Schire beth Jaăcob : israelitisches Schul- und Gemeinde-Gesangbuch ; zum Gebrauche beim Unterricht in der Liturgie und beim öffentlichen Gottesdienste

hrsg. von L. Liebling ...

Fire behaviour of lightweight concrete units based on corn cob aggregate

Recent research works have concluded that corn cob may have interesting material properties, in particular, lightness, and thermal and sound insulation abilities. In this research work, corn cob is proposed as an alternative sustainable aggregate for lightweight concrete masonry unit (CMU) manufacturing. The corn cob requires to be granulated previously in order to obtain adequate particle size grade. Subsequently, the particles are wrapped in a cement paste with the purpose of reducing their water abortion and adherent capacities. CMU are current applied in the building of partition walls. The main goal of this research work consists on studying the fire behaviour of partition walls built with CMU of processed corn cob granulate (CMU-PCC).

Tesis política de la COB y otros documentos.

Cover title: Tesis política COB-CUB.

Persistence of income inequality : does child mortality matter?

Many developing countries are afflicted by persistent inequality in the distribution of income. While a growing body of literature emphasizes differential fertility as a channel through which income inequality persists, this paper investigates differential child mortality – differences in the incidence of child mortality across socioeconomic groups – as a critical link in this regard. Using evidence from cross-country data to evaluate this linkage, we find that differential child mortality serves as a stronger channel than differential fertility in the transmission of income inequality over time. We use random effects and generalized estimating equations techniques to account for temporal correlation within countries. The results are robust to the use of an alternate definition of fertility that reflects parental preference for children instead of realized fertility.

Alkyl radical geometry controls geminate cage recombination in alkylcobalamins

Abstract: The radical pair that results from photolysis of adenosylcob(II1)alamin (AdoCbl"') undergoes primary geminate recombination with a first-order rate constant of 1 x lo9 s-l. In contrast, methylcob(II1)alamin (CH3Cbl"') and aristeromicylcob(II1)alamin (AriCblII', the carbocyclic analogue of AdoCbl"' in which the ribofuranose ring oxygen has been replaced with a methylene group) does not undergo primary geminate recombination. The ribofwanose group enables a high rate of geminate recombination in the [Ado' Cbl"'] radical pair. This may be due to a stereoelectronic (p-anomeric) effect that maintains a pyramidal geometry at the 5'-carbon of the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, or it may be due to hindered rotation about the C4t-C5, bond such that /?-elimination to the olefin is prevented. Recombination in the geminate singlet radical pair is in competition with diffusive escape to form a solvent-separated radical pair. Hyperfine coupling from Co" promotes intersystem crossing to the triplet radical pair (Chagovetz, A. M.; Grissom, C. B. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1993, 115, 12152). Recombination of the [CH3' Cbl"] radical pair is not prevented by a lack of intersystem crossing, as neither unlabeled or I3C-labeled CH3Cbl"' undergoes geminate recombination. There is only a small difference in the rate of diffusive recombination in the solvent cage for AdoCbl"', AriCbl"', and CH3Cbl"' following photolysis: 2.01 x 10" s-l, 2.20 x lo4 s-l, and 1.16 x lo4 s-l. The rate of diffusive recombination is limited by productive collisions and not by radical geometry or intersystem crossing. The CF3' radical that results from photolysis of (trifluoromethyl)cob(III)alamin (CF3Cbl"') maintains its pyramidal geometry and undergoes faster diffusive recombination in the solvent cage at 51 x lo4 s-l. The C-Co bond dissociation enthalpy in AriCbl"' is 37 f 1.4 kcaymol. The profound difference in geminate recombination rates for AdoCbl"' and CH3Cbl"' is consistent with their different biological roles as enzymatic cofactors: AdoCbl"' is an initiator of radical chain chemistry in the active site, whereas CH3Cbl"' is a methyl group donor in an S~2-type process.

Strolls project and website

The Strolls project was originally devised for a colleague in Finland and a cross cultural event event called AU goes to FI – the core concept is both re-experience of and presentation of the ‘everyday’ experience of life rather than the usual cultural icons. The project grew and was presented as a mash-up site with google maps (truna aka j.turner & David Browning). The site is now cob-webbed but some of the participant made strolls are archived here. The emphasis on the walk and taking of image stills (as opposed to the straightforward video) is based on a notion of partaking of the environment with technology. The process involves a strange and distinct embodiment as the maker must stop and choose each subsequent shot in order to build up the final animated sequence. The viewer becomes subtly involved in the maker’s decisions.

Mycotoxins and Fungal Damage in Maize Harvested during 1982 in Far North Queensland

A survey for mycotoxins and fungal damage in maize (Zea mays L.) grown during 1982 in Far North Queensland is reported. This season had a rainfall distribution which was typical for the reglon. The 293 samples examined came from 11 1 farms in eight maize-growing districts. The samples were first subjected to rapid screening tests for fungal damage. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and sterigmatocystin were not detected, but zearalenone was found in 85% of the samples. The concentrations of zearalenone were correlated with the extent of Gibberella zeae cob rot as indicated by the proportion (up to 2%) of kernels in each sample having a reddish-purple discoloration. In four samples the zearalenone concentration exceeded 1 mg kg-1, but the mean ¦ s.d. (n = 293) concentration in all samples was 0.17 ¦ 0.225 mg kg-1. Concentrations were highest in districts with the highest rainfall during the period of maize growth.

Effect of irrigation amounts applied with subsurface drip irrigation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency, and dry matter production in a semiarid climate

Quantifying the local crop response to irrigation is important for establishing adequate irrigation management strategies. This study evaluated the effect of irrigation applied with subsurface drip irrigation on field corn (Zea mays L.) evapotranspiration (ETc), yield, water use efficiencies (WUE = yield/ETc, and IWUE = yield/irrigation), and dry matter production in the semiarid climate of west central Nebraska. Eight treatments were imposed with irrigation amounts ranging from 53 to 356 mm in 2005 and from 22 to 226 mm in 2006. A soil water balance approach (based on FAO-56) was used to estimate daily soil water and ETc. Treatments resulted in seasonal ETc of 580-663 mm and 466-656 mm in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Yields among treatments differed by as much as 22% in 2005 and 52% in 2006. In both seasons, irrigation significantly affected yields, which increased with irrigation up to a point where irrigation became excessive. Distinct relationships were obtained each season. Yields increased linearly with seasonal ETc (R 2 = 0.89) and ETc/ETp (R 2 = 0.87) (ETp = ETc with no water stress). The yield response factor (ky), which indicates the relative reduction in yield to relative reduction in ETc, averaged 1.58 over the two seasons. WUE increased non-linearly with seasonal ETc and with yield. WUE was more sensitive to irrigation during the drier 2006 season, compared with 2005. Both seasons, IWUE decreased sharply with irrigation. Irrigation significantly affected dry matter production and partitioning into the different plant components (grain, cob, and stover). On average, the grain accounted for the majority of the above-ground plant dry mass (≈59%), followed by the stover (≈33%) and the cob (≈8%). The dry mass of the plant and that of each plant component tended to increase with seasonal ETc. The good relationships obtained in the study between crop performance indicators and seasonal ETc demonstrate that accurate estimates of ETc on a daily and seasonal basis can be valuable for making tactical in-season irrigation management decisions and for strategic irrigation planning and management.

Effect of timing of a deficit-irrigation allocation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency and dry mass

Water regulations have decreased irrigation water supplies in Nebraska and some other areas of the USA Great Plains. When available water is not enough to meet crop water requirements during the entire growing cycle, it becomes critical to know the proper irrigation timing that would maximize yields and profits. This study evaluated the effect of timing of a deficit-irrigation allocation (150 mm) on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), yield, water use efficiency (WUE = yield/ETc), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE = yield/irrigation), and dry mass (DM) of corn (Zea mays L.) irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation in the semiarid climate of North Platte, NE. During 2005 and 2006, a total of sixteen irrigation treatments (eight each year) were evaluated, which received different percentages of the water allocation during July, August, and September. During both years, all treatments resulted in no crop stress during the vegetative period and stress during the reproductive stages, which affected ETc, DM, yield, WUE and IWUE. Among treatments, ETc varied by 7.2 and 18.8%; yield by 17 and 33%; WUE by 12 and 22%, and IWUE by 18 and 33% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Yield and WUE both increased linearly with ETc and with ETc/ETp (ETp = seasonal ETc with no water stress), and WUE increased linearly with yield. The yield response factor (ky) averaged 1.50 over the two seasons. Irrigation timing affected the DM of the plant, grain, and cob, but not that of the stover. It also affected the percent of DM partitioned to the grain (harvest index), which increased linearly with ETc and averaged 56.2% over the two seasons, but did not affect the percent allocated to the cob or stover. Irrigation applied in July had the highest positive coefficient of determination (R2) with yield. This high positive correlation decreased considerably for irrigation applied in August, and became negative for irrigation applied in September. The best positive correlation between the soil water deficit factor (Ks) and yield occurred during weeks 12-14 from crop emergence, during the "milk" and "dough" growth stages. Yield was poorly correlated to stress during weeks 15 and 16, and the correlation became negative after week 17. Dividing the 150 mm allocation about evenly among July, August and September was a good strategy resulting in the highest yields in 2005, but not in 2006. Applying a larger proportion of the allocation in July was a good strategy during both years, and the opposite resulted when applying a large proportion of the allocation in September. The different results obtained between years indicate that flexible irrigation scheduling techniques should be adopted, rather than relying on fixed timing strategies.

Preparation, structural analysis and prebiotic potential of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides

Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) can be prepared enzymatically from arabinoxylans (AX) and AXOS are known to possess prebiotic potential. Here the structural features of 10 cereal AX were examined. AX were hydrolysed by Shearzyme® to prepare AXOS, and their structures were fully analysed. The prebiotic potential of the purified AXOS was studied in the fermentation experiments with bifidobacteria and faecal microbiota. In AX extracted from flours and bran, high amounts of a-L-Araf units are attached to the b-D-Xylp main chain, whereas moderate or low degree of substitution was found from husks, cob and straw. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that flour and bran AX contain high amounts of a-L-Araf units bound to the O-3 of b-D-Xylp residues and doubly substituted b-D-Xylp units with a-L-Araf substituents at O-2 and O-3. Barley husk and corn cob AX contain high amounts of b-D-Xylp(1→2)-a-L-Araf(1→3) side chains, which can also be found in AX from oat spelts and rice husks, and in lesser amounts in wheat straw AX. Rye and wheat flour AX and oat spelt AX were hydrolysed by Shearzyme® (with Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 endo-1,4-b-D-xylanase as the main enzyme) for the production of AXOS on a milligram scale. The AXOS were purified and their structures fully analysed, using mass spectrometry (MS) and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Monosubstituted xylobiose and xylotriose with a-L-Araf attached to the O-3 or O-2 of the nonreducing end b-D-Xylp unit and disubstituted AXOS with two a-L-Araf units at the nonreducing end b-D-Xylp unit of xylobiose or xylotriose were produced. Xylobiose with b-D-Xylp(1→2)-a-L-Araf(1→3) side chain was also purified. These AXOS were used as standards in further identification and quantification of corresponding AXOS from the hydrolysates in high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis. The prebiotic potential of AXOS was tested in in vitro fermentation experiments. Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 and B. longum ATCC 15707 utilized AXOS from the AX hydrolysates. Both species released L-arabinose from AXOS, but B. adolescentis consumed the XOS formed, whereas B. longum fermented the L-arabinose released. The third species tested, B. breve ATCC 15700, grew poorly on these substrates. When cultivated on pure AXOS, the bifidobacterial mixture utilized pure singly substituted AXOS almost completely, but no growth was detected with pure doubly substituted AXOS as substrates. However, doubly substituted AXOS were utilized from the mixture of xylose, XOS and AXOS. Faecal microbiota utilized both pure singly and doubly substituted AXOS. Thus, a mixture of singly and doubly substituted AXOS could function as a suitable, slowly fermenting prebiotic substance. This thesis contributes to the structural information on cereal AX and preparation of mono and doubly substituted AXOS from AX. Understanding the utilization strategies is fundamental in evaluating the prebiotic potential of AXOS. Further research is still required before AXOS can be used in applications for human consumption.

Psychosocial presentation of revisional LAGB patients: A qualitative study

This qualitative study offers insight into the experiences, expectations, perceptions and beliefs that may lead to laparoscopic adjustable gastric band patients’ failure to achieve expected weight loss and seek revisional bariatric surgery. The 23 participants from two sites were interviewed and data were analysed from a grounded theory methodology in order to build a causal model. Analysis of participants’ reports identified ‘unrealistic expectations of the LAGB’ as the core category. Additionally, the restriction of the band had a negative impact on participants’ social interactions, leading to feelings of deprivation and, thus, to a desire for reward from food choices and consequently an increase of consumption of high-calorie-dense foods. These foods were chosen because of their specific texture or ability to provide reward. The resulting increase in weight or failure to achieve excess weight loss, led to feelings of shame and loneliness and emotional eating resulting in increased the consumption of rewarding foods. Thus, identifying unrealistic expectations of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) and emotional eating behaviours are important in those who are present initially for primary bariatric and revisional bariatric surgery, as they may contribute specifically to these patients’ weight regain and consequent failure to achieve excess weight loss.

Risk assessment for airborne infectious diseases between natural ventilation and split-system air conditioner in a university classroom

Indoor air quality is a critical factor in the classroom due to high people concentration in a unique space. Indoor air pollutant might increase the chance of both long and short-term health problems among students and staff, reduce the productivity of teachers and degrade the student’s learning environment and comfort. Adequate air distribution strategies may reduce risk of infection in classroom. So, the purpose of air distribution systems in a classroom is not only to maximize conditions for thermal comfort, but also to remove indoor contaminants. Natural ventilation has the potential to play a significant role in achieving improvements in IAQ. The present study compares the risk of airborne infection between Natural Ventilation (opening windows and doors) and a Split-System Air Conditioner in a university classroom. The Wells-Riley model was used to predict the risk of indoor airborne transmission of infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and tuberculosis. For each case, the air exchange rate was measured using a CO2 tracer gas technique. It was found that opening windows and doors provided an air exchange rate of 2.3 air changes/hour (ACH), while with the Split System it was 0.6 ACH. The risk of airborne infection ranged between 4.24 to 30.86 % when using the Natural Ventilation and between 8.99 to 43.19% when using the Split System. The difference of airborne infection risk between the Split System and the Natural Ventilation ranged from 47 to 56%. Opening windows and doors maximize Natural Ventilation so that the risk of airborne contagion is much lower than with Split System.

Hakupuut muistihierarkiassa

Algoritmien suoritusajasta kuluu usein merkittävä osa datan siirtelyyn muistihierarkian kerrosten välillä. Ongelma korostuu hakurakenteilla, sillä ne käsittelevät suuria datamääriä. Työn päämääränä on selvittää muistisiirtojen minimoinnilla saavutettavat käytännön edut hakupuiden tapauksessa. Toinen päämäärä on kartoittaa ideaalisen välimuistin malliin perustuvien parametrittomien hakupuiden etuja ja heikkouksia ulkoisen muistin malliin perustuviin parametrillisiin hakupuihin nähden. Parametrittomuus tarkoittaa, ettei algoritmi tiedä käytetyn suunnittelumallin parametreja, kuten välimuistin kokoa. Staattisista hakupuista tarkastellaan leveyssuuntaiseen järjestykseen, esijärjestykseen ja van Emde Boas -järjestykseen tallennettuja binäärihakupuita sekä staattista B-puuta. Dynaamisista hakupuista käsitellään B+-puuta sekä parametritonta B-puuta, COB-puuta. Sekä parametrittomat että parametrilliset hakupuut pyrkivät minimoimaan vaadittavaa muistisiirtojen määrää parantamalla laskennan paikallisuutta. Käsiteltävien hakupuiden käytännön nopeutta testataan monipuolisesti. Saatujen tulosten nojalla sekä staattiset että dynaamiset parametrittomat hakupuut pärjäävät satunnaisoperaatioiden nopeudessa vastaaville parametrillisille hakupuille. Ne jäävät kuitenkin jonkin verran jälkeen perättäisoperaatioita suoritettaessa.