Calculation Methodology and Fabrication Procedures for Particle Accelerator Strip-Line Kickers: Application to the CTF3 Combiner Ring Extraction Kicker and TL2 Tail Clippers

A particle accelerator is any device that, using electromagnetic fields, is able to communicate energy to charged particles (typically electrons or ionized atoms), accelerating and/or energizing them up to the required level for its purpose. The applications of particle accelerators are countless, beginning in a common TV CRT, passing through medical X-ray devices, and ending in large ion colliders utilized to find the smallest details of the matter. Among the other engineering applications, the ion implantation devices to obtain better semiconductors and materials of amazing properties are included. Materials supporting irradiation for future nuclear fusion plants are also benefited from particle accelerators. There are many devices in a particle accelerator required for its correct operation. The most important are the particle sources, the guiding, focalizing and correcting magnets, the radiofrequency accelerating cavities, the fast deflection devices, the beam diagnostic mechanisms and the particle detectors. Most of the fast particle deflection devices have been built historically by using copper coils and ferrite cores which could effectuate a relatively fast magnetic deflection, but needed large voltages and currents to counteract the high coil inductance in a response in the microseconds range. Various beam stability considerations and the new range of energies and sizes of present time accelerators and their rings require new devices featuring an improved wakefield behaviour and faster response (in the nanoseconds range). This can only be achieved by an electromagnetic deflection device based on a transmission line. The electromagnetic deflection device (strip-line kicker) produces a transverse displacement on the particle beam travelling close to the speed of light, in order to extract the particles to another experiment or to inject them into a different accelerator. The deflection is carried out by the means of two short, opposite phase pulses. The diversion of the particles is exerted by the integrated Lorentz force of the electromagnetic field travelling along the kicker. This Thesis deals with a detailed calculation, manufacturing and test methodology for strip-line kicker devices. The methodology is then applied to two real cases which are fully designed, built, tested and finally installed in the CTF3 accelerator facility at CERN (Geneva). Analytical and numerical calculations, both in 2D and 3D, are detailed starting from the basic specifications in order to obtain a conceptual design. Time domain and frequency domain calculations are developed in the process using different FDM and FEM codes. The following concepts among others are analyzed: scattering parameters, resonating high order modes, the wakefields, etc. Several contributions are presented in the calculation process dealing specifically with strip-line kicker devices fed by electromagnetic pulses. Materials and components typically used for the fabrication of these devices are analyzed in the manufacturing section. Mechanical supports and connexions of electrodes are also detailed, presenting some interesting contributions on these concepts. The electromagnetic and vacuum tests are then analyzed. These tests are required to ensure that the manufactured devices fulfil the specifications. Finally, and only from the analytical point of view, the strip-line kickers are studied together with a pulsed power supply based on solid state power switches (MOSFETs). The solid state technology applied to pulsed power supplies is introduced and several circuit topologies are modelled and simulated to obtain fast and good flat-top pulses.

Calculation Methodology for Flexible Arithmetic Processing

Paper submitted to the IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SOC), Darmstadt, Germany, 2003.

Alternative methodology for calculating the modulus of elasticity of wooden beams of structural dimensions

This study aims to present an alternative calculation methodology based on the Least Squares Method for determining the modulus of elasticity in bending wooden beams of structural dimensions. The equations developed require knowledge of three or five points measured in displacements along the piece, allowing greater reliability on the response variable, using the statistical bending test at three points and non-destructively, resulting from imposition of measures from small displacements L/300 and L/200, the largest being stipulated by the Brazilian norm NBR 7190:1997. The woods tested were Angico, Cumaru, Garapa and Jatoba. Besides obtaining the modulus of elasticity through the alternative methodology proposed, these were also obtained employing the Brazilian norm NBR 7190:1997, adapted to the condition of non-destructive testing (small displacements) and for pieces of structural dimensions. The results of the modulus of elasticity of the four species of wood according to both calculation approaches used proved to be equivalent, implying the good approximation provided by the methodology of calculation adapted from the Brazilian norm.

Replacement of Trays by Packing To Increase the Absorption Capacity of Acetone during Cellulose Acetate Spinning

All textile uses of cellulose acetate involve acetone recovery, which, because of safety issues, results in large installations, in order to work with dilute streams. This compromises the efficiency of all of the involved unit operations, in this case, acetone absorption in cold water, acetone distillation, and water chilling, making them more expensive. The present article proposes the improvement of the absorption of acetone in water, traditionally performed with sieve trays, by using structured packing instead. The advantageous implementation was enabled through the utilization of a calculation methodology based on concepts of thermodynamic equilibrium of the binary acetone/water system and empirical relations that allow the evaluation of the hydrodynamics of the proposed modification.

Processos de construção e dimensionamento de pontes atirantadas

Na presente dissertação desenvolve-se o tema das pontes atirantadas. Apresentam-se várias formas de concepção estrutural, identificando os diversos elementos estruturais e as suas possíveis combinações. São também apresentadas as vantagens, desvantagens e aplicação de cada elemento estrutural na globalidade da estrutura. Os métodos construtivos foram também abordados, apresentando o faseamento construtivo, vantagens, desvantagens e condicionantes de cada processo para pilares, mastros e tabuleiros. Foi feito um estudo das várias acções regulamentares relevantes, para este tipo de estrutura, explicando para cada uma a sua metodologia de cálculo e a sua aplicação em cada elemento estrutural. A sua aplicação depende da estrutura em causa. Utilizando como caso de estudo uma ponte idealizada pelo Professor António Adão da Fonseca, que faz a ligação entre as cidades do Porto e Vila Nova de Gaia, foi feito um pré-dimensionamento de cada elemento estrutural, assim como o cálculo do pré-tensionamento dos tirantes. Em seguida foram elaboradas análises estáticas e dinâmicas através de um modelo numérico, considerando algumas das acções regulamentares estudadas anteriormente. Das análises foram extraídos valores de deslocamentos e esforços em cada elemento estrutural. Estes deslocamentos e esforços foram comparados entre várias combinações de acções e alternâncias de sobrecargas, procedendo-se no final a uma discussão dos resultados.

Cost of nursing turnover in a Teaching Hospital

Abstract OBJECTIVE To map the sub processes related to turnover of nursing staff and to investigate and measure the nursing turnover cost. METHOD This is a descriptive-exploratory study, classified as case study, conducted in a teaching hospital in the southeastern, Brazil, in the period from May to November 2013. The population was composed by the nursing staff, using Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Methodology. RESULTS The total cost of turnover was R$314.605,62, and ranged from R$2.221,42 to R$3.073,23 per employee. The costs of pre-hire totaled R$101.004,60 (32,1%), and the hiring process consumed R$92.743,60 (91.8%) The costs of post-hire totaled R$213.601,02 (67,9%), for the sub process decreased productivity, R$199.982,40 (93.6%). CONCLUSION The study identified the importance of managing the cost of staff turnover and the financial impact of the cost of the employee termination, which represented three times the average salary of the nursing staff.

Euroopan unionin kestävyyskriteerien soveltuvuus liikenteen biopolttoaineiden kasvihuonekaasuvaikutusten arviointiin

Euroopan unioni on niin sanotussa RES-direktiivissä asettanut tavoitteet uusiutuvan energian käytön lisäämiseksi 10 %:iin liikenteen energian kulutuksesta kaikissa jäsenmaissa vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Eräs näistä uusiutuvan energian muodoista on biopolttoaineet. Tässä työssä testataan RES-direktiivissä esitettyä laskentamenetelmää biopolttoaineiden tuotannon ja käytön kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen arviointiin. Esimerkkitapauksena on yhdyskuntien ja teollisuuden jätemateriaalia raaka-aineena käyttävän jäte-etanoliprosessin ja siihen yhdistetyn sähköä ja lämpöä tuottavan CHP-laitoksen päästölaskenta. Laskennan yhteydessä käy ilmi RES-direktiivin laskentamenetelmän tulkinnanvaraisuus. Laskentamenetelmän perusteella järjestelmäraja voidaan asettaa usealla eri tavalla, jolloin saadut päästövähennystulokset vaihtelevat huomattavasti eri tulkintavaihtoehtojen välillä. Jäte-etanolin tapauksessa tulokset ovat myös hyvin riippuvaisia jätemateriaalille määritellystä päästökertoimesta. Laskennan perusteella voidaankin sanoa, että RES-direktiivin laskentamenetelmällä saadut päästövähennystulokset biopolttoaineille ovat hyvin epävarmoja ja riippuvat sekä laskennan lähtöoletuksista että direktiivin tulkintatavasta. RES-direktiivin laskentamenetelmää voidaan myös pitää hyvin suppeana lähestymistapana biopolttoaineiden kasvihuonekaasuvaikutusten arviointiin. Tarkastelua tehdään suppealla järjestelmärajalla ja esimerkiksi biopolttoaineketjujen aiheuttamat epäsuorat ilmastovaikutukset jäävät huomioimatta. RES-direktiivin laskentamenetelmä perustuu perinteiseen staattiseen elinkaariarviointiin eli syytarkasteluun eikä sovellu arvioimaan muutosta. Ilmastomuutoksen hillinnän haastavuuden ja kiireellisyyden vuoksi biopolttoaineiden ilmastovaikutuksia tulisi kuitenkin arvioida myös laajemmin muutostarkasteluna, ja verrata biopolttoaineiden avulla saatuja päästövähennyksiä muilla keinoin saavutettuihin päästövähennyksiin. Näin voitaisiin paremmin arvioida sitä, mitkä keinot soveltuvat parhaiten nopeiden päästövähennysten saavuttamiseen.

Estimativa da incerteza de medição: estudo de caso no ensaio de migração de ε-caprolactama com determinação por CG-DIC

The estimation of measurement uncertainty of an analytical result is an important tool to be applied for compliance to ISO IEC 17025. Through the available guides it is possible to establish procedures and criteria for the estimation of measurement uncertainty. This paper presents a case study on the estimation of measurement uncertainty in migration the test of ε-caprolactam from the polyamide 6 packages to fatty foods with determination by GC-FID. The calculation methodology used for the estimation of measurement uncertainty for the migration test was developed based on the guides EURACHEM / CITAC and ISO GUM, taking into account relevant aspects of the migration test. The expanded uncertainty estimated was approximately 23% of the concentration of migration.

Hakkuutähteestä valmistetun pyrolyysiöljyn elinkaaren kasvihuonekaasupäästöt

Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen vähentämiseksi ja uusiutuvan energian käytön lisäämiseksi EU:ssa on säädetty direktiivi uusiutuvan energian käytön edistämisestä(RES-direktiivi). Direktiivissä annetaan ohjeet biopolttoaineiden ja bionesteiden kasvihuonekaasuvaikutusten laskemiseen. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää, täyttääkö hakkuutähteistä valmistettu pyrolyysiöljy RES-direktiivin asettamat määrälliset vaatimukset kasvihuonekaasujen päästövähennykselle silloin, kun pyrolyysiöljyllä korvataan raskasta polttoöljyä lämmöntuotannossa. Laskenta suorittiin direktiivin ohjeiden mukaan. Lisäksi työssä pohdittiin laskentamenetelmän soveltuvuutta pyrolyysiöljyn ilmastovaikutusten arviointiin yleisesti. Laskennassa huomioitiin raaka-aineen tuotannosta, jalostuksesta sekä kuljetuksesta ja jakelusta aiheutuvat kasvihuonekaasupäästöt. Päästöt laskettiin ensin oletusarvoilla, jonka jälkeen suoritettiin todennäköisyyspohjainen herkkyystarkastelu valituille parametreille. Herkkyystarkastelun tuloksista huomattiin, että päästövähennys riippuu pääasiassa kahdesta tekijästä: maaperän hiilitaseen muutoksesta aiheutuvista päästöistä ja pyrolyysiprosessin tarvitseman lämmön tuotantoon käytetyistä polttoaineista. Eniten tuloksiin vaikutti kuitenkin se, oletettiinko pyrolysaattori ja kattila tarkastelussa erillisiksi yksiköiksi (tapaus 1) vai kokonaisuudeksi (tapaus 2). Tulosten perusteella näyttää siltä, että pyrolyysiöljyn käyttö lämmöntuotannossa raskaan polttoöljyn sijasta johtaa päästövähennyksiin. Saatuja tuloksia ei kuitenkaan voida pitää ennusteina pyrolyysiöljyn todellisista ilmastovaikutuksista, koska elinkaariarviointiin liittyy monia epävarmuuksia. RES-direktiivin laskentaohjeet esimerkiksi järjestelmärajausten muodostamisesta ja päästöjen kohdentamisesta ovat epätarkat. Tästä syystä direktiiviä on mahdollista tulkita usealla eri tavalla, jolloin toisistaan poikkeavat tulokset voivat silti olla kaikki direktiivin mukaisesti laskettuja. Jotta liika tulkinnanvaraisuus ei aiheuttaisi ongelmia, olisi RES-direktiivin laskentaohjetta hyvä tarkentaa.

Stock return comovements and integration within the Latin American integrated market

Financial integration has been pursued aggressively across the globe in the last fifty years; however, there is no conclusive evidence on the diversification gains (or losses) of such efforts. These gains (or losses) are related to the degree of comovements and synchronization among increasingly integrated global markets. We quantify the degree of comovements within the integrated Latin American market (MILA). We use dynamic correlation models to quantify comovements across securities as well as a direct integration measure. Our results show an increase in comovements when we look at the country indexes, however, the increase in the trend of correlation is previous to the institutional efforts to establish an integrated market in the region. On the other hand, when we look at sector indexes and an integration measure, we find a decreased in comovements among a representative sample of securities form the integrated market.

Privatização aspectos fiscais e dívida pública

Este trabalho analisa os efeitos do programa de desestatização brasileiro sobre acumulação da dívida pública no período 1995-1999. objetivo central avaliar se utilização de receitas auferidas com alienação de ativos estatais concessões de serviços públicos no abatimento de dívidas de curto prazo tem efeito significativo sobre redução ou contenção do crescimento da dívida pública alteração do seu perfil, com reflexos sobre as necessidades de financiamento do setor público. Como possível contribuição adicional, esta dissertação apresenta um conjunto de dados, em geral pouco conhecidos, relativos às empresas estatais, ao programa de desestatização dívida pública, considerados de interesse geral. Dentre os principais aspectos discutidos no trabalho destacam-se os seguintes, referentes ao período 1995-1999. economia de juros obtida por meio do uso de recursos da privatização no resgate da dívida mobiliária interna de emissão do Tesouro Nacional atingiu R$ 8,8 bilhões, contra R$ 0,5 bilhão que Tesouro deixou de arrecadar na forma de dividendos das empresas privatizadas. No que tange aos efeitos da privatização sobre os estoques de dívidas, calcularam-se reduções de R$ 27,6 bilhões R$ 30,8 bilhões no saldo nas emissões de títulos competitivos dessa dívida, respectivamente. redução da dívida líquida do setor público alcançou 8,4% do PIB, tendo as privatizações estaduais contribuído com 3,6% do PIB. Adicionalmente, as necessidades de financiamento do setor público foram reduzidas em 5,4% do PIB. Esses são alguns resultados obtidos, por meio de metodologia de cálculo descrita no trabalho utilizando-se dados efetivamente observados, com os valores em moeda corrente preços de dezembro de 1999. Acrescenta-se esses resultados melhoria do desempenho das estatais remanescentes de alguns indicadores fiscais, com impactos positivos sobre dívida e déficit públicos. análise dos resultados indica que contribuição da privatização para redução da dívida do setor público esforço de ajuste fiscal pode ser significativa, mesmo no curto prazo. utilização de receitas de privatização para abater diversas dívidas governamentais as dívidas transferidas para setor privado reduziram carga de juros incidentes sobre dívida, seu estoque déficit público no período sob análise. privatização possibilitou, ainda, melhoria do perfil da dívida reestruturação de passivos do setor público.

A influência da temperatura nas impedâncias de sequência de condutores utilizados na rede primária de distribuição

Distribution networks are formed by long lines that carry electricity substations to homes and industries. These lines have associated impedance and depending on operating conditions of the network these impedances may vary. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the effects observed in studies of voltage drop, short circuit and electrical losses, when considered the drivers sequence impedances used in primary distribution network at different temperatures. Therefore, it is initially presented a calculation methodology and details the factors that influence the final values. The methodology presented tackles in a practical way the main factors that directly or indirectly influence the values of the impedances as an emblematic example and will be properly dealt with throughout the paper is the effect of temperature on the values of the sequence impedances. More specifically is dealt with the case of XLPE cables protected, by having a higher maximum operating temperature than the operating temperature of the network. The effects observed in the power flow generated when considering the impedance values at both temperatures were analyzed. The impedance drivers tend to increase with increasing temperature. Thus the impedance of the conductor XLPE protected will tend to be greater for the maximum operating temperature for which the operating temperature of the network, resulting in greater voltage drop and higher electrical losses

Viability study of sailing propulsion combined with a conventional system

For many years now, sails have been used as a propulsion system. At present, they are restricted to recreational/sport crafts since the appearance of the first steam vessels in the beginning of the 19 th century. But in the last years, due to the increase of fuel price and the pollution of the environment, it is being studied the possibility to introduce again the sail as a propulsive method combined with other conventional systems. In this paper, it is studied the viability of using a sail as a propellant with other conventional systems of propulsion. After considering the concept of apparent wind, the range of use of this complementary propulsion is presented. The calculation methodology, the numerical simulations and the wind inputs from a specific route are also included.

Approaches Regarding the Competition in Romanian Sugar Market

This paper proposes an economic instrument designed to assess the competitive nature of the sugar industry in Romania. In the first part of the paper is presented the theoretical background underlying index (HHI) and its calculation methodology. Then comes the results of a first application of this index for a total of 10 plants in the sugar industry, the robustness of these results is discussed. We believe HHI is a proactive tool that may prove useful competition authority, in its pursuit of continuous monitoring of various industries in the economy and in the internal decision-making on resource allocation institution (Peacock, and Prisecaru, 2013).The starting point of our research is to free competition in the European market with competitors much stronger than Romanian plants, plants that produce at a price lower than the domestic ones. In our study we will see if it is a concentration of production in factories around the strongest in Romania, concentration accompanied by the collapse of those who could not resist the market.The market concentration, competition policy, we will follow using the HHI index, for evaluation of impact analysis on existing trade, the number and size of competitors, protecting existing sales structures, avoiding disruptions in the competitive environment, etc.

Impacte da nova regulamentação na certificação energética de edifícios

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Civil, Especialização em Construção, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016