Common past, divided memories: historical memory of the Polish minority members in Lithuania

The Master’s thesis examines historical memory of the Polish minority members in Lithuania with regard to how their interpretation of the common Polish-Lithuanian history reiterates or differs from the official Polish and Lithuanian narratives conveyed by the school textbooks. History teaching in high schools carries a crucial state-supported role of “identity building policies” – it maintains a national narrative of memory, which might be exclusive to minorities and their peculiar understanding of history. Lithuanians Poles, in this regard, represent a national minority, which is exposed to two conflicting national narratives of the common past – Polish and Lithuanian. As members of the Polish nation, their understanding of the common Polish-Lithuanian history is conditioned by the Polish historical narrative, acquired as part of the collective memory of the family and/or different minority organizations. On the other hand, they encounter Lithuanian historical narrative of the Polish-Lithuanian past throughout the secondary school history education, where the curriculum, even if taught in Polish, largely represents the Lithuanian point of view. The concept of collective memory is utilized to refer to collective representations of national memory (i.e. publicly articulated narratives and images of collective past in history textbooks) as well as to socially framed individual memories (i.e. historical memory of minority members, where individual remembering is framed by the social context of their identity). The thesis compares the official national historical narratives in Lithuania and Poland, as conveyed by the Polish and Lithuanian history textbooks. The consequent analysis of qualitative interviews with the Polish minority members in Lithuania offers insights into historical memory of Lithuanian Poles and its relation to the official Polish and Lithuanian national narratives of the common past. Qualitative content analysis is applied in both parts of the analysis. The narratives which emerge from the interview data could be broadly grouped into two segments. First, a more pronounced view on the past combines the following elements: i) emphasis on the value of multicultural and diverse past of Lithuania, ii) contestation of “Lithuanocentricity” of the Lithuanian narrative and iii) rejection of the term “occupation”, based on the cultural presuppositions – the dominant position of Polish culture and language in the Vilnius region, symbolic belonging and “Lithuanianness” of the local Poles. While the opposition to the term of “occupation” is in accord with the official Polish narrative conveyed by the textbooks, the former two elements do not neatly adhere to either Polish or Lithuanian textbook narratives. They should rather be considered as an expression of claims for inclusion of plural pasts into Lithuanian collective memory and hence as claims for symbolic enfranchisement into the Lithuanian “imagined community”. The second strand of views, on the other hand, does not exclude assertions about the historically dominant position of Polish culture in Lithuania, but at the same time places more emphasis on the political and historical continuity of the Lithuanian state and highlights a long-standing symbolic connectedness of Vilnius and Lithuania, thus, striking a middle way between the Polish and Lithuanian interpretations of the past.

‘Modern Man’s Myths: The Influence of Historical Memory on Policy-Making’

Historical events are interpreted by collectivities in ways that are then instrumentalised in policy-making processes. This creates mythical "truths" and "rules of conduct" which in 20th (21st) century Western civilisations are not much different from those of pre-Enlightenment societies.

Pedem referens: art historical memory and the analogue in the work of Tacita Dean, Jeremy Millar and Lucy Skaer

This thesis explores the new art historical turn in contemporary art through close engagement with three British artworks. These are Tacita Dean’s, Section Cinema (Homage to Marcel Broodthaers), 2002, Jeremy Millar’s, The Man Who Looked Back, 2010, and Lucy Skaer’s, Leonora, 2006. Each of these artworks combines an art historical agenda with a celebration of the specificities of analogue film and photography in the context of our digital age. This thesis combines twentieth century photographic theory from Roland Barthes, André Bazin and Walter Benjamin, among others, with the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan in order to argue that the indexical qualities of analogue film and photography place the medium in close proximity to the Lacanian Real. In its obsolescence the analogue’s language of both touch and loss is heightened. Each chapter of this thesis explores a different aspect of the Real in relation to specific attributes of the analogue, such as its propensity for archiving cultural traumas, its receptiveness to chance, and its proximity to death.

Memoria cultural e histórica afrocolombiana en La Trilogía de Urabá de Marta Rodríguez y Fernando Restrepo

Ce mémoire de maîtrise a pour objectif de réaliser l’analyse de l’œuvre La Trilogía de Urabá des cinéastes colombiens Marta Rodríguez et Fernando Restrepo en considérant la notion de « mémoire » et comment celle-ci se développe dans ces documentaires à travers des témoignages et des pratiques culturelles comme les chroniques chantées, le dessin et la danse. Dans les films qui composent la trilogie, la mémoire se présente comme un mécanisme de résistance contre la violence subie par la population civile pendant le conflit armé en Colombie, époque durant laquelle la population civile a été sans cesse massacrée et forcée à abandonner son territoire. Notre analyse considère notamment le rôle que les documentaires attribuent aux femmes afro-colombiennes dans la construction de la mémoire culturelle et historique, étant donné que leurs témoignages dévoilent leur grand effort de résistance contre la violence. En second lieu, notre analyse vise à montrer comment La Trilogía de Urabá inscrit la mémoire culturelle dans la mémoire historique colombienne.

'Whatever You Say, Say Nothing' : Researching Memory & Identity in Mid-Ulster, 1945-1969

The influence of collective memory on political identity in Ireland has been well documented. It has particular force in Northern Ireland where there is fundamental disagreement about how and why the conflict erupted and how it should be resolved. This article outlines some of the issues encountered by an ‘insider’ when attempting to record and analyse the conflicting memories of a range of Protestants and Catholics who grew up in Mid-Ulster in the decades preceding the Troubles. In particular, it considers the challenges and opportunities presented by a two-pronged approach to oral history: using testimony as evidence about historical experience in the past and as evidence about historical memory – both collective and individual – in the present.

La re-escritura de la violencia en Estaba la pájara pinta sentada en el verde limón de Albalucía Ángel

L'objectif de cette étude a été double. D'une part, il fait l’inclusion du roman Estaba la pájara pinta sentada en el verde limón d’Albalucía Angel au genre du nouveau roman historique, selon la théorie exposée par Seymour Menton, Cristina Pons, Fernando Ainsa et Biruté Ciplijauskaité. Dans cet ordre on a examinée en détail l`utilisation faite dans cette nouvelle de l'histoire récente de la Colombie, ainsi que les questions relatives à la mise en fiction de personnages historiques, la métafiction, l`intertextualité et la polyphonie. Deuxièmement, cette étude analyse la perspective de genre qui définit cette nouvelle grâce à l'inclusion de la voix féminine que raconte des événements historiques à partir du point de vue de l'expérience des femmes, trait qui deviendra caractéristique du nouveau roman historique écrit par des femmes sur les femmes. Notre intérêt est d'analyser comment les différentes voix dans le roman parviennent à créer une nouvelle subjectivité féminine, renversant ainsi le discours historique officiel que le système patriarcal. Ces aspects, dans le contexte historique de la violence en Colombie, permettent une nouvelle lecture de la société colombienne du milieu du XXe siècle.

La reconstrucción de la memoria histórica del conflicto colombiano en el actual proceso de Justicia y Paz. Alcances, desafíos y preguntas

En este artículo se analizan y ponderan algunos de los alcances que genera uno de los ejercicios políticos y sociales más complejos de realizar en Colombia: la reconstrucción de la memoria histórica del conflicto armado. En este sentido, se destaca el trabajo que desarrolla actualmente el Área de Memoria Histórica (MH) de la Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación (CNRR) en el marco del actual proceso de Justicia y Paz que tiene lugar en el país desde el año 2005. Se sostiene en el artículo que existen avances significativos, desafíos y preguntas en la labor adelantada por este grupo en cuanto a las formas y los sentidos involucrados en la recuperación y comprensión de nuestro pasado reciente.---The reconstruction of historical memory of the Colombian conflict in the current ‘Justicia y Paz’ process. Scopes, challenges and questionsIn this paper we analyzed the scope that generates one of the political and social exercises more difficult to achieve in Colombia: the reconstruction of historical memory of the armed conflict. In this sense, it highlights the work that is developing the Historical Memory Area (MH) of the National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation (CNRR) under the current Justice and Peace process that takes place in the country since 2005. It is argued in the article that there are significant advances, challenges and questions in the work undertaken by this group in terms of the forms and meanings involved in the recovery and understanding of our recent past.Key words: Justice and Pace, Colombia, historical memory, armed conflict, victims, recent past.---A reconstrução da memória histórica do conflito colombiano no atual processo de ‘Justicia y Paz’. Alcances, desafios e perguntasNeste artigo se analisam e ponderam alguns dos alcances que gera um dos exercícios políticos e sociais mais complexos de realizar na Colômbia: a reconstrução da memória histórica do conflito armado. Neste sentido, se destaca o trabalho que desenvolve atualmente o Grupo de Memória Histórica (GMH) da Comissão Nacional de Reparação e Reconciliação (Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación - CNRR) no marco do atual processo de Justiça e Paz que tem lugar no país desde o ano 2005. Sustenta-se no artigo que existem avanços significativos, desafios e perguntas no trabalho adiantado por este grupo em quanto às formas e os sentidos envolvidos na recuperação e compreensão de nosso passado recente.Palavras chave: Justiça e paz, Colômbia, memória histórica, conflito armado, vítimas, passado recente.

Novela de la Violencia: Una herramienta para la construcción de memoria histórica en Colombia. 1946-1959

La Época de la Violencia es el nombre que recibe el conflicto bipartidista colombiano de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Este conflicto, es reconocido como la génesis de la violencia actual del país; al mismo tiempo, La Violencia trajo consigo numerosos cambios que han impactado, hasta el día de hoy, buena parte de la estructura social colombiana generando así un masivo interés desde la academia y las artes. En este último caso, la literatura se ha convertido en uno de los principales catalizadores del conflicto, al punto que, en la actualidad, es posible hablar de un género literario conocido como Novela de la Violencia. La presente monografía, pretende analizar cómo la Novela de la Violencia, especialmente la escrita y publicada en el periodo de 1946 a 1959, se ha convertido en una herramienta para la construcción de memoria histórica del conflicto.

Las cicatrices del conflicto. la ausencia de reparación y reconocimiento a la asociación de familias víctimas de trujillo (AFAVIT) a la luz de la justicia transicional

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo explicar cuál es el papel de la construcción de memoria histórica por parte de la asociación de familias víctimas de Trujillo “AFAVIT” en su reconocimiento como víctimas por parte del Estado colombiano. Se pretende demostrar que la construcción de memoria histórica juega un papel fundamental como herramienta visibilizadora tanto del conflicto colombiano como medio que permite el reconocimiento por parte del Estado. Para lograr dicho fin, se hace imperativo abordar dicha problemática desde un enfoque psicosocial; adicionalmente se tendrán en cuenta entrevistas realizadas a la comunidad AFAVIT.

The Berlin Republic. Evolution of Germany's politics of memory and German patriotism. OSW Point of View, August 2009

Important changes have occurred in recent years in the attitude of a majority of the German elite towards the history of the 20th century and the political identity built on collective memory. Until recently, the sense of guilt for the crimes of the Third Reich and the obligation to remember were prevalent. While these two elements of Germany's memory of World War II are still important, currently the focus increasingly shifts to the German resistance against Nazism and the fate of the Germans who suffered in the war. Positive references to Germany's post-war history also occupy more and more space in the German memory. In 2009, i.e. the year of the 60th anniversary of the Federal Republic of Germany and the 20th anniversary of the fall of Communism, the efforts of German public institutions concentrate on promoting a new canon of history built around the successful democratisation and Germany's post-war economic success. The purpose behind these measures is to build a common historical memory that could be shared by the eastern and western parts of Germany and appeal to Germany's immigrants, who account for a growing proportion of the society.

Estudio de caso del análisis de los alcances y limitaciones frente a la justicia, verdad y reparación de las víctimas de las masacres de Trujillo, Valle del Cauca y el Salado, Bolívar

Colombia ha sido escenario de disputas violentas por poder político y económico entre diferentes sectores. Del mismo modo, el país también ha manifestado una debilidad muy significativa en cuanto a su memoria histórica, hecho que se ha traducido en la segmentación del país entre quienes tienen conocimiento y conciencia acerca del conflicto interno armado y aquellos que parecen considerarlo como una serie de eventos violentos que se da en un contexto ajeno, en una suerte de país paralelo. Por lo tanto, el interés de este trabajo es el de participar en la construcción de una memoria histórica que permita al lector evidenciar y dimensionar el alcance de las acciones gubernamentales en relación a la verdad, justicia y reparación de las víctimas de violaciones a los derechos humanos

Juoksuhaudoista yhteiskuntaan : Vuosien 1965-1975 sotilaallista maanpuolustusta ja puolustusvoimia koskevan joukkotiedotuksen diskursiivinen tarkastelu

The Finnish society developed rapidly in the 1960´s and 1970´s. This was result of international trends. Development of education, urbanization and wide organization of society increased discontent towards prevailing social structure and towards the power elite. Development of technology created possibility to present radical perspectives in mass media. This caused widely spread discussions dividing opinions. The purpose of this thesis was to complement research on national defence and the Finnish Defence Forces especially between years 1965 and 1975. The task of research was to clarify how changes in society and how the significance of this change was interpreted in public discussion about national defence and development of the Defence Forces. The most essential points for this thesis turned out to be discourses structured from public discussion. Main research material consisted of approximately 35000 news, editorials, articles and opinions presented in mass media supplemented by literature, committee reports and other archival sources. Frame of reference for this thesis is based on relativistic worldview. According to this, social reality is relative and there is no single truth. Environment has significant influence on the issue how knowledge and truth are formed. Data analysis was based on critical discourse. The key objective was to clarify the effects of broad changes in society using discursive methods. One essential goal was to form order of discourse using linguistic analysis and also connect discourses to wider sociocultural custom. On this thesis I came to the conclusion that on the review period there were five significant ensembles of discourse. They consisted of several discussions focused on different themes. The discourse of official security policy aimed to define national defence and the position of the Defence Forces as parts of foreign policy. Foreign policy is often perceived as the most significant part of security policy. Historical memory, geographical position of Finland and also the state contracts, changes in international warfare, tasks of the Defence Forces and increasing critic of national defence and the difference in thinking between generations formed the discourse of security policy. In the discourse of the liability to military service, the issue was about individual responsibility to society and national defence. Resisters and unarmed defence demands, encouraged by international examples were the themes. The discourse pointed out how mass media is used to influence and forced the Defence Forces to develop the practices in public information. The discourses of democracy and politics were closer to internal development of the Defence Forces to integrate more into society. The discourse of democracy focused in changing power relationships of the Defence Forces that were known as authoritarian. Issues like conscript and personnel union activity had lot of similarities to general social development. The discourse of politics presented how the Defence Forces were pushed towards parliamentary decision making. The personnel was granted the same rights as other population. Themes related to the discourse on the will to national defence were development of mental national defence, increasing education on national defence and creation of more open public information culture. According to discourses presented above I can state, that the position of the Defence Forces in society was changed between years 1965-1975. This change was advanced by the Defence Forces reformed attitude towards mass media and public information in general. Active participation in public information important became important instead of only answering topics. This positive development created an atmosphere, that was easier for the public to understand and create own pictures of the armed forces. Due to this, I can describe that the defenders and supporters of the armed forces were stuck in their trenches, until discussions presented in discourses and themes developed the Defence Forces to be better fitting part of society. Key words; society, national defence, Defence Forces, discourse, mass media, security policy, liability to military service, conscription, democracy

La distruzione delle statue di Pausania nella Sparta tardoantica (Lib. Ep. 1518)

Abstract: The late antique destruction of two bronze statues of Pausanias - the Spartan general responsible for the Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea (479 BC) - housed in the temple of Athena Chalkioikos in Sparta (Lib. Ep. 1518), has been interpreted as one of the few cases of a violent conflict between pagan and Christian population in Greece. Nevertheless the sources suggest that late antique Sparta was a bastion of Hellenic paganism and give a picture of a small and quiet town ruled by a pagan educated élite, where pagans like Libanius wanted to live. Since there is no evidence of a violent conflict between pagans and Christians in Sparta, and Libanius confirms that in 365 AD all the temples and cult statues were still in place, this paper addresses the issue from a different point of view and offers a new contribution to the history of Sparta in Late Antiquity. By using literary, archaeological and epigraphic evidence the paper explores: 1) the relationship between Roman administration and Spartan élite in the IVth century AD; 2) the historical memory of Pausanias in Late Antiquity. It will be emphasized that the obscure burning of the two statues helped to remove from Sparta the memory of Pausanias - a controversial figure, misrepresented in Late Antiquity and connected to the ancient staseis in Laconia - in order to promote a positive image of Sparta as a city without conflicts and ruled by the political system of Lycurgus (eunomia). As documented by local inscriptions in praise of late Roman governors, the mythical lawgiver Lycurgus was the paradigm of the imperial governors who rebuilded the town in the IVth cent. AD. It can be assumed that while Rome, Constantinople, Antioch and Athens were troubled by political and religious violence or by seditions between different factions, Sparta aimed to revive its traditional model of civic order in the new historical context of Late Antiquity.