Co-existing squamous cell carcinoma and hemangioma on the ocular surface of a cat

A 14-year-old spayed female domestic short-haired cat was presented for evaluation of a mass in the right eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed a blind right eye and presence of two distinct masses: a pink and a red-to-brown mass, the latter occupying most of the cornea and part of the conjunctiva. Exenteration was performed under general anesthesia, and the ocular tissues were processed routinely for histopathology. Upon microscopic examination, a malignant epithelial neoplasm and a benign vascular neoplasm were present in the cornea. The conjunctiva and the third eyelid were also affected. Upon immunohistochemistry, the epithelial tumor was positive for cytokeratin and negative for vimentin and the endothelial tumor was negative for cytokeratin and positive for vimentin. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and hemangioma was made. The SCC was affecting the cornea, bulbar conjunctiva (lateral and inferior) and the base of the third eyelid, whereas the hemangioma was affecting the cornea and medial limbus. To the authors` knowledge, this is the first report of concomitant SCC and hemangioma affecting the ocular surface in a cat.

The hourglass and the early conservation models--co-existing patterns of developmental constraints in vertebrates.

Developmental constraints have been postulated to limit the space of feasible phenotypes and thus shape animal evolution. These constraints have been suggested to be the strongest during either early or mid-embryogenesis, which corresponds to the early conservation model or the hourglass model, respectively. Conflicting results have been reported, but in recent studies of animal transcriptomes the hourglass model has been favored. Studies usually report descriptive statistics calculated for all genes over all developmental time points. This introduces dependencies between the sets of compared genes and may lead to biased results. Here we overcome this problem using an alternative modular analysis. We used the Iterative Signature Algorithm to identify distinct modules of genes co-expressed specifically in consecutive stages of zebrafish development. We then performed a detailed comparison of several gene properties between modules, allowing for a less biased and more powerful analysis. Notably, our analysis corroborated the hourglass pattern at the regulatory level, with sequences of regulatory regions being most conserved for genes expressed in mid-development but not at the level of gene sequence, age, or expression, in contrast to some previous studies. The early conservation model was supported with gene duplication and birth that were the most rare for genes expressed in early development. Finally, for all gene properties, we observed the least conservation for genes expressed in late development or adult, consistent with both models. Overall, with the modular approach, we showed that different levels of molecular evolution follow different patterns of developmental constraints. Thus both models are valid, but with respect to different genomic features.

Co-existing conditions for deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases in Australia

Objective: To examine the frequency distribution of co-existing conditions for deaths where the underlying cause was infectious and parasitic diseases. Materials and methods: Besides the underlying cause of death, the distributions of co-existing conditions for deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases were examined in total and by various age and sex groups, at individual and chapter levels, using 1998 Australian mortality data. Results: In addition to the underlying cause of death, the average number of reported co-existing conditions for a single infectious and parasitic death was 1.62. The most common co-existing conditions were respiratory failure, acute renal failure non-specific causes, ischaemic heart disease, pneumonia and diabetes. When studying the distribution of co-existing conditions at the ICD-9 chapter level, it was found that the circulatory system diseases were the most important. There was an increasing trend in the number of reported co-existing conditions from 60 years of age upwards. Gender differences existed in the frequency of some reported co-existing conditions. The most common organism types of co-existing conditions were other bacterial infection and other viruses. Conclusions: The study indicated that the quality of death certificates is less than satisfactory for the 1998 Australian mortality data. The findings may be helpful in clarifying the ICD coding rules and the development of disease prevention strategies. (C) 2003 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Internationalization in a business school:co-existing and entwined professional and organizational narratives

This empirical paper adopts a narrative approach to explain how a strategic goal of internationalization within a UK business school developed over a three year period and in particular how two conflicting institutional logics - a market logic and a professional logic - were given meaning and played out within a specific organizational context. The paper is in four parts. First, the theoretical framework explains the business school as characteristic of a professional organization, with a professional academic workforce, ambiguous strategic goals and multiple competing but legitimate demands. We then frame our methodological approach of narrative as a means of understanding how professional actors are co-opted into enabling organizational goals, even where these are perceived as antithetical to professional interests. We do this by showing how actors within organizations that exist with multiple, potentially competing institutional logics draw upon those logics and embed them in narratives to give meaning to their actions. Second, the research design, which followed the pursuit of an internationalization goal within a UK business school over three years, based on a dataset of three rounds of interviews, documentary analysis and meeting observations is explained, showing how we used a narrative approach for analysis. Third the results are presented as a series of co-existing and entwined narratives: organizational/managerial narratives, professional narratives of resistance, and professional narratives of engagement. Finally our findings show that narrative is a useful theoretical lens for explaining how multiple, ambiguous and conflicting strategic goals within professional organizations may coexist, enabling the organization to act both as a collective unit and also to fulfil the sometimes contradictory professional interests of its constituents. These findings contribute to understanding about strategy in professional organizations and also to narrative theory by showing how organizations may comprise multiple, entwined narratives, in which actors change roles according to their varying interests in the 'central' narrative.

The evolutionary importance of cell ratio between notochordal and nucleus pulposus cells: an experimental 3-D co-culture study

Notochordal cells and nucleus pulposus cells are co-existing in the intervertebral disc at various ratios among different mammalians. This fact rises the question about the interactions and the evolutionary relevance of this phenomenon. It has been described that these relatively large notochordal cells are mainly dominant in early lifetime of all vertebrates and then differences occur with ageing. Human, cattle, sheep, and goat lose the cells with age, whereas rodents and lagomorphs maintain these throughout their lifetime.

Characterization of N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacteria associated with the Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizosphere: Co-existence of quorum quenching and quorum sensing in Acinetobacter and Burkholderia

Background Cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing (QS)) co-ordinates bacterial behaviour at a population level. Consequently the behaviour of a natural multi-species community is likely to depend at least in part on co-existing QS and quorum quenching (QQ) activities. Here we sought to discover novelN-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent QS and QQ strains by investigating a bacterial community associated with the rhizosphere of ginger (Zingiber officinale) growing in the Malaysian rainforest. Results By using a basal growth medium containing N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, the ginger rhizosphere associated bacteria were enriched for strains with AHL-degrading capabilities. Three isolates belonging to the generaAcinetobacter (GG2), Burkholderia (GG4) and Klebsiella (Se14) were identified and selected for further study. Strains GG2 and Se14 exhibited the broadest spectrum of AHL-degrading activities via lactonolysis while GG4 reduced 3-oxo-AHLs to the corresponding 3-hydroxy compounds. In GG2 and GG4, QQ was found to co-exist with AHL-dependent QS and GG2 was shown to inactivate both self-generated and exogenously supplied AHLs. GG2, GG4 and Se14 were each able to attenuate virulence factor production in both human and plant pathogens. Conclusions Collectively our data show that ginger rhizosphere bacteria which make and degrade a wide range of AHLs are likely to play a collective role in determining the QS-dependent phenotype of a polymicrobial community.

Two formation channels of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies in Hickson compact groups

Context. The formation of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) is believed to be driven by interaction, and UCDs are abundant in the cores of galaxy clusters, environments that mark the end-point of galaxy evolution. Nothing is known about the properties of UCDs in compact groups of galaxies, environments where most of galaxy evolution and interaction is believed to occur and where UCDs in an intermediate stage in their evolution may be expected. Aims. The main goal of this study is to detect and characterize, for the first time, the UCD population of compact groups of galaxies. For that, two nearby groups in different evolutionary stages, HCG22 and HCG90, were targeted. Methods. We selected about 40 UCD candidates from pre-existing photometry of both groups, and obtained spectra of these candidates using the VLT FORS2 instrument in MXU mode. Archival HST/ACS imaging was used to measure their structural parameters. Results. We detect 16 and 5 objects belonging to HCG22 and HCG90, respectively, covering the magnitude range -10.0 > M(R) > -11.5 mag. Their integrated colours are consistent with old ages covering a broad range in metallicities (metallicities confirmed by the spectroscopic measurements). Photometric mass estimates put 4 objects in HCG90 and 9 in HCG22 in the mass range of UCDs (> 2 x 10(6) M(circle dot)) for an assumed age of 12Gyr. These UCDs are on average 2-3 times larger than the typical size of Galactic GCs, covering a range of 2 less than or similar to r(h) less than or similar to 21 pc. The UCDs in HCG22 are more concentrated around the central galaxy than in HCG90, at the 99% confidence level. They cover a broad range in [alpha/Fe] abundances from sub-to super-solar. The spectra of 3 UCDs (2 in HCG22, 1 in HCG90) show tentative evidence of intermediate age stellar populations. The clearest example is the largest and most massive UCD (similar to 10(7) M(circle dot)) in our sample, which is detected in HCG22. Its properties are most consistent with a stripped dwarf galaxy nucleus. We calculate the specific frequency (S(N)) of UCDs for both groups, finding that HCG22 has about three times higher S(N) than HCG90. Conclusions. The ensemble properties of the detected UCDs supports two co-existing formation channels: a star cluster origin (low-luminosity, compact sizes, old ages, super-solar alpha/Fe), and an origin as tidally stripped dwarf nuclei (more extended and younger stellar populations). Our results imply that the UCDs detected in both groups do not, in their majority, originate from relatively recent galaxy interactions. Most of the detected UCDs have likely been brought into the group along with their host galaxies.

Intra- and inter-observer reliability of MRI examination of intervertebral disc abnormalities in patients with cervical myelopathy

Purpose: Intervertebral cervical disc herniation (CDH) is a relatively common disorder that can coexist with degenerative changes to worsen cervicogenic myelopathy. Despite the frequent disc abnormalities found in asymptomatic populations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered excellent at detecting cervical spine myelopathy (CSM) associated with disc abnormality. The objective of this study was to investigate the intra- and inter-observer reliability of MRI detection of CSM in subjects who also had co-existing intervertebral disc abnormalities. Materials and methods: Seven experienced radiologists reviewed twice the MRI of 10 patients with clinically and/or imaging determined myelopathy. MRI assessment was performed individually, with and without operational guidelines. A Fleiss Kappa statistic was used to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer agreement. Results: The study found high intra-observer percent agreement but relatively low Kappa values on selected variables. Inter-observer reliability was also low and neither observation was improved with operational guidelines. We believe that those low values may be associated with the base rate problem of Kappa. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrated high intra-observer percent agreement in MR examination for intervertebral disc abnormalities in patients with underlying cervical myelopathy, but differing levels of intra- and inter-observer Kappa agreement among seven radiologists. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

O doente com patologia múltipla em medicina geral e familiar: comorbilidade de 4 doenças crónicas

RESUMO: A tese de doutoramento visa demonstrar duas proposições: a comorbilidade de 4 situações de doença prevalentes, hipertensão arterial (HTA), diabetes (DM), doença cardíaca isquémica (DCI) e asma é um assunto importante em Medicina Geral e Familiar e o seu estudo tem diversas implicações na forma como os cuidados de saúde são prestados, na sua organização e no ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina. O documento encontra-se dividido em 4 partes: 1) justificação do interesse do tema e finalidades da dissertação; 2) revisão sistemática de literatura publicada entre 1992 e 2002; 3) apresentação de dois trabalhos de investigação, descritivos e exploratórios que se debruçam sobre a mesma população de estudo, o primeiro intitulado “Comorbilidade de quatro doenças crónicas e sua relação com factores sócio demográficos” e o segundo, “Diferenças entre doentes, por médico e por sub-região, na comorbilidade de 4 doenças crónicas”; 4) conclusões e implicações dos resultados dos estudos na gestão da prática clínica, nos serviços, no ensino da disciplina da MGF e no desenvolvimento posterior de uma linha de investigação nesta área. O primeiro estudo tem como objectivos: descrever a prevalência da comorbilidade entre as 4 doenças-índice; verificar se existe relação entre o tempo da primeira doença e o tempo decorrido até ao aparecimento da 2ª e da 3ª doença, nas 4 doenças; determinar a comorbilidade associada às 4 doenças; identificar eventuais agrupamentos de doenças e verificar se existe relação entre comorbilidade e factores sociais e demográficos. O segundo estudo pretende verificar se existem diferenças na comorbilidade a nível local, por médico, e por Sub-Região de Saúde. O trabalho empírico é descritivo e exploratório. A população é constituída pelos doentes, com pelo menos uma das 4 doenças crónicas índice, das listas de utentes de 12 Médicos de Família a trabalharem em Centros de Saúde urbanos, suburbanos e rurais dos distritos de Lisboa e Beja. Os dados foram colhidos durante um ano através dos registos médicos. As variáveis sócio demográficas estudadas são: sexo, idade, etnia/raça, escolaridade, situação profissional, estado civil, tipo de família, funcionalidade familiar, condições de habitação. A comorbilidade é definida pela presença de duas ou mais doenças e estudada pelo número de doenças coexistentes. O tempo de duração da doença é definido como o número de anos decorridos entre o ano de diagnóstico e 2003. Os problemas de saúde crónicos são classificados pela ICPC2. Nas comparações efectuadas aplicaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney e de Friedman, de homogeneidade e de análise de resíduos. A Análise Classificatória Hierárquica foi utilizada para determinar o agrupamento de doenças e a Análise de Regressão Categórica e Análise de Correspondências na relação entre as características sócio demográficas e a comorbilidade. Identificaram-se 3998 doentes. A idade média é de 64,3 anos (DP=15,70). Há uma correlação positiva significativa (r =0,350 r=0) entre “anos com a primeira doença”e “idade dos doentes” em todos os indivíduos (homens r=0,129 mulheres r=0,231). A comorbilidade entre as quatro doenças crónicas índice está presente em 1/3 da população. As associações mais prevalentes são HTA+DM (14,3%) e HTA+DCI (6,25%). Existe correlação positiva, expressiva, entre a duração da primeira doença, quando esta é a HTA ou a DM, e o intervalo de tempo até ao aparecimento da 2ª e da 3ª doenças. Identificaram-se 18 655 problemas crónicos de saúde que se traduziram em 244 códigos da ICPC2. O número médio de problemas foi de 5,94 (DP=3,04). A idade, a actividade profissional, a funcionalidade familiar e a escolaridade foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram para diferenciar os indivíduos quanto à comorbilidade. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre médicos(c2=1165,368 r=0) e entre os agrupamentos de doentes por Sub-Região de Saúde (c2= 157,108 r=0) no respeitante à comorbilidade. Na partição por Lisboa o número médio de problemas é de 6,45 e em Beja de 5,35. Deste trabalho ressaltam várias consequências para os profissionais, para os serviços, para o ensino e para a procura de mais saber nesta área. Os médicos, numa gestão eficiente de cuidados são chamados a desempenhar um papel de gestores da complexidade e de coordenadores assim como a trabalhar num modelo organizativo apoiado numa colaboração em equipa. Por sua vez os serviços de saúde têm que desenvolver medidas de avaliação de cuidados que integrem a comorbilidade como medida de risco. O contexto social da cronicidade e da comorbilidade deverá ser incluído como área de ensino. A concluir analisa-se o impacto do estudo nos colaboradores e o possível desenvolvimento da investigação nesta área.----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The PhD Thesis has two propositions, co-morbidity of four chronic conditions (hypertension, asthma, diabetes, cardiac ischaemic disease) is a prevalent and complex issue and its study has several implications in the way care is provided and organised as well as in the learning and teaching of the discipline of General Practice. In the first part of the document arguments of different nature are given in order to sustain the dissertation aims; the second part describes a systematic study of literature review from 1992 to 2002; the third presents two research studies "Comorbidity of four chronic diseases and its relation with socio demographic factors” and “Differences between patients among GPs at local and regional level”; implications of study results for practice management, teaching and research are presented in the last part. The prevalence of the four chronic diseases co-morbidity, the relation of the first disease duration with the time of diagnose of the next index condition, the burden of co-morbidity in the four chronic diseases, the clustering of those diseases, the relation between demographic and social characteristics and co-morbidity, are the objectives of the first study. The second intends to verify differences in comorbidity between patients at local and regional level of practice. Research studies were descriptive and exploratory. The population under study were patients enlisted in 12 GPs working in urban and rural health centres, in Lisbon and Beja districts, with at least one of the four mentioned diseases. Data were collected through medical records during one year (2003) and 3998 patients were identified. The social demographic variables were: sex, age, ethnicity/race, education, profession, marriage status, family status, family functionality, home living conditions. Co-morbidity is defined by the presence of two or more diseases, and studied by the number of co-existing diseases. The time duration of the disease is defined by the number of years between the diagnostic year and 2003. The chronic disease problems are classified in accord with ICPC2. The characterization of population is descriptive. The effected comparisons applied the Mann-Whitney, Friedman, homogeneity and analysis of residuals tests. The Classificatory Hierarchy Analysis was utilized to determine the grouping of diseases and the Regression Categorization and Correspondences Analysis was used to study the relation of socio-demographic and co-morbidity. The median age of the population under study is 64,3 (SD= 15,70). There is a significant positive correlation (r =0,350 r=0)between “years with the first disease” and “patient age” for all individuals (men r=0,129 women r=0,231). Co-morbidity of the four index diseases is present in 1/3 of the studied population. The most prevalent associations for the four diseases are HTA+DM (14,03%) and HTA+IHD (6,25%). Expressive positive correlation between the duration of the first disease and the second and the third index disease interval is found. For the 3988 patients, 18 655 chronic health problems, translated in 244 ICPC2 codes, were identified. The mean number of problems is 5,94 (SD=3,04). Age, professional activity, family functionality and education level are the socio demographic characteristics that most contribute to differentiate individuals concerning the overall co-morbidity. Significant differences in co-morbidity between GP patients at local (c2=1165,368 r=0) and regional level (c2= 157,108 r=0) are found. This study has several consequences for professionals, for services, for the teaching and learning of General Practice and for the pursuit of knowledge in this area. New competences and performances have to be implemented. General Practitioners, assuming a role of co-ordination, have to perform the role of complexity managers in patient's care, working in practices supported by a strong team in collaboration with other specialists. In order to assess provided care, services have to develop tools where co-morbidity is included as a risk measure. The social context of comorbidity and chronicity has to be included in the curricula of General Practice learning and teaching areas. The dissertation ends describing the added value to participant's performance for their participation in the research and an agenda for further research, in this area, based on a community of practice.--------RÉSUMÉ:Cette thèse de doctorat prétend démontrer deux postulats : le premier, que la comorbidité de quatre maladies fréquentes, hypertension artérielle (HTA), diabète (DM), maladie cardiaque ischémique (DCI) et asthme, est un thème important en Médecine Générale et Familiale et que son étude a plusieurs implications au niveau de l'approche pour dispenser les soins, de leur organisation et de l'enseignement/apprentissage de la discipline. Le document comprend quatre parties distinctes : 1) justification de l'intérêt du sujet et objectifs de la dissertation ; 2) étude systématique de publications éditées entre 1992 et 2002 ; 3) présentation de deux travaux de recherche, descriptifs et exploratoires, un premier intitulée « Comorbidité de quatre maladies chroniques et leur relation avec des facteurs sociodémographiques » et un deuxième « Différences entre malades, selon le médecin et la sous région, dans la comorbilité de quatre maladies chroniques» ; 4) conclusions et conséquences des résultats des études dans la gestion de la pratique clinique, dans les services, dans l'enseignement de la discipline de MGF et dans le développement postérieur de la recherche dans ce domaine. Les objectifs de la première étude sont les suivants : décrire la prévalence de la comorbidité entre les quatre maladies chroniques, vérifier s'il existe une relation entre temps de durée de la première maladie et l'espace de temps jusqu'à le diagnostic de la 2ème ou 3ème maladie; déterminer la comorbidité entre les 4 maladies ; identifier d'éventuelles groupements de maladies et vérifier s'il existe une relation entre comorbidité et facteurs sociodémographiques. La deuxième étude prétend vérifier s'il existe des différences de comorbidité entre médecins et par groupement régional. Le travail empirique est descriptif et exploratoire. La population est composée des malades ayant au moins une des quatre maladies chroniques parmi les listes de malades de douze Médecins de Famille qui travaillent dans des Centres de Santé urbains, suburbains et ruraux (Districts de Lisbonne et Beja). Les données ont été extraites pendant l'année 2003 des registres des médecins. Les variables sociodémographiques étudiées sont : le sexe, l'âge, l'ethnie/race, la scolarité, la situation professionnelle, l'état civil, le type de famille, sa fonctionnalité, les conditions de logement. La comorbidité est définie lorsqu'il existe deux ou plusieurs maladies et est étudiée d'après le nombre de maladies coexistantes. La durée de la maladie est établie en comptant le nombre d'années écoulées entre le diagnostique et 2003. Les problèmes de santé chroniques sont classés par l'ICPC 2. Pour les comparaisons les tests de Mann-Whitney et Friedman, de homogénéité et analyse de résidues ont été appliqués. L'Analyse de Classification Hiérarchique a été utilisée pour procéder au regroupement des maladies et l'Analyse de Régression Catégorique et l'Analyse de Correspondances pour étudier la relation entre les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et la comorbilité. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : les 3998 malades identifiés ont 64,3 ans d'âge moyen (DP=15,70). Il existe une corrélation positive significative (r =0,350 r=0) entre « les années avec la première maladie » et « l'âge des malades », chez tous les individus (hommes r=0,129 femmes r=0,231). La comorbidité entre les quatre maladies chroniques est une réalité chez 1/3 des patients. Les associations les plus fréquentes sont HTA+DM (14%) et HTA+DCI (6,25%). Il existe une corrélation positive significative entre la durée de la première maladie, HTA ou DM, et l'écart jusqu'à l'apparition de la deuxième et de la troisième maladie. Chez les malades, 18.655 problèmes chroniques de santé ont été identifiés et traduits en 244 codes de l'ICPC2. La moyenne des problèmes a été de 5,94 (DP=3,04). L'âge, l'activité professionnelle, la fonctionnalité familiale et la scolarité sont les variables qui ont le plus contribué à différencier les individus face à la comorbilité. Des différences notoires ont été trouvées entre médecins (c2=1165,368 r=0) et entre les groupements régionaux (c2=157,108 r=0) en ce qui concerne la comorbidité. Dans le groupe de patients de Lisbonne, le chiffre moyen de problèmes est de 6,45 et à Beja il est de 5,35. Cette étude met en évidence plusieurs conséquences pour les professionnels, les services, l'enseignement et l'élargissement du savoir dans ce domaine. Les médecins, soucieux de gérer efficacement les soins sont appelés à jouer un rôle de gestionnaires de la complexité et de coordinateurs, de même qu'à travailler dans un modèle d'organisation soutenus par un travail d'équipe. D'autre part, les services de santé doivent eux aussi développer des mesures d'évaluation des soins qui intègrent la comorbidité comme mesure de risque. Le contexte social de la chronicité et de la comorbidité devra être inclus comme domaines à étudier. La fin de cette thèse décrit l'impact de cette étude sur les collaborateurs et le développement futur de la recherche dans ce domaine.

Microcystin-LR detection in water by the Fabry–Pérot interferometer using an optical fibre coated with a sol–gel imprinted sensing membrane

Cyanobacteria deteriorate the water quality and are responsible for emerging outbreaks and epidemics causing harmful diseases in Humans and animals because of their toxins. Microcystin-LR (MCT) is one of the most relevant cyanotoxin, being the most widely studied hepatotoxin. For safety purposes, the World Health Organization recommends a maximum value of 1 μg L−1 of MCT in drinking water. Therefore, there is a great demand for remote and real-time sensing techniques to detect and quantify MCT. In this work a Fabry–Pérot sensing probe based on an optical fibre tip coated with a MCT selective thin film is presented. The membranes were developed by imprinting MCT in a sol–gel matrix that was applied over the tip of the fibre by dip coating. The imprinting effect was obtained by curing the sol–gel membrane, prepared with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), diphenyl-dimethoxysilane (DPDMS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), in the presence of MCT. The imprinting effect was tested by preparing a similar membrane without template. In general, the fibre Fabry–Pérot with a Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIP) sensor showed low thermal effect, thus avoiding the need of temperature control in field applications. It presented a linear response to MCT concentration within 0.3–1.4 μg L−1 with a sensitivity of −12.4 ± 0.7 nm L μg−1. The corresponding Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) displayed linear behaviour for the same MCT concentration range, but with much less sensitivity, of −5.9 ± 0.2 nm L μg−1. The method shows excellent selectivity for MCT against other species co-existing with the analyte in environmental waters. It was successfully applied to the determination of MCT in contaminated samples. The main advantages of the proposed optical sensor include high sensitivity and specificity, low-cost, robustness, easy preparation and preservation.

The Management of the Allergic Child at School: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the Allergic Child at School

Allergy affects at least one-quarter of European schoolchildren, it reduces quality of life and may impair school performance; there is a risk of severe reactions and, in rare cases, death. Allergy is a multi-system disorder, and children often have several co-existing diseases, i.e. allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema and food allergy. Severe food allergy reactions may occur for the first time at school, and overall 20% of food allergy reactions occur in schools. Up to two-thirds of schools have at least one child at risk of anaphylaxis but many are poorly prepared. A cooperative partnership between doctors, community and school nurses, school staff, parents and the child is necessary to ensure allergic children are protected. Schools and doctors should adopt a comprehensive approach to allergy training, ensuring that all staff can prevent, recognize and initiate treatment of allergic reactions.

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Different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) fungal taxa have a differential effect on the growth of co-existing plant species. This means that in order to fully understand the role of these fungi in plant communities, information is needed on whether the symbiosis is specific. In this chapter, I briefly review the ecological consequences of specificity versus non-specificity in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant ecology. Both from a theoretical approach, and based on observations, there has been an underlying assumption that no specificity exists in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. I consider why these assumptions have been made. Direct evidence for or against specificity in the symbiosis is scant and the reason is mainly due to the difficulty in describing AMF community structure in natural communities (see Clapp et al., Chap.8, this Vol.). Here, I take an evolutionary, as well as an ecological, approach to look at the evidence that predicts that evolution of specificity in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis could occur. I then consider alternative hypotheses and evidence that could explain why the evolution of specificity might not occur. These hypotheses are based on the growth habit, reproductive strategies and foraging behaviour of AMF and on new findings concerning ANF genetics.