213 resultados para Cariama cristata


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A 140,0 kDa lectin was purified and characterized from the mushroom Clavaria cristata. The purification procedures from the crude extract of the mushroom comprised gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl s200 and ion exchange on Resource Q column. The purified lectin agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for trypsinized type O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is dependent of Ca 2+ ions and was strongly inhibited by the glycoprotein bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) up to the concentration of 0, 125 mg/mL. The C. cristata lectin (CcL) was stable in the pH range of 2,5-11,5 and termostable up to 80 °C. CcL molecular mass determined by gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column was approximately 140,3 kDa. SDS polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single band with a molecular mass of approximately 14,5 kDa, when the lectin was heated at 100 ⁰C in the presence or absence of β-mercaptoethanol. CcL induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro resulting in the release of nitric oxide (NO), reaching the maximum production at 24 h. In experimental paw oedema model in mice, CcL showed proinflammatory activity being able to induce oedema formation. Cell viability of HepG2, MDA 435 e 3T3 cell lines was examined after 72 h of incubation with CcL in different concentrations (0,5-50 μg/mL). CcL inhibited HepG2 cells growth with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL. In the present work, the observed immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects indicate CcL as a possible immunomodulator compound, interfering in the macrophages immune response, taking possible anti-parasitic, anti-tumoral effects or diagnostic and/or therapeutic

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Von M. Hellwig

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AR

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A 140,0 kDa lectin was purified and characterized from the mushroom Clavaria cristata. The purification procedures from the crude extract of the mushroom comprised gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl s200 and ion exchange on Resource Q column. The purified lectin agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for trypsinized type O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is dependent of Ca 2+ ions and was strongly inhibited by the glycoprotein bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) up to the concentration of 0, 125 mg/mL. The C. cristata lectin (CcL) was stable in the pH range of 2,5-11,5 and termostable up to 80 °C. CcL molecular mass determined by gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column was approximately 140,3 kDa. SDS polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single band with a molecular mass of approximately 14,5 kDa, when the lectin was heated at 100 ⁰C in the presence or absence of β-mercaptoethanol. CcL induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro resulting in the release of nitric oxide (NO), reaching the maximum production at 24 h. In experimental paw oedema model in mice, CcL showed proinflammatory activity being able to induce oedema formation. Cell viability of HepG2, MDA 435 e 3T3 cell lines was examined after 72 h of incubation with CcL in different concentrations (0,5-50 μg/mL). CcL inhibited HepG2 cells growth with an IC50 value of 50 μg/mL. In the present work, the observed immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects indicate CcL as a possible immunomodulator compound, interfering in the macrophages immune response, taking possible anti-parasitic, anti-tumoral effects or diagnostic and/or therapeutic

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Cotton bunchy top virus (CBTV) and the related Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) have caused sporadic disease outbreaks in most cotton regions of the world. Until recently, little was known about the diversity of CBTV or its natural host range. Seven natural field hosts and one experimental host of CBTV have now been identified. These include cotton, Malva parviflora (Marshmallow weed), Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf), Anoda cristata (Spurred anoda), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella), Sida rhombifolia (Paddy’s lucerne), Chamaesyce hirta (Asthma plant) and Gossypium australe. These are currently the only eight known hosts of CBTV. However the virus may have a wider host range than originally thought and include further non-Malvaceae species like asthma plant (family Euphorbiaceae). There are two distinct strains of CBTV in Australia, -A and -B, which have been detected in cotton from numerous locations across almost all growing regions. From 105 samples of cotton that have been positive for CBTV, 6 were infections of strain A only, 60 were strain B only and 64 were a mixed infection of strains A and B. These results indicate the symptoms of cotton bunchy top disease are closely associated with the presence of strain CBTV-B. A diagnostic assay for Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV - cotton blue disease) is being developed and applied successfully for the detection of CLRDV samples from Brazil and Thailand. This is the first confirmation of CLRDV from SE-Asia, which may pose an increased biosecurity threat to the Australian industry.

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第一部分:内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物种群和群落热值的时空变异研究 热值的研究是评价生态系统能量固定、传输和转化的基础,也是评价植物光合作用效率和植物营养值的有用参数。同种植物热值会随着植物部位、光照、养分条件、季节、土壤类型和气候条件的不同而发生变化。不同的种类和类群之间热值也存在差异。本项研究以内蒙古锡林河流域中段草原植物群落为对象,研究了植物种群和群落热值的时空变异规律。 对内蒙古羊草草原群落不同植物种群热值的时问动态研究结果表明,42种植物地上部分的热值在13.16土1.14 kJ.g-l和18.14土0.53 kJ.g-1之间变动,所有物种的平均热值为16.90土0,84 kJ.g-1,种间变异系数4.9%。小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla)具有最高的热值。禾草的平均热值高于杂草。根据生活型和生长型,草本物种被进一步分组,热值从高到低的排列顺序为:高禾草>豆科植物>矮禾草>其余杂草>半灌木>一二年生植物。 主要植物种群地下部分热值的分布范围为15.05-16.41 kJ.g-1。其中根茎型草地下部分热值较高。不同种类植物地下部分热值差异并不与地上部分一致。根茎型禾草地上、地下部分热值差异较小,而须根型植物差异较大。不同种群的植物地上部分热值随植物物候期的不同而波动,其变化规律是与植物种群本身的生物学特性相联系的。不同植物种群热值的年际波动规律有所不同,羊草(Leymuschinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)和洽草(Koeloria cristata)的年际热值波动相关显著,但与生长季降水量和生长季累积日照时数之间无明显相关性。在某种程度上,植物热值的种内变化反映了植物生长状况的差异。 42种植物的热值和它们在群落中的相对生物量存在显著正相关关系。表现为优势种(17.74 kJ.g-1)>伴生种(17.24 kJ.g-l)>偶见种(16.65 kJ.g-1)。高热值的植物更具竞争力,在群落中通常占据优势地位,而低热值的植物竞争力通常较弱,构成草原群落的伴生种或偶见种。 以内蒙古锡林河流域3个草原群落类型(羊草典型草原,大针茅典型草原,羊草草甸草原)的放牧退化梯度系列(包括未退化,轻度退化,中度退化和重度退化4个强度)为研究对象,对主要植物种群和群落热值随草原类型和退化梯度的空间变异规律及热值与其他群落和土壤性质的相关性进行了研究。 结果表明,研究区出现的60个植物种平均热值为17.25土0.92 kJ.g-1,变异系数5.4%.热值大于18.00 kJ.g-1的高能植物包括3种优势高禾草(羊草、大针茅和羽茅(A. sibiricum))和一些有毒植物,热值小于17.00 kJ.g-1的低能值植物包括多数一年生杂草;热值在17.00-18.00 kJ.g-1之间的中能值植物包括大多数多年生杂草和矮禾草。 按照生活型分类,灌木的热值最高,多年生禾草显著高于一二年生植物,半灌木和多年生杂草介于二者之间。按照水分生态类型分类,旱生植物、中旱生、旱中生和中生植物之间在热值上没有明显差异。不同科之间热值存在显著差异,禾本科、豆科、菊科植物热值较高,藜科植物平均热值最低。 二因素方差分析结果表明,主要优势物种热值在不同草原类型之间存在显著差异,表现为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原。对于大多数优势禾草,热值没有随退化梯度发生明显变化,洽草(K. cristata)、冰草(A.ctistatum)和所有优势杂草随退化程度的增强热值趋于下降。对于大多数优势物种,热值随不同草原类型的空间变异大于放牧退化所导致的空间变异。 不同草原类型的群落热值为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原,群落平均热值表现出随退化强度的增加而下降的趋势,这主要归因于沿退化梯度不同物种构成比例的变化,即随退化程度的加剧,高能值植物在群落中的比例下降。其次是特定物种热值随退化梯度的变化。在同一草原区,放牧对群落热值的影响大于立地条件之间的差异。 群落和主要物种热值均表现出与某些群落特征和土壤性质的相关性。 关键词:内蒙古,锡林河流域,羊草草原;物种和群落热值,时空变异,退化梯度,草原类型,土壤性质 第二部分内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响 基于17年的野外实验数据,研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态,探索功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系,分析结构参数怎样影响功能参数。结果显示:在17年的割草演替过程中,群落的结构与功能均发生了变化。随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行,群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化,根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一二年生植物,高丛生禾草,矮丛生禾草所取代。到17年末,群落变成根茎禾草,矮丛生禾草,高丛生禾草共同建群的群落。在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关,但在刈割群落中二者则不相关。年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%,而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子。群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力,在刈割干扰的前几年,依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节,保持相对稳定的水平,当刈割进行5年之后,群落结构的变化积累到一定程度,净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平,此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平。因此,群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的,而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的。群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定,但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退。 关键词:内蒙古,羊草草原;刈割演替;功能群组成;净初级生产;群落;稳定性

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Recent field studies suggest that Macaca thibetana, a large endemic Chinese macaque, may be quite folivorous, distinguishing it from most other macaque species, which tend to be primarily frugivorous. To understand how this diet affects its masticatory system, we conducted a comparative morphometric study of mandibular dimensions. We took linear measurements from male and female mandibles of this species as well as four other macaques-M. fascicularis, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides, and M. assamensis-and four species of Presbytis-P. obscura, P. rubicunda, P. cristata, and P. phayrei-and subjected to them to a variety of analyses. Based on analyses of variances and discriminant analyses on each sex individually, the mandible of M. thibetana corresponds to expected patterns for folivorous primates with respect to its wide condyles and thick corpora: However, the height of the corpus and symphysis are lower, and the anteroposterior length of the condyle is longer than predicted for a folivore. In addition to interpretations specifically relating to M. thibetana, we also discuss the functional morphology of the other species in light of what is published about their diets.

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大气CO2浓度升高可以通过植物间接影响土壤生态系统。土壤生态系统的结构和功能改变将影响有机质矿化和营养物质循环,进而可能对CO2浓度升高产生正反馈或负反馈。微生物是土壤生态系统的主体,在对CO2浓度升高的反馈中起着至关重要的作用。本研究以开顶箱系统为平台,采用微生物分子生态学技术和现代酶学技术,通过对长期接受500 ppm CO2的红松幼树、长白赤松幼树和蒙古栎幼树非根际土壤连续两个生长季的测定,系统研究了高浓度CO2对温带森林土壤微生物群落的生物量和微生物活性的影响,检测了土壤微生物群落的结构和功能以及土壤化学性质变化,主要结论如下: (1)高浓度CO2处理提高了土壤有机碳含量。与对照组相比较,红松幼树土壤有机碳含量提高9.4%;长白赤松幼树土壤提高0.6%;蒙古栎幼树土壤提高1.3%。 (2)高浓度CO2处理使土壤磷酸酶(phosphatase)、几丁质酶(1,4-β-acetylglucosaminidase, 1,4-β-NAG)和多酚氧化酶(phenol oxidase)活性发生了显著变化,高浓度CO2使红松土壤 1,4-β-NAG活性提高7-25%,长白松土壤1,4-β-NAG平均活性降低14%,蒙古栎土壤1,4-β-NAG平均活性提高31%。 同时研究还发现,过氧化物酶(peroxidase)和多酚氧化酶(phenol oxidase)活性与微生物量碳和微生物量氮呈显著的正相关。相关分析还显示,土壤湿度与1,4-α-葡萄糖苷酶(1,4-α-glucosidase)活性、 微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮呈显著的正相关。 高浓度CO2在不同程度上改变了土壤转化酶活性和脱氢酶活性。高浓度CO2显著提高了红松和长白赤松土壤硝化酶活性;而显著降低反硝化酶活性。 (3)研究发现三种树土壤的真菌和细菌群落存在着季节性演替,并且高浓度CO2熏蒸处理使真菌群落结构发生了显著的变化,表现为一些种群优势度下降,另一些升高。虽然,细菌群落没有如真菌群落变化的明显,但研究中也发现高浓度CO2的确使个别细菌种群的优势度发生了显著改变。 亲缘关系与Calocybe carnea,Magmatodrilus obscurus密切的真菌是红松土壤优势种群,与Humicola fuscoatra关系相近的是长白松土壤的优势种群,并且此三种真菌的季节性变化不显著。研究发现高浓度CO2使红松土壤中亲缘关系与Pachyella clypeata,Cochlonema euryblastum,Lepiota cristata,Eimeriidae sp., Trichoderma sp.相近的种群的丰富度显著提高,使蒙古栎土壤中亲缘关系与Serendipita vermifera,Calocybe carnea种群丰富度显著下降,使蒙古栎土壤中与Candida sp.,Magmatodrilus obscurus和Pachyella clypeata亲缘关系密切种群的丰富度显著提高。 (4)三种幼树叶的原位分解培养429天结果显示,红松和长白松凋落物的β-葡萄糖苷酶(1,4-β-glucosidase)和木糖苷酶(1,4-β-xylosidase)活性随着分解而逐渐增加,而这两种酶在蒙古栎凋落物分解过程中保持相对恒定;高浓度CO2显著影响叶凋落物分解磷酸酶(phosphatase),纤维二糖酶(cellobiohydrolase), 几丁质酶(1,4-β-NAG),多酚氧化酶(phenol oxidase)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase)的活性。研究发现,凋落物的生物化学性质变化能引起分解的微生物群落发生变化,进而引起分泌的胞外酶活性变化,科学印证了大气CO2浓度升高“通过影响凋落物质量进而影响分解叶凋落物的微生物群落的结构和功能”的猜测。 不同凋落物之间酶活性差异显著,真菌和细菌群落结构也显著不同。序列与Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus亲缘关系密切的真菌和亲缘关系与Verrucomicrobia bacterium密切的细菌是长白松凋落分解的最优势种群,序列与Lophium mytilinum亲缘关系密切的真菌是红松凋落分解的最优势种群。 另外,研究还发现,高浓度CO2使参与分解红松凋落物Beta proteobacterium OS-15A亲缘关系相近的细菌种群和与Azospirillum amazonense亲缘关系相近的种群丰富度显著降低;使与Luteibactor rhizovicina亲缘关系相近的种群和与Luteibactor rhizovicina亲缘关系相近的种群显著提高。高浓度CO2使定殖于长白松凋落物上Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus亲缘关系相近的种群和与Bionectria pityrodes亲缘关系相近的种群显著提高,而使与Neofabraea malicorticis亲缘关系相近的种群和与Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus亲缘关系相近的种群显著下降。

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异毛虫科(Paraonidae)和海稚虫科(Spionidae)是环节动物门(Annelida),多毛纲(Polychaeta)中两个常见的科,其成体在海洋生态系统尤其是海洋底栖动物群落中占有重要地位。中国近海异毛虫科和海稚虫科种类极为常见,在潮间带和潮下带均有分布。但由于此两科种类个体小,采集和鉴定困难,在中国一直没有系统的分类学研究。 本论文选择异毛虫科和海稚虫科为研究对象,以中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物标本馆馆藏的3000余号成体标本为主要研究材料,结合攻读博士学位期间对全国各海域的补充采集标本和从其它单位借用的标本,在认真阅读相关文献和比对某些种类模式标本的基础上,首次对此两科的中国种类进行了全面系统的分类学和地理分布研究。结果如下: 1. 本文记述了中国海域异毛虫科4属18种,其中包括3新纪录种;海稚虫科16属39种,包括7新种,10新纪录种。各鉴定种类均进行了详细的分类学特征描述,并附有形态学结构图。对罕见种类的标本和保存状况较差、光学显微镜无法获得可靠分类学信息的标本进行了扫描电镜观察,并拍摄有电镜照片。 2. 对中国海域有关异毛虫科和海稚虫科种类记录进行了系统的分类学修订,澄清了部分种类特别是一些常见种类分类学研究中存在的错误和混淆。(1)通过大量阅读文献和反复比较检查标本,认为以前我国文献记录的海稚虫科奇异稚齿虫属的奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901)实际包括3种,即扭鳃奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio inaequibranchia (Caullery, 1914)、枫香树奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 1990和冠奇异稚齿虫Paraprionospio cristata sp. nov.,其中扭鳃奇异稚齿虫和枫香树奇异稚齿虫在中国海属首次记录,冠奇异稚齿虫为一新种。枫香树奇异稚齿虫主要分布于黄海,其分布南界为121°30′ E, 34°30′ N, 扭鳃奇异稚齿虫分布于南海,其分布北界为114°00′ E, 21°45′ N,冠奇异稚齿虫分布区域较广,从长江口到南海的沿岸水域均有分布。奇异稚齿虫是分布在智利、南加利福尼亚、西墨西哥(可能还有安哥拉)的种,在我国海域未见分布。(2)将在我国北方沿海非常常见但长期被记录为鳞腹钩虫Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Müller, 1806)(海稚虫科)的标本重新鉴定为一个新种,即红纹腹钩虫Scolelepis (Scolelepis) daphoinos sp. nov.;鳞腹钩虫分布于北大西洋和地中海沿岸水域,在我国海域未见分布。(3)明确了中国海Prionospio steenstrupi复合体种类。此复合体所包含的种类在形态上十分相似,分类学研究时极易混淆。在已有的文献记录中,该复合体中国种类包括两种,玛氏稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) malmgreni Claparède, 1870和西沙稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) sishaensis Wu & Chen, 1964。本文将该复合体中国种类修正为5种,分别是包氏稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) bocki Söderström, 1920、开普敦稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Maciolek, 1985、太平洋稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) pacifica sp. nov.、欢乐稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) paradisea Imajima, 1990和西沙稚齿虫Prionospio (Prionospio) sishaensis Wu & Chen, 1964。现在大多数分类学者认为玛氏稚齿虫是一个不可鉴定种,该种的原始描述可能包括数种,且模式标本已丢失。(4)将中国海记录的矮小离稚齿虫Apoprionospio pygmaea (Hartman, 1961)更正为卡米拉离稚齿虫Apoprionospio kirrae Wilson, 1990;将中国海记录的科氏光稚虫Spiophane kroyeri Grube, 1860更正为深蓝光稚虫Spiophanes fuscatus sp. nov.。 3. 比较研究了中国海域异毛虫科和海稚虫科的区系特点,详细分析了两科中国海种类的组成。认为中国种类在区系组成上属于印度-马来区系,异毛虫科中国海特有种较少,仅2种,占该科中国种数的11%;而海稚虫科中国海特有种较多,共9种,占该科中国种数的23%。中国海异毛虫科种类组成和日本、俄罗斯附近水域的组成较为相似,中国海海稚虫科种类组成和日本、澳大利亚附近水域的组成较为相似。