Synthesis and stereochemistry of some bicyclic gamma-lactones from parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera : Braconidae). Utility of hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides and palladium(II)-catalyzed hydroxycyclization-carbonylation-lactonization of ene-diols

A palladium(II)-catalyzed hydroxycyclization-carbonylation-lactonization sequence with appropriate pent-4-ene-1,3-diols provides efficient access to the bicyclic gamma -lactones, 5-n-butyl- and 5-n-hexyltetrahydrofuro-[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-ones (3) and (4), respectively, in both racemic and enantiomeric forms. Some of the substrate pent-4-ene-1,3-diols of high enantiomeric excess (ee) have been derived from racemic terminal epoxides by hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) using cobalt (III)-salen complexes. (9Z,12R)-(+)-Ricinoleic acid also serves as a chiral pool source of other pent-4-ene-1,3-diols. These syntheses and enantioselective gas chromatography confirm the structures and absolute stereochemistry of the lactones in some species of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The highly abundant 5-n-hexyltetrahydrofuro-[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one (4) in Diachasmimorpha kraussii and D. longicaudata is of high ee (> 99%) with (3aR,5R,6aR) stereochemistry.

Subcellular fractionation of stored red blood cells reveals a compartment-based protein carbonylation evolution.

During blood banking, erythrocytes undergo storage lesions, altering or degrading their metabolism, rheological properties, and protein content. Carbonylation is a hallmark of protein oxidative lesions, thus of red blood cell oxidative stress. In order to improve global erythrocyte protein carbonylation assessment, subcellular fractionation has been established, allowing us to work on four different protein populations, namely soluble hemoglobin, hemoglobin-depleted soluble fraction, integral membrane and cytoskeleton membrane protein fractions. Carbonylation in erythrocyte-derived microparticles has also been investigated. Carbonylated proteins were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) and quantified by western blot analyses. In particular, carbonylation in the cytoskeletal membrane fraction increased remarkably between day 29 and day 43 (P<0.01). Moreover, protein carbonylation within microparticles released during storage showed a two-fold increase along the storage period (P<0.01). As a result, carbonylation of cytoplasmic and membrane protein fractions differs along storage, and the present study allows explaining two distinct steps in global erythrocyte protein carbonylation evolution during blood banking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Integrated omics.

Engineered Trx2p industrial yeast strain protects glycolysis and fermentation proteins from oxidative carbonylation during biomass propagation

Background: In the yeast biomass production process, protein carbonylation has severe adverse effects since it diminishes biomass yield and profitability of industrial production plants. However, this significant detriment of yeast performance can be alleviated by increasing thioredoxins levels. Thioredoxins are important antioxidant defenses implicated in many functions in cells, and their primordial functions include scavenging of reactive oxygen species that produce dramatic and irreversible alterations such as protein carbonylation. Results: In this work we have found several proteins specifically protected by yeast Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2p). Bidimensional electrophoresis and carbonylated protein identification from TRX-deficient and TRX-overexpressing cells revealed that glycolysis and fermentation-related proteins are specific targets of Trx2p protection. Indeed, the TRX2 overexpressing strain presented increased activity of the central carbon metabolism enzymes. Interestingly, Trx2p specifically preserved alcohol dehydrogenase I (Adh1p) from carbonylation, decreased oligomer aggregates and increased its enzymatic activity. Conclusions: The identified proteins suggest that the fermentative capacity detriment observed under industrial conditions in T73 wine commercial strain results from the oxidative carbonylation of specific glycolytic and fermentation enzymes. Indeed, increased thioredoxin levels enhance the performance of key fermentation enzymes such as Adh1p, which consequently increases fermentative capacity.

Preparation of benzolactams by Pd(II)-catalyzed carbonylation of N-unprotected arylethylamines

An unprecedented NH2-directed Pd(II)-catalytic carbonylation of quaternary aromatic α -amino esters to yield 6-membered 10 benzolactams has been developed. The reaction shows a strong bias to 6-membered lactams over 5-membered ones. The steric hindrance around the amino group seems to be pivotal for the success of the process.

A NEW HOMOGENEOUS ELECTROCATALYST FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO DIMETHYL CARBONATE

Electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon monoxide using an Cu(phen)Cl2 catalyst was achieved at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The catalytic activity of the ligand 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and the catalytic system were analyzed. The IR characterization results for the complex catalyst showed that copper ions were coordinated by nitrogen atoms of phen. In addition, the effects of the influencing factors, such as reaction time (t), reaction temperature (T) and the surface area of the working electrode (SWE) were studied.

Rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation of allylaminoalcohols: Catalytic synthesis of N-(2-hydroxy-alkyl)-gamma-lactams and bicyclic oxazolidines

Gamma-lactams and bicyclic oxazolidines are important structural frameworks in both synthetic organic chemistry and related pharmacological fields. These heterocycles can be prepared by the rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation of unsaturated amines. In this work, allylaminoalcohols, derived from the aminolysis of cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide, (R)-(+)-limonene oxide, and ethyl-3-phenyl-glicidate, were employed as substrates. These allylaminoalcohols were carbonylated by employing RhClCO(PPh3)(2) as a precatalyst under varying CO/H-2 mixtures, and moderate to excellent yields were obtained, depending on the substrate used. The results indicated that an increase in the chelating ability of the substrate (-OH and -NHR moieties) decreased the conversion and selectivity of the ensuing reaction. Additionally, the selectivity could be optimized to favor either the gamma-lactams or the oxazolidines by controlling the CO/H-2 ratio. A large excess of CO provided a lactam selectivity of up to 90%, while a H-2-rich gas mixture improved the selectivity for oxazolidines, resulting from hydroformylation/cyclization. Studies of the reaction temperature indicated that an undesirable substrate deallylation reaction occurs at higher temperature (>100 degrees C). Further, kinetic studies have indicated that the oxazolidines and gamma-lactams were formed through parallel routes. Unfortunately, the mechanism for oxazolidines formation is not yet well understood. However, our results have led us to propose a catalytic cycle based on hydroformylation/acetalyzation pathways. The gamma-lactams formation follows a carbonylation route, mediated by a rhodium-carbamoylic intermediate, as previously reported. To this end, we have been able to prepare and isolate the corresponding iridium complex, which could be confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analysis of protein carbonylation - pitfalls and promise in commonly used methods

Abstract Oxidation of proteins has received a lot of attention in the last decades due to the fact that they have been shown to accumulate and to be implicated in the progression and the patho-physiology of several diseases such as Alzheimer, coronary heart diseases, etc. This has also resulted in the fact that research scientist became more eager to be able to measure accurately the level of oxidized protein in biological materials, and to determine the precise site of the oxidative attack on the protein, in order to get insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of diseases. Several methods for measuring protein carbonylation have been implemented in different laboratories around the world. However, to date no methods prevail as the most accurate, reliable and robust. The present paper aims at giving an overview of the common methods used to determine protein carbonylation in biological material as well as to highlight the limitations and the potential. The ultimate goal is to give quick tips for a rapid decision making when a method has to be selected and taking into consideration the advantage and drawback of the methods.

Bifunctional organorhodium solid acid catalysts for methanol carbonylation

Robust, bifunctional catalysts comprising Rh(CO)(Xantphos) exchanged phosphotungstic acids of general formulas [Rh(CO)(Xantphos)]+n[H3–nPW12O40]n− have been synthesized over silica supports which exhibit tunable activity and selectivity toward direct vapor phase methanol carbonylation. The optimal Rh:acid ratio = 0.5, with higher rhodium concentrations increasing the selectivity to methyl acetate over dimethyl ether at the expense of lower acidity and poor activity. On-stream deactivation above 200 °C reflects Rh decomplexation and reduction to Rh metal, in conjunction with catalyst dehydration and loss of solid acidity because of undesired methyl acetate hydrolysis, but can be alleviated by water addition and lower temperature operation.

Synthesis of 2-Alkynoates by Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Terminal Alkynes and Alcohols

A homogeneous PdII catalyst, utilizing a simple and inexpensive amine ligand (TMEDA), allows 2-alkynoates to be prepared in high yields by an oxidative carbonylation of terminal alkynes and alcohols. The catalyst system overcomes many of the limitations of previous palladium carbonylation catalysts. It has an increased substrate scope, avoids large excesses of alcohol substrate and uses a desirable solvent. The catalyst employs oxygen as the terminal oxidant and can be operated under safer gas mixtures.

Total synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of plakortone D

The first total synthesis of plakortone D is described and thereby establishes the structure and absolute stereochemistry of the most biologically active member of the marine-derived plakortone family. The sterically congested bicyclic lactone core results from a Pd(II)-induced hydroxycyclization−carbonylation−lactonization sequence on an enediol whose chirality was installed by AD-technology. Attachment of the side chain, also constructed using AD-methodology, was achieved by using a modified Julia coupling. The described approach enables acquisition of other plakortones and analogues, in the correct (natural) stereochemical series.

Proteomic analysis of a neurodegeneration cell model, treated with plant extracts with potential neuroprotective activity

Nowadays, a significant increase in chronic diseases is observed. Epidemiological studies showed a consistent relationship between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases, namely neurodegenerative disorders. One factor common to these diseases is oxidative stress, which is highly related with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids damage, leading to cellular dysfunction. Polyphenols, highly abundant in berries and associated products, were described as having antioxidant properties, with beneficial effect in these pathologies. The aims of this study were to evaluate by proteomic analyses the effect of oxidative insult in a neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-MC) and understand the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of digested extracts from commercial and wild blackberry (R. vagabundus Samp.). The analysis of the total proteome by two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that oxidative stress in SK-N-MC cells resulted in altered expression of 12 protein spots from a total of 318. Regarding some redox proteomics alterations, particularly proteins carbonylation and glutathionylation, protein carbonyl alterations during stress suggest that cells produce an early and late response; on the other hand, no glutathionylated polypeptides were detected. Relatively to the incubation of SK-N-MC cells with digested berry extracts, commercial blackberry promotes more changes in protein pattern of these cells than R. vagabundus. From 9 statistically different protein spots of cells incubated with commercial blackberry, only β-tubulin and GRP 78 were until now identified by mass spectrometry. Further studies involving the selection of sub proteomes will be necessary to have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of berries.

PROTEOMICS OF OXIDATIVE LESIONS OCCURRING DURING TRANSFUSION-PURPOSED STORAGE OF ERYTHROCYTE CONCENTRATES

Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) are the major labile blood product being transfused worldwide, aiming at curing anemia of diverse origins. In Switzerland, ECs are stored at 4 °C up to 42 days in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM). Such storage induces cellular lesions, altering red blood cells (RBCs) metabolism, protein content and rheological properties. A hot debate exists regarding the impact of the storage lesions, thus the age of ECs on transfusion-related clinical adverse outcomes. Several studies tend to show that poorer outcomes occur in patients receiving older blood products. However, no clear association was demonstrated up to date. While metabolism and early rheological changes are reversible through transfusion of the blood units, oxidized proteins cannot be repaired, and it is likely such irreversible damages would affect the quality of the blood product and the efficiency of the transfusion. In vivo, RBCs are constantly exposed to oxygen fluxes, and are thus well equipped to deal with oxidative challenges. Moreover, functional 20S proteasome complexes allow for recognition and proteolysis of fairly oxidized protein, and some proteins can be eliminated from RBCs by the release of microvesicles. The present PhD thesis is involved in a global research project which goal is to characterize the effect of processing and storage on the quality of ECs. Assessing protein oxidative damages during RBC storage is of major importance to understand the mechanisms of aging of stored RBCs. To this purpose, redox proteomic-based investigations were conducted here. In a first part, cysteine oxidation and protein carbonylation were addressed via 2D-DIGE and derivatization-driven immunodetection approaches, respectively. Then, the oxidized sub- proteomes were characterized through LC-MS/MS identification of proteins in spots of interest (cysteine oxidation) or affinity-purified carbonylated proteins. Gene ontology annotation allowed classifying targets of oxidation according to their molecular functions. In a third part, the P20S activity was evaluated throughout the storage period of ECs, and its susceptibility to highly oxidized environment was investigated. The potential defensive role of microvesiculation was also addressed through the quantification of eliminated carbonylated proteins. We highlighted distinct protein groups differentially affected by cysteine oxidation, either reversibly or irreversibly. In addition, soluble extracts showed a decrease in carbonylation at the beginning of the storage and membrane extracts revealed increasing carbonylation after 4 weeks of storage. Engaged molecular functions revealed that antioxidant (AO) are rather reversibly oxidized at their cysteine residue(s), but are irreversibly oxidized through carbonylation. In the meantime, the 20S proteasome activity is decreased by around 40 % at the end of the storage period. Incubation of fresh RBCs extracts with exogenous oxidized proteins showed a dose-dependent and protein-dependent inhibitory effect. Finally, we proved that the release of microvesicles allows the elimination of increasing quantities of carbonylated proteins. Taken together, these results revealed an oxidative pathway model of RBCs storage, on which further investigation towards improved storage conditions will be based. -- Les concentrés érythrocytaires (CE) sont le produit sanguin le plus délivré au monde, permettant de traiter différentes formes d'anémies. En Suisse, les CE sont stocké à 4 °C pendant 42 jours dans une solution saline d'adénine, glucose et mannitol (SAGM). Une telle conservation induit des lésions de stockage qui altèrent le métabolisme, les protéines et les propriétés rhéologique du globule rouge (GR). Un débat important concerne l'impact du temps de stockage des CE sur les risques de réaction transfusionnelles, certaines études tentant de démontrer que des transfusions de sang vieux réduiraient l'espérance de vie des patients. Cependant, aucune association concrète n'a été prouvée à ce jour. Alors que les modifications du métabolisme et changement précoces des propriétés rhéologiques sont réversibles suite à la transfusion du CE, les protéines oxydées ne peuvent être réparées, et il est probable que de telles lésions affectent la qualité et l'efficacité des produits sanguins. In vivo, les GR sont constamment exposés à l'oxygène, et sont donc bien équipés pour résister aux lésions oxydatives. De plus, les complexes fonctionnels de proteasome 20S reconnaissent et dégradent les protéines modérément oxydées, et certaines protéines peuvent être éliminées par les microparticules. Cette thèse de doctorat est imbriquée dans un projet de recherche global ayant pour objectif la caractérisation des effets de la préparation et du stockage sur la qualité des GR. Evaluer les dommages oxydatifs du GR pendant le stockage est primordial pour comprendre les mécanismes de vieillissement des produits sanguin. Dans ce but, des recherches orientées redoxomique ont été conduites. Dans une première partie, l'oxydation des cystéines et la carbonylation des protéines sont évaluées par électrophorèse bidimensionnelle différentielle et par immunodétection de protéines dérivatisées. Ensuite, les protéines d'intérêt ainsi que les protéines carbonylées, purifiées par affinité, sont identifiées par spectrométrie de masse en tandem. Les protéines cibles de l'oxydation sont classées selon leur fonction moléculaire. Dans une troisième partie, l'activité protéolytique du protéasome 20S est suivie durant la période de stockage. L'impact du stress oxydant sur cette activité a été évalué en utilisant des protéines exogènes oxydées in vitro. Le potentiel rôle défensif de la microvesiculation a également été étudié par la quantification des protéines carbonylées éliminées. Dans ce travail, nous avons observé que différents groupes de protéines sont affectés par l'oxydation réversible ou irréversible de leurs cystéines. De plus, une diminution de la carbonylation en début de stockage dans les extraits solubles et une augmentation de la carbonylation après 4 semaines dans les extraits membranaires ont été montrées. Les fonctions moléculaires engagées par les protéines altérées montrent que les défenses antioxydantes sont oxydées de façon réversible sur leurs résidus cystéines, mais sont également irréversiblement carbonylées. Pendant ce temps, l'activité protéolytique du protéasome 20S décroit de 40 % en fin de stockage. L'incubation d'extraits de GR en début de stockage avec des protéines oxydées exogènes montre un effet inhibiteur « dose-dépendant » et « protéine-dépendant ». Enfin, les microvésicules s'avèrent éliminer des quantités croissantes de protéines carbonylées. La synthèse de ces résultats permet de modéliser une voie oxydative du stockage des GRs, à partir de laquelle de futures recherches seront menées avec pour but l'amélioration des conditions de stockage.