Union encompasses 27 countries, more than 4 million square kilometers in territory and 500 million people. When it comes to Europe’s policies, at present, all eyes are on the Euro and the future of our common monetary and financial policy. But within our common space, we have achieved so much more than a common currency for a majority of Member States.

Greater Europe. Putin's vision of European (dis)integration. OSW Study 46/2013

On several occasions since 2001 Vladimir Putin has raised the concept of ‘Greater Europe’, a partly-integrated common space comprising mainly Russia and the European Union. This concept has never been recast into a detailed political programme. While it has been championed as‘a Europe without dividing lines’, the concept would in practice permanently split Europe into two geopolitical blocs – the Western bloc of the European Union, with Germany in the dominant role, and the Eastern bloc, consisting of the emerging Eurasian Union, with Russia in a hegemonic position. In recent years Russia has undertaken a number of initiatives aimed at implementing some elements of the concept. However, most of these have failed to become reality. In this context, we should expect Russia’s policy to focus on implementing its priority project of Eurasian integration, based on the structures of the Customs Union/the Eurasian Union. The Greater Europe project, on the other hand, will be postponed until the time when, as Moscow believes, a weakened EU will be ready to accept Russian proposals.

Bulgariana: A Bulgarian Aggregator to Europeana

Europeana is the European virtual museum which was established in 2008. Its ambition is to create a common space allowing to access the cultural heritage of Europe from a single portal, by creating a network in all European countries. To make the initiative technically possible, Europeana has built a technological infrastructure to aggregate metadata from the different Europeana countries and memory institutions, while keeping the original digitized content on their sites. This paper presents Bulgariana, the Bulgarian chapter of Europeana. It is part of the technical infrastructure of Europeana, an established technical aggregator of Bulgarian cultural heritage content. It uses the two Europeana representation models ESE and EDM. Bulgariana is also a community building initiative putting in place a Bulgarian wide network of professionals and institutions working together to preserve and present Bulgarian cultural heritage around the world.

Przestrzenne formy upamiętniania Zagłady

This book is a synthesizing reflection on the Holocaust commemoration, in which space becomes a starting point for discussion. The author understands space primarily as an amalgam of physical and social components, where various commemorative processes may occur. The first part of the book draws attention to the material aspect of space, which determines its character and function. Material culture has been a long ignored and depreciated dimension of human culture in the humanities and social sciences, because it was perceived as passive and fully controlled by human will, and therefore insignificant in the course of social and historical processes. An example of the Nazi system perfectly illustrates how important were the restrictions and prohibitions on the usage of mundane objects, and in general, the whole material culture in relation to macro and micro space management — the state, cities, neighborhoods and houses, but also parks and swimming pools, factories and offices or shops and theaters. The importance of things and space was also clearly visible in exploitative policies present in overcrowded ghettos and concentration and death camps. For this very reason, when we study spatial forms of Holocaust commemoration, it should be acknowledged that the first traces, proofs and mementoes of the murdered were their things. The first "monuments" showing the enormity of the destruction are thus primarily gigantic piles of objects — shoes, glasses, toys, clothes, suitcases, toothbrushes, etc., which together with the extensive camps’ space try to recall the scale of a crime impossible to understand or imagine. The first chapter shows the importance of introducing the material dimension in thinking about space and commemoration, and it ends with a question about one of the key concepts for the book, a monument, which can be understood as both object (singular or plural) and architecture (sculptures, buildings, highways). However, the term monument tends to be used rather in a later and traditional sense, as an architectural, figurative form commemorating the heroic deeds, carved in stone or cast in bronze. Therefore, the next chapter reconstructs this narrower line of thinking, together with a discussion about what form a monument commemorating a subject as delicate and sensitive as the Holocaust should take on. This leads to an idea of the counter-monument, the concept which was supposed to be the answer to the mentioned representational dilemma on the one hand, and which would disassociate it from the Nazi’s traditional monuments on the other hand. This chapter clarifies the counter-monument definition and explains the misunderstandings and confusions generated on the basis of this concept by following the dynamics of the new commemorative form and by investigating monuments from the ‘80s and ‘90s erected in Germany. In the next chapter, I examine various forms of the Holocaust commemoration in Berlin, a city famous for its bold, monumental, and even controversial projects. We find among them the entire spectrum of memorials – big, monumental, and abstract forms, like Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe or Daniel Liebeskind’s Jewish Museum Berlin; flat, invisible, and employing the idea of emptiness, like Christian Boltanski’s Missing House or Micha Ullman’s Book Burning Memorial; the dispersed and decentralized, like Renata Stih and Frieder Schnock’s Memory Places or Gunter Demnig’s Stumbling Blocks. I enrich descriptions of the monuments by signaling at this point their second, extended life, which manifests itself in the alternative modes of (mis)use, consisting of various social activities or artistic performances. The formal wealth of the outlined projects creates a wide panorama of possible solutions to the Holocaust commemoration problems. However, the discussions accompanying the building of monuments and their "future life" after realization emphasize the importance of the social component that permeates the biography of the monument, and therefore significantly influences its foreseen design. The book also addresses the relationship of space, place and memory in a specific situation, when commemoration is performed secretly or remains as unrealized potential. Although place is the most common space associated with memory, today the nature of this relationship changes, and is what indicates popularity and employment of such terms as Marc Augé’s non-places or Pierre Nora’s site of memory. I include and develop these concepts about space and memory in my reflections to describe qualitatively different phenomena occurring in Central and Eastern European countries. These are unsettling places in rural areas like glades or parking lots, markets and playgrounds in urban settings. I link them to the post-war time and modernization processes and call them sites of non-memory and non-sites of memory. Another part of the book deals with a completely different form of commemoration called Mystery of memory. Grodzka Gate - NN Theatre in Lublin initiated it in 2000 and as a form it situates itself closer to the art of theater than architecture. Real spaces and places of everyday interactions become a stage for these performances, such as the “Jewish town” in Lublin or the Majdanek concentration camp. The minimalist scenography modifies space and reveals its previously unseen dimensions, while the actors — residents and people especially related to places like survivors and Righteous Among the Nations — are involved in the course of the show thanks to various rituals and symbolic gestures. The performance should be distinguished from social actions, because it incorporates tools known from religious rituals and art, which together saturate the mystery of memory with an aura of uniqueness. The last discussed commemoration mode takes the form of exposition space. I examine an exhibition concerning the fate of the incarcerated children presented in one of the barracks of the Majdanek State Museum in Lublin. The Primer – Children in Majdanek Camp is unique for several reasons. First, because even though it is exhibited in the camp barrack, it uses a completely different filter to tell the story of the camp in comparison to the exhibitions in the rest of the barracks. For this reason, one experiences immersing oneself in all subsequent levels of space and narrative accompanying them – at first, in a general narrative about the camp, and later in a specifically arranged space marked by children’s experiences, their language and thinking, and hence formed in a way more accessible for younger visitors. Second, the exhibition resigns from didacticism and distancing descriptions, and takes an advantage of eyewitnesses and survivors’ testimonies instead. Third, the exhibition space evokes an aura of strangeness similar to a fairy tale or a dream. It is accomplished thanks to the arrangement of various, usually highly symbolic material objects, and by favoring the fragrance and phonic sensations, movement, while belittling visual stimulations. The exhibition creates an impression of a place open to thinking and experiencing, and functions as an asylum, a radically different form to its camp surrounding characterized by a more overwhelming and austere space.

Time and space: genetic structure of the common sea urchin paracentrotus lividus in the south-eastern iberian coast

Spatio-temporal variability in settlement and recruitment, high mortality during the first life-history stages, and selection may determine the genetic structure of cohorts of long-lived marine invertebrates at small scales. We conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of the common Mediterranean Sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to determine the genetic structure of cohorts at different scales. In Tossa de Mar (NW Mediterranean), recruitment was followed over 5 consecutive springs (2006-2010). In spring 2008, recruits and two-year-old individuals were collected at 6 locations along East and South Iberian coasts separated from 200 to over 1,100 km. All cohorts presented a high genetic diversity based on a fragment of mtCOI. Our results showed a marked genetic homogeneity in the temporal monitoring and a low degree of spatial structure in 2006. In 2008, coupled with an abnormality in the usual circulation patterns in the area, the genetic structure of the southern populations studied changed markedly, with arrival of many private haplotypes. This fact highlights the importance of point events in renewing the genetic makeup of populations, which can only be detected through analysis of the cohort structure coupling temporal and spatial perspectives.