Difficulties in the Learning of Statistics by the Students of the Primary Education

The present study, covering students from public schools and a private school on the island of São Miguel (Azores, Portugal), aims to meet the difficulties of the students of the 3rd and 4th years of the primary education in solving tasks involving construction, reading and interpreting tables and statistical graphs, in the context of Organization and Data Handling (ODH). We present the main results obtained from statistical methods, among which we highlight some non-parametric hypothesis tests and the Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA), given the nature of the variables included in the questionnaire (mostly nominal and ordinal variables).

The Role of Psychological Adjustment in the Decision-Making Process for Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: This study's objective was to evaluate the role of psychological adjustment in the decision-making process to have an abortion and explore individual variables that might influence this decision. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we sequentially enrolled 150 women who made the decision to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy in Maternity Dr. Alfredo da Costa, in Lisbon, Portugal, between September 2008 and June 2009. The instruments were the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS), Emotional Assessment Scale (EAS), Decision Conflict Scale (DCS), and Beliefs and Values Questionnaire (BVQ). We analyzed the data using Student's T-tests, MANOVA, ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc tests and CATPCA. Statistically significant effects were accepted for p<0.05. RESULTS: The participants found the decision difficult and emotionally demanding, although they also identified it as a low conflict decision. The prevailing emotions were sadness, fear and stress; but despite these feelings, the participants remained psychologically adjusted in the moment they decided to have an abortion. The resolution to terminate the pregnancy was essentially shared with supportive people and it was mostly motivated by socio-economic issues. The different beliefs and values found in this sample, and their possible associations are discussed. CONCLUSION: Despite high levels of stress, the women were psychologically adjusted at the time of making the decision to terminate the pregnancy. However, opposing what has been previously reported, the women presented high levels of sadness and fear, showing that this decision was hard to make, triggering disruptive emotions.

E-government e participação política em Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado em MPA - Administração Pública

Dimensionality of drinking consequences - cross-cultural comparability and stability over time

Despite the long tradition for asking about the negative social and health consequences of alcohol consumption in surveys, little is known about the dimensionality of these consequences. Analysing cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Nordic Taxation Study collected for Sweden, Finland, and Denmark in two waves in 2003 and 2004 by means of an explorative principal component analysis for categorical data (CATPCA), it is tested whether consequences have a single underlying dimension across cultures. It further tests the reliability, replicability, concurrent and predictive validity of the consequence scales. A one-dimensional solution was commonly preferable. Whereas the two-dimensional solution was unable to distinguish clearly between different concepts of consequences, the one-dimensional solution resulted in interpretable, generally very stable scales within countries across different samples and time.

Status and Potential of Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Xishuangbanna, southern P.R. China

With Chinas rapid economic development during the last decades, the national demand for livestock products has quadrupled within the last 20 years. Most of that increase in demand has been answered by subsidized industrialized production systems, while million of smallholders, which still provide the larger share of livestock products in the country, have been neglected. Fostering those systems would help China to lower its strong urban migration streams, enhance the livelihood of poorer rural population and provide environmentally save livestock products which have a good chance to satisfy customers demand for ecological food. Despite their importance, China’s smallholder livestock keepers have not yet gained appropriate attention from governmental authorities and researchers. However, profound analysis of those systems is required so that adequate support can lead to a better resource utilization and productivity in the sector. To this aim, this pilot study analyzes smallholder livestock production systems in Xishuangbanna, located in southern China. The area is bordered by Lao and Myanmar and geographically counts as tropical region. Its climate is characterized by dry and temperate winters and hot summers with monsoon rains from May to October. While the regionis plain, at about 500 m asl above sea level in the south, outliers of the Himalaya mountains reach out into the north of Xishuangbanna, where the highest peak reaches 2400 m asl. Except of one larger city, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna mainly is covered by tropical rainforest, areas under agricultural cultivation and villages. The major income is generated through inner-Chinese tourism and agricultural production. Intensive rubber plantations are distinctive for the lowland plains while small-scaled traditional farms are scattered in the mountane regions. In order to determine the current state and possible future chances of smallholder livestock production in that region, this study analyzed the current status of the smallholder livestock sector in the Naban River National Nature Reserve (NRNNR), an area which is largely representative for the whole prefecture. It covers an area of about 50square kilometer and reaches from 470 up to 2400 m asl. About 5500 habitants of different ethnic origin are situated in 24 villages. All data have been collected between October 2007 and May 2010. Three major objectives have been addressed in the study: 1. Classifying existing pig production systems and exploring respective pathways for development 2. Quantifying the performance of pig breeding systemsto identify bottlenecks for production 3. Analyzing past and current buffalo utilization to determine the chances and opportunities of buffalo keeping in the future In order to classify the different pig production s ystems, a baseline survey (n=204, stratified cluster sampling) was carried out to gain data about livestock species, numbers, management practices, cultivated plant species and field sizes as well associo-economic characteristics. Sampling included two clusters at village level (altitude, ethnic affiliation), resulting in 13 clusters of which 13-17 farms were interviewed respectively. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and a two-step clustering algorithm have been applied to identify determining farm characteristics and assort recorded households into classes of livestock production types. The variables keep_sow_yes/no, TLU_pig, TLU_buffalo, size_of_corn_fields, altitude_class, size_of_tea_plantationand size_of_rubber_fieldhave been found to be major determinants for the characterization of the recorded farms. All farms have extensive or semi-intensive livestock production, pigs and buffaloes are predominant livestock species while chicken and aquaculture are available but play subordinate roles for livelihoods. All pig raisers rely on a single local breed, which is known as Small Ear Pig (SMEP) in the region. Three major production systemshave been identified: Livestock-corn based LB; 41%), rubber based (RB; 39%) and pig based (PB;20%) systems. RB farms earn high income from rubber and fatten 1.9 ±1.80 pigs per household (HH), often using purchased pig feed at markets. PB farms own similar sized rubber plantations and raise 4.7 ±2.77 pigs per HH, with fodder mainly being cultivated and collected in theforest. LB farms grow corn, rice and tea and keep 4.6 ±3.32 pigs per HH, also fed with collected and cultivated fodder. Only 29% of all pigs were marketed (LB: 20%; RB: 42%; PB: 25%), average annual mortality was 4.0 ±4.52 pigs per farm (LB: 4.6 ±3.68; RB: 1.9 ±2.14; PB: 7.1 ±10.82). Pig feed mainly consists of banana pseudo stem, corn and rice hives and is prepared in batches about two to three times per week. Such fodder might be sufficient in energy content but lacks appropriate content of protein. Pigs therefore suffer from malnutrition, which becomes most critical in the time before harvest season around October. Farmers reported high occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in carcasses and often pig stables were wet and filled with manure. Deficits in nutritional and hygienic management are major limits for development and should be the first issues addressed to improve productivity. SME pork was found to be known and referred by local customers in town and by richer lowland farmers. However, high prices and lacking availability of SME pork at local wet-markets were the reasons which limited purchase. If major management constraints are overcome, pig breeders (PB and LB farms) could increase the share of marketed pigs for town markets and provide fatteners to richer RB farmers. RB farmers are interested in fattening pigs for home consumption but do not show any motivation for commercial pig raising. To determine the productivity of input factors in pig production, eproductive performance, feed quality and quantity as well as weight development of pigs under current management were recorded. The data collection included a progeny history survey covering 184 sows and 437 farrows, bi-weekly weighing of 114 pigs during a 16-months time-span on 21 farms (10 LB and 11 PB) as well as the daily recording of feed quality and quantity given to a defined number of pigs on the same 21 farms. Feed samples of all recorded ingredients were analyzed for their respective nutrient content. Since no literature values on thedigestibility of banana pseudo stem – which is a major ingredient of traditional pig feed in NRNNR – were found, a cross-sectional digestibility trial with 2x4 pigs has been conducted on a station in the research area. With the aid of PRY Herd Life Model, all data have been utilized to determine thesystems’ current (Status Quo = SQ) output and the productivity of the input factor “feed” in terms of saleable life weight per kg DM feed intake and monetary value of output per kg DM feed intake.Two improvement scenarios were simulated, assuming 1) that farmers adopt a culling managementthat generates the highest output per unit input (Scenario 1; SC I) and 2) that through improved feeding, selected parameters of reproduction are improved by 30% (SC II). Daily weight gain averaged 55 ± 56 g per day between day 200 and 600. The average feed energy content of traditional feed mix was 14.92 MJ ME. Age at first farrowing averaged 14.5 ± 4.34 months, subsequent inter-farrowing interval was 11.4 ± 2.73 months. Littersize was 5.8 piglets and weaning age was 4.3 ± 0.99 months. 18% of piglets died before weaning. Simulating pig production at actualstatus, it has been show that monetary returns on inputs (ROI) is negative (1:0.67), but improved (1:1.2) when culling management was optimized so that highest output is gained per unit feed input. If in addition better feeding, controlled mating and better resale prices at fixed dates were simulated, ROI further increased to 1:2.45, 1:2.69, 1:2.7 and 1:3.15 for four respective grower groups. Those findings show the potential of pork production, if basic measures of improvement are applied. Futureexploration of the environment, including climate, market-season and culture is required before implementing the recommended measures to ensure a sustainable development of a more effective and resource conserving pork production in the future. The two studies have shown that the production of local SME pigs plays an important role in traditional farms in NRNNR but basic constraints are limiting their productivity. However, relatively easy approaches are sufficient for reaching a notable improvement. Also there is a demand for more SME pork on local markets and, if basic constraints have been overcome, pig farmers could turn into more commercial producers and provide pork to local markets. By that, environmentally safe meat can be offered to sensitive consumers while farmers increase their income and lower the risk of external shocks through a more diverse income generating strategy. Buffaloes have been found to be the second important livestock species on NRNNR farms. While they have been a core resource of mixed smallholderfarms in the past, the expansion of rubber tree plantations and agricultural mechanization are reasons for decreased swamp buffalo numbers today. The third study seeks to predict future utilization of buffaloes on different farm types in NRNNR by analyzing the dynamics of its buffalo population and land use changes over time and calculating labor which is required for keeping buffaloes in view of the traction power which can be utilized for field preparation. The use of buffaloes for field work and the recent development of the egional buffalo population were analyzed through interviews with 184 farmers in 2007/2008 and discussions with 62 buffalo keepers in 2009. While pig based farms (PB; n=37) have abandoned buffalo keeping, 11% of the rubber based farms (RB; n=71) and 100% of the livestock-corn based farms (LB; n=76) kept buffaloes in 2008. Herd size was 2.5 ±1.80 (n=84) buffaloes in early 2008 and 2.2 ±1.69 (n=62) in 2009. Field work on own land was the main reason forkeeping buffaloes (87.3%), but lending work buffaloes to neighbors (79.0%) was also important. Other purposes were transport of goods (16.1%), buffalo trade (11.3%) and meat consumption(6.4%). Buffalo care required 6.2 ±3.00 working hours daily, while annual working time of abuffalo was 294 ±216.6 hours. The area ploughed with buffaloes remained constant during the past 10 years despite an expansion of land cropped per farm. Further rapid replacement of buffaloes by tractors is expected in the near future. While the work economy is drastically improved by the use of tractors, buffaloes still can provide cheap work force and serve as buffer for economic shocks on poorer farms. Especially poor farms, which lack alternative assets that could quickly be liquidizedin times of urgent need for cash, should not abandon buffalo keeping. Livestock has been found to be a major part of small mixed farms in NRNNR. The general productivity was low in both analyzed species, buffaloes and pigs. Productivity of pigs can be improved through basic adjustments in feeding, reproductive and hygienic management, and with external support pig production could further be commercialized to provide pork and weaners to local markets and fattening farms. Buffalo production is relatively time intensive, and only will be of importance in the future to very poor farms and such farms that cultivate very small terraces on steep slopes. These should be encouraged to further keep buffaloes. With such measures, livestock production in NRNNR has good chances to stay competitive in the future.

El perfil profesional de los formadores de formación continua en España.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Una aproximaci??n al perfil de los estudiantes universitarios excelentes

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Alinhamento dos projetos de tecnologia da informação (TI) aos modelos de negócio

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - USCS

Alinhamento dos projetos de tecnologia da informação (ti) aos modelos de negócio

TEIXEIRA, Luciane Diana. Alinhamento dos projetos de tecnologia da informação (ti) aos modelos de negócio. 2012. 161f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Administração) - Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, 2012.

Non-linear principal components analysis: an alternative method for finding patterns in environmental data

The main purpose of this article is to gain an insight into the relationships between variables describing the environmental conditions of the Far Northern section of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Several of the variables describing these conditions had different measurement levels and often they had non-linear relationships. Using non-linear principal component analysis, it was possible to acquire an insight into these relationships. Furthermore. three geographical areas with unique environmental characteristics could be identified. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alinhamento dos projetos de TI aos modelos de negócio das organizações

A necessidade de alinhar objetivos e estratégias da organização à execução dos portfólios, programas e projetos não é uma tarefa trivial. Muitas vezes, os projetos de TI são entregues com tecnologia revolucionária, no entanto, não em aderência plena às necessidades do negócio. O modelo de negócio (MN) pode ser visto como ferramenta conceitual essencial para capturar, compartilhar e criar uma visão comum do modelo da organização. O presente estudo buscou identificar o nível de maturidade do alinhamento dos projetos de tecnologia da informação (TI) aos modelos de negócio nas organizações no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratório-descritiva de natureza quantitativa com utilização do método levantamento de campo (survey). Responderam ao questionário 327 profissionais atuantes em projetos de TI de fevereiro a abril de 2012. Foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas descritivas e univariadas, como a distribuição das frequências percentuais, além da análise multivariada, especificamente a técnica exploratória de Análise de Componentes Principais para Dados Categóricos (CATPCA). Em resposta ao objetivo principal desta pesquisa, obteve-se um escore de 3,42, classificado como nível de maturidade ‘3-estabilizado/ focado’, isto indica o início da utilização da TI de forma estratégica nos negócios. A análise dos resultados também demonstrou que a formalização de uma sistemática de gestão de projetos de TI é um processo em solidificação crescente dentro das organizações, a estrutura organizacional funcional ainda é a mais praticada, embora a estrutura ‘projetizada’ tenha conquistado seu espaço, apresentando-se na segunda posição. O escritório de projetos lidera como sendo a área que seleciona, prioriza e monitora projetos. Por meio de testes de hipóteses, verificou-se que o escritório de projetos e a estrutura organizacional ‘projetizada’ são aspectos positivos e significativos no alinhamento dos projetos de TI aos modelos de negócios.

Competencias Genéricas/Transversales que se desarrollan bajo el Modelo Pedagógico del Centro Universitario de los Valles. El caso de las Carreras de Ingeniería del Centro Universitario de los Valles

En la actualidad, el enfoque basado en competencias ha tomado un gran auge, siendo impulsado por foros como la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Educación Superior, y el espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). En estos foros se invita a que las Universidades propongan nuevos modelos de educación flexibles y basados en competencias, sin excluir los planes de estudio de ingeniería. Los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, que los estudiantes de Ingeniería deben tener al egreso de su carrera, se articulan en una serie de competencias que las Instituciones de Educación Superior deben coadyuvar a desarrollar en los estudiantes, durante su trayectoria escolar. Las competencias abordadas en este trabajo son las genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería, es decir, aquellas que todo estudiante de ingeniería debe poder demostrar y poner en práctica al egreso de su carrera. Este trabajo inicialmente detalla el procedimiento que se siguió para definir y establecer las competencias genéricas/transversales de Ingeniería, a través de la consulta de diversas fuentes tales como Tuning, OCDE y el enfoque CDIO. Uno de los intentos exitosos es el enfoque CDIO, desarrollado por el MIT y otras universidades europeas, para la modificación de sus planes y programas de estudio. Este enfoque establece como contexto el ciclo de vida de desarrollo e implementación de un producto, proceso o sistema. Hasta el momento no tenemos una definición clara que permita diferenciar e identificar las competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingenierías, de las generales o de otras áreas del conocimiento. Esta investigación tiene como una de sus finalidades proponer una definición sobre el término “competencias genéricas/transversales para ingeniería”, así como de su contexto. La definición propuesta se fundamenta en las múltiples definiciones de competencia y sus clasificaciones existentes en la literatura. Así mismo, se define y justifica el contexto para las prácticas profesionales de la ingeniería, y el contexto para la educación de la ingeniería desde el punto de vista del enfoque CDIO. De esta manera se contribuye al argot de las competencias en el área de las Ingenierías, proporcionando un marco de referencia que coadyuve en la implementación de los currículos por competencias, sin perder de vista el contexto propuesto para las Ingenierías. Una vez definidas las competencias fue posible la construcción de una serie de instrumentos que se utilizaron para conocer la percepción de estudiantes, egresados, profesores y empleadores acerca de la relevancia de dichas competencias y el nivel de desarrollo de éstas a lo largo de la formación académica en el Centro Universitario de los Valles (CUValles), esto último solo por los tres primeros grupos de interés. La metodología usada para desarrollar el instrumento origen fue la utilizada por Crawley, Malmqvist, Östlund, y Brodeur (2007), que fue aplicada al Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, en la actualización de sus planes de estudio de Ingeniería. El instrumento fue validado tanto de forma cualitativa como cuantitativa, para lo cual se pasó por el juicio de un grupo de expertos (validez de contenido), que validaron el grupo de ítems que formarían el cuestionario, así como el estudio de fiabilidad (alfa cronbach). Por último, para lo cual se hizo un Análisis Categorial de Componentes Principales (CATPCA) al cuestionario piloto (validez del constructo). De este instrumento cuya fiabilidad y veracidad fue probada, se generaron cuatro instrumentos para cada grupo de interés (estudiantes, egresados, docentes y empleadores) donde se pudo conocer el grado de importancia que estos grupos le asignaron a ese conjunto de competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería, así como el grado de desarrollo o promoción que éstas tienen durante una trayectoria escolar de las carreras de ingeniería, sin embargo no así el grado de suficiencia que estas tienen o deben tener. Estos instrumentos está compuestos por tres partes, en la primera se conocían los datos de tipo sociodemográficos de los participantes, la segunda parte estaba compuesta de 42 ítems o 42 competencias genéricas/transversales y la tercera parte consta de información que el participante crea relevante hacer resaltar. Una vez hecha la recogida de datos se pueden resaltar algunos puntos importantes como sería el hecho de que en los cuatro instrumentos dirigidos a los grupos de interés, todos ellos califican o expresan su alto grado de acuerdo con 41 de las 42 competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería. De esta forma se puede aseverar que estas competencias propuestas y establecidas son un gran conjunto de las competencias genéricas/transversales para ingeniería que todo egresado de dichas carreras debe poder demostrar al egreso de su carrera. Como segundo hecho todos los grupos de interés, excepto el de empleadores ya que ellos no pueden todavía opinar de forma adecuada en esto, dicen que también 41 de 42 competencias tiene un buen o aceptable nivel de promoción o desarrollo en el transcurso de una carrera de ingeniería del CUValles, pero no se puede saber su nivel de suficiencia. Esta investigación permito también conocer que tanto el modelo pedagógico del CUValles promueve la autogestión, la flexibilidad, el aprendizaje para toda la vida, el aprender a aprender, el manejo de las TIC, que son los principios que lo sustenta y se puede observar a través de los resultados que estos tienen un cierto grado de promoción, y le permitirán al centro tener más elementos para construir actividades de aprendizaje dentro del currículo, que coadyuven al desarrollo de dichas competencias genéricas dentro de las cuales están incluidos los principios antes mencionados. Podemos concluir que este trabajo logra sus metas al cumplir con cada uno de sus objetivos particulares, ya que logra establecer las competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería, propone y construye instrumentos que permitieron conocer la percepción de los estudiantes, egresados, académicos y empleadores (grupos de interés) sobre las competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería. Reconoce la importancia y valor que los grupos de interés le asignan a las competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería propuestas en esta investigación. Conoce que tanto se promueven las competencias genéricas/transversales para Ingeniería en las carreras de esta área del CUValles, desde el punto de vista de los estudiantes, egresados, profesores. Y por último analiza las competencias genéricas/transversales y establece su relación con el modelo Pedagógico del CUValles.