Call admission control algorithms in OFDM-based wireless multiservice networks

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is becoming a fundamental technology in future generation wireless communications. Call admission control is an effective mechanism to guarantee resilient, efficient, and quality-of-service (QoS) services in wireless mobile networks. In this paper, we present several call admission control algorithms for OFDM-based wireless multiservice networks. Call connection requests are differentiated into narrow-band calls and wide-band calls. For either class of calls, the traffic process is characterized as batch arrival since each call may request multiple subcarriers to satisfy its QoS requirement. The batch size is a random variable following a probability mass function (PMF) with realistically maximum value. In addition, the service times for wide-band and narrow-band calls are different. Following this, we perform a tele-traffic queueing analysis for OFDM-based wireless multiservice networks. The formulae for the significant performance metrics call blocking probability and bandwidth utilization are developed. Numerical investigations are presented to demonstrate the interaction between key parameters and performance metrics. The performance tradeoff among different call admission control algorithms is discussed. Moreover, the analytical model has been validated by simulation. The methodology as well as the result provides an efficient tool for planning next-generation OFDM-based broadband wireless access systems.

Gestion des ressources dans les réseaux cellulaires sans fil

L’émergence de nouvelles applications et de nouveaux services (tels que les applications multimédias, la voix-sur-IP, la télévision-sur-IP, la vidéo-sur-demande, etc.) et le besoin croissant de mobilité des utilisateurs entrainent une demande de bande passante de plus en plus croissante et une difficulté dans sa gestion dans les réseaux cellulaires sans fil (WCNs), causant une dégradation de la qualité de service. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la gestion des ressources, plus précisément à la bande passante, dans les WCNs. Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la prédiction de la mobilité des utilisateurs des WCNs. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un modèle de prédiction de la mobilité, relativement précis qui permet de prédire la destination finale ou intermédiaire et, par la suite, les chemins des utilisateurs mobiles vers leur destination prédite. Ce modèle se base sur : (a) les habitudes de l’utilisateur en terme de déplacements (filtrées selon le type de jour et le moment de la journée) ; (b) le déplacement courant de l’utilisateur ; (c) la connaissance de l’utilisateur ; (d) la direction vers une destination estimée ; et (e) la structure spatiale de la zone de déplacement. Les résultats de simulation montrent que ce modèle donne une précision largement meilleure aux approches existantes. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au contrôle d’admission et à la gestion de la bande passante dans les WCNs. En effet, nous proposons une approche de gestion de la bande passante comprenant : (1) une approche d’estimation du temps de transfert intercellulaire prenant en compte la densité de la zone de déplacement en terme d’utilisateurs, les caractéristiques de mobilité des utilisateurs et les feux tricolores ; (2) une approche d’estimation de la bande passante disponible à l’avance dans les cellules prenant en compte les exigences en bande passante et la durée de vie des sessions en cours ; et (3) une approche de réservation passive de bande passante dans les cellules qui seront visitées pour les sessions en cours et de contrôle d’admission des demandes de nouvelles sessions prenant en compte la mobilité des utilisateurs et le comportement des cellules. Les résultats de simulation indiquent que cette approche réduit largement les ruptures abruptes de sessions en cours, offre un taux de refus de nouvelles demandes de connexion acceptable et un taux élevé d’utilisation de la bande passante. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous nous penchons sur la principale limite de la première et deuxième parties de la thèse, à savoir l’évolutivité (selon le nombre d’utilisateurs) et proposons une plateforme qui intègre des modèles de prédiction de mobilité avec des modèles de prédiction de la bande passante disponible. En effet, dans les deux parties précédentes de la thèse, les prédictions de la mobilité sont effectuées pour chaque utilisateur. Ainsi, pour rendre notre proposition de plateforme évolutive, nous proposons des modèles de prédiction de mobilité par groupe d’utilisateurs en nous basant sur : (a) les profils des utilisateurs (c’est-à-dire leur préférence en termes de caractéristiques de route) ; (b) l’état du trafic routier et le comportement des utilisateurs ; et (c) la structure spatiale de la zone de déplacement. Les résultats de simulation montrent que la plateforme proposée améliore la performance du réseau comparée aux plateformes existantes qui proposent des modèles de prédiction de la mobilité par groupe d’utilisateurs pour la réservation de bande passante.

A Novel Cost-Efficient On-Line Intermediate Waveband-Switching Scheme in WDM Mesh Networks

Waveband switching (WBS) is an important technique to save switching and transmission cost in wavelength -division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. A cost-efficient WBS scheme would enable network carriers to increase the network throughput (revenue) while achieving significant cost savings. We identify the critical factors that determine the WBS network throughput and switching cost and propose a novel intermediate waveband switching (IT-WBS) algorithm, called the minimizing-weighted-cost (MWC) algorithm. The MWC algorithm defines a cost for each candidate route of a call. By selecting the route with the smallest weighted cost, MWC balances between minimizing the call blocking probability and minimizing the network switching cost. Our simulations show that MWC outperforms other wavelength/waveband switching algorithms and can enhance the network throughput at a reduced cost.

Integrated Intermediate Waveband and Wavelength Switching for Optical WDM Mesh Networks

As wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) evolves towards practical applications in optical transport networks, waveband switching (WBS) has been introduced to cut down the operational costs and to reduce the complexities and sizes of network components, e.g., optical cross-connects (OXCs). This paper considers the routing, wavelength assignment and waveband assignment (RWWBA) problem in a WDM network supporting mixed waveband and wavelength switching. First, the techniques supporting waveband switching are studied, where a node architecture enabling mixed waveband and wavelength switching is proposed. Second, to solve the RWWBA problem with reduced switching costs and improved network throughput, the cost savings and call blocking probabilities along intermediate waveband-routes are analyzed. Our analysis reveals some important insights about the cost savings and call blocking probability in relation to the fiber capacity, the candidate path, and the traffic load. Third, based on our analysis, an online integrated intermediate WBS algorithm (IIWBS) is proposed. IIWBS determines the waveband switching route for a call along its candidate path according to the node connectivity, the link utilization, and the path length information. In addition, the IIWBS algorithm is adaptive to real network applications under dynamic traffic requests. Finally, our simulation results show that IIWBS outperforms a previous intermediate WBS algorithm and RWA algorithms in terms of network throughput and cost efficiency.

The B-Terminal Busy Probability Prediction

In the teletraffic engineering of all the telecommunication networks, parameters characterizing the terminal traffic are used. One of the most important of them is the probability of finding the called (B-terminal) busy. This parameter is studied in some of the first and last papers in Teletraffic Theory. We propose a solution in this topic in the case of (virtual) channel systems, such as PSTN and GSM. We propose a detailed conceptual traffic model and, based on it, an analytical macro-state model of the system in stationary state, with: Bernoulli– Poisson–Pascal input flow; repeated calls; limited number of homogeneous terminals; losses due to abandoned and interrupted dialling, blocked and interrupted switching, not available intent terminal, blocked and abandoned ringing and abandoned conversation. Proposed in this paper approach may help in determination of many network traffic characteristics at session level, in performance evaluation of the next generation mobile networks.

VHITS: Vertical handoff initiation and target selection in a heterogeneous wireless network

Global connectivity, for anyone, at anyplace, at anytime, to provide high-speed, high-quality, and reliable communication channels for mobile devices, is now becoming a reality. The credit mainly goes to the recent technological advances in wireless communications comprised of a wide range of technologies, services, and applications to fulfill the particular needs of end-users in different deployment scenarios (Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and 3G/4G cellular systems). In such a heterogeneous wireless environment, one of the key ingredients to provide efficient ubiquitous computing with guaranteed quality and continuity of service is the design of intelligent handoff algorithms. Traditional single-metric handoff decision algorithms, such as Received Signal Strength (RSS) based, are not efficient and intelligent enough to minimize the number of unnecessary handoffs, decision delays, and call-dropping and/or blocking probabilities. This research presented a novel approach for the design and implementation of a multi-criteria vertical handoff algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. Several parallel Fuzzy Logic Controllers were utilized in combination with different types of ranking algorithms and metric weighting schemes to implement two major modules: the first module estimated the necessity of handoff, and the other module was developed to select the best network as the target of handoff. Simulations based on different traffic classes, utilizing various types of wireless networks were carried out by implementing a wireless test-bed inspired by the concept of Rudimentary Network Emulator (RUNE). Simulation results indicated that the proposed scheme provided better performance in terms of minimizing the unnecessary handoffs, call dropping, and call blocking and handoff blocking probabilities. When subjected to Conversational traffic and compared against the RSS-based reference algorithm, the proposed scheme, utilizing the FTOPSIS ranking algorithm, was able to reduce the average outage probability of MSs moving with high speeds by 17%, new call blocking probability by 22%, the handoff blocking probability by 16%, and the average handoff rate by 40%. The significant reduction in the resulted handoff rate provides MS with efficient power consumption, and more available battery life. These percentages indicated a higher probability of guaranteed session continuity and quality of the currently utilized service, resulting in higher user satisfaction levels.

Blocking the path from vagueness to four dimensionalism

There is a general form of an argument which I call the 'argument from vagueness' which attempts to show that objects persist by perduring, via the claim that vagueness is never ontological in nature and thus that composition is unrestricted. I argue that even if we grant that vagueness is always the result of semantic indeterminacy rather than ontological vagueness, and thus also grant that composition is unrestricted, it does not follow that objects persist by perduring. Unrestricted mereological composition lacks the power to ensure that there exist instantaneous objects that wholly overlap persisting objects at times, and thus lacks the power to ensure that there exists anything that could be called a temporal part. Even if we grant that such instantaneous objects exist, however, I argue that it does not follow that objects perdure. To show this I briefly outline a coherent version of three dimensionalism that grants just such an assumption. Thus considerations pertaining to the nature of vagueness need not lead us inevitably to accept perdurantism.

On Advertisement Call Of The Poison Frog Ameerega Berohoka (dendrobatidae, Anura) From The Brazilian Cerrado.

The poison frog genus Ameerega (Dendrobatidae) currently contains 32 species. They are distributed from central Brazil into western Amazonia to the lower Andean versant. In addition, three trans-Andean species have been allocated to Ameerega (Andrade et al. 2013; Frost 2014). Ameerega berohoka (Vaz-Silva & Maciel 2011) was described based on specimens from central Brazil (type-locality: Arenópolis, GO) and it is assumed to occur in parts of western and southwestern state of Goiás (Frost 2014). More recently, Andrade et al. (2013) extended its distribution to the state of Mato Grosso. Here we re-describe the advertisement call of A. berohoka, providing additional information regarding its temporal structure and spectral traits. Our observations also consist of a new distribution record for this species to the state of Mato Grosso.

Mechanical Blocking Mechanism for the Columnar to Equiaxed Transition

Mechanical blocking of the columnar front during the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) is studied by quantitatively comparing the CET positions obtained with one stochastic model and two deterministic models for the unidirectional solidification of an Al-7 (wt pct) Si alloy. One of the deterministic models is based on the solutal blocking of the columnar front, whereas the other model is based on the mechanical blocking. The solutal-blocking model and the mechanical-blocking model with the traditional blocking fraction of 0.49 give columnar zones larger than those predicted with the stochastic model. When a blocking fraction of 0.2 is adopted, however, the agreement is very good for a range of nucleation undercoolings and number density of equiaxed grains. Therefore, changing the mechanical-blocking fraction in deterministic models from 0.49 to 0.2 seems to model more accurately the mechanical-blocking process that can lead to the CET.

Some heuristic algorithms for total tardiness minimization in a flowshop with blocking

The flowshop scheduling problem with blocking in-process is addressed in this paper. In this environment, there are no buffers between successive machines: therefore intermediate queues of jobs waiting in the system for their next operations are not allowed. Heuristic approaches are proposed to minimize the total tardiness criterion. A constructive heuristic that explores specific characteristics of the problem is presented. Moreover, a GRASP-based heuristic is proposed and Coupled with a path relinking strategy to search for better outcomes. Computational tests are presented and the comparisons made with an adaptation of the NEH algorithm and with a branch-and-bound algorithm indicate that the new approaches are promising. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BLOCKING CENTRAL LEUKOTRIENES SYNTHESIS AFFECTS VASOPRESSIN RELEASE DURING SEPSIS

Recent studies revealed that vasopressinergic neurons have a high content of cys-leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) synthase, a critical enzyme in cys-leukotriene synthesis that may play a role in regulating vasopressin secretion. This study investigates the role of this enzyme in arginine vasopressin (AVP) release during experimentally induced sepsis. Male Wistar rats received an i.c.v. injection of 3-[1-(p-chlorobenzyl)-5-(isopropyl)-3-tert-butylthioindol-2-yl]-2, 2-dimethylpropanoic acid (MK-886) (1.0 mu g/kg), a leukotrienes (LTs) synthesis inhibitor, or vehicle, 1 h before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation. In one group of animals the survival rate was monitored for 3 days. In another group, the animals were decapitated at 0, 4, 6, 18 and 24 h after CLP or sham operation, and blood was collected for hematocrit, serum sodium and nitrate, plasma osmolality, protein and AVP determination. A third group was used for blood pressure measurements. The neurohypophysis was removed for quantification of AVP content, and the hypothalamus was dissected for LTC4 synthase analysis by Western blot. Mortality after CLP was reduced by the central administration of MK-886. The increase in plasma AVP levels and hypothalamus LTC4 synthase content in the initial phase of sepsis was blocked, whereas the decrease in neurohypophyseal AVP content was partially reversed. Also the blood pressure drop was abolished in this phase. The increase of serum nitric oxide and hematocrit was reduced, and the decrease in plasma protein and osmolality was not affected by the LTs blocker. In the final phase of sepsis, the plasma AVID level and the hypothalamic LTC4 synthase content were at basal levels. The central administration of MK-886 increased the hypothalamic LTC4 synthase content but did not alter the plasma and neurohypophysis AVID levels observed, or the blood pressure during this phase. These results suggest that the central LTs are involved in the vasopressin release observed during sepsis. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geographic call variation and further notes on habitat of Ameerega flavopicta (Anura, Dendrobatidae)

We describe habitat and inter-populational call variation of the dendrobatid frog Ameerega flavopicta. Data were collected in the Brazilian states ofminas Gerais and Goias. Principal component analysis separated the Goias population from others because of its higher call rates and shorter calls. The Paranaiba Rivermay represent themajor geographic barrier. We recognize the cephalic amplexus as themain type for the species. Although habitat disturbances increased since 1990, we did not notice differences in the density of callingmales at Serra do Cipo. Ameerega flavopicta appears to be quite resistant to alterations in its natural habitats caused by human activities.

Influence of ankle functional instability on the ankle electromyography during landing after volleyball blocking

The purpose of this study was to describe, interpret and compare the EMG activation patterns of ankle muscles - tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) - in volleyball players with and without ankle functional instability (FI) during landing after the blocking movement. Twenty-one players with FI (IG) and 19 controls (CG) were studied. The cycle of movement analyzed was the time period between 200 ms before and 200 ms after the time of impact determined by ground reaction forces. The variables were analyzed for two different phases: pre-landing (200 ms before impact) and post-landing (200 ms after impact). The RMS values and the timing of onset activity were calculated for the three studied muscles, in both periods and for both groups. The co-activation index for TA and PL, TA and GL were also calculated. Individuals with FI presented a lower RMS value pre-landing for PL (CG = 43.0 perpendicular to 22.0; IG = 26.2 perpendicular to 8.4, p < 0.05) and higher RMS value post-landing (CG = 47.5 perpendicular to 13.3; IG = 55.8 perpendicular to 21.6, p < 0.10). Besides that, in control group PL and GL activated first and simultaneously, and TA presented a later activation, while in subjects with FI all the three muscles activated simultaneously. There were no significant differences between groups for co-activation index. Thus, the rate of contraction between agonist and antagonist muscles is similar for subjects with and without FI but the activation individually was different. Volleyball players with functional instability of the ankle showed altered patterns of the muscles that play an important role in the stabilization of the foot-ankle complex during the performance of the blocking movement, to the detriment of the ligament complex, and this fact could explain the usual complaints in these subjects. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.