[association Between Breast Arterial Calcifications And Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Menopausal Women].

To analyze associations between mammographic arterial mammary calcifications in menopausal women and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This was a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which we analyzed the mammograms and medical records of 197 patients treated between 2004 and 2005. Study variables were: breast arterial calcifications, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests, and also evaluated the prevalence ratios between these variables and mammary artery calcifications. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.1 software. In the group of 197 women, there was a prevalence of 36.6% of arterial calcifications on mammograms. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most frequent were hypertension (56.4%), obesity (31.9%), smoking (15.2%), and diabetes (14.7%). Acute coronary syndrome and stroke presented 5.6 and 2.0% of prevalence, respectively. Among the mammograms of women with diabetes, the odds ratio of mammary artery calcifications was 2.1 (95%CI 1.0-4.1), with p-value of 0.02. On the other hand, the mammograms of smokers showed the low occurrence of breast arterial calcification, with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stroke and acute coronary syndrome were not significantly associated with breast arterial calcification. The occurrence of breast arterial calcification was associated with diabetes mellitus and was negatively associated with smoking. The presence of calcification was independent of the other risk factors for cardiovascular disease analyzed.

Cerebral calcifications and schizophreniform disorder

OBJECTIVES: Discuss pathophysiological aspects of cerebral calcifications (CC) and highlight its importance related to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric syndromes. METHOD: Single case report. RESULT: Man 52 years old, 20 years after going through a total thyroidectomy, starts showing behavioral disturbance (psychotic syndrome). He was diagnosed as schizophrenic (paranoid subtype) and submitted to outpatient psychiatric treatment. During a psychiatric admission to evaluate his progressive cognitive and motor deterioration, we identified a dementia syndrome and extensive cerebral calcifications, derived from iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSION: The calcium and phosphorus disturbances, including hypoparathyroidism, are common causes of CC. Its symptoms can imitate psychiatric disorders and produce serious and permanent cognitive sequelae. The exclusion of organicity is mandatory in any psychiatric investigative diagnosis in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes, such as in the present case report.

Calcifications vasculaires et déficit en vitamine K: un facteur de risque modifiable dans l'insuffisance rénale chronique [Vascular calcifications and vitamin K deficiency: a modifiable risk factor in chronic kidney disease].

The mechanisms of vascular calcifications in chronic renal failure are complex. Apart for clotting factors, vitamin K-dependent proteins include matrix Gla protein. Glutamic acid residues in matrix Gla protein are carboxylated by vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase, which enables it to inhibit calcification. The purpose of this review is to discuss available evidence implicating vitamin K as a modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in renal diseases.

Genetic deficiency of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase associated with skeletal dysplasia, cerebral calcifications and autoimmunity.

Vertebral and metaphyseal dysplasia, spasticity with cerebral calcifications, and strong predisposition to autoimmune diseases are the hallmarks of the genetic disorder spondyloenchondrodysplasia. We mapped a locus in five consanguineous families to chromosome 19p13 and identified mutations in ACP5, which encodes tartrate-resistant phosphatase (TRAP), in 14 affected individuals and showed that these mutations abolish enzyme function in the serum and cells of affected individuals. Phosphorylated osteopontin, a protein involved in bone reabsorption and in immune regulation, accumulates in serum, urine and cells cultured from TRAP-deficient individuals. Case-derived dendritic cells exhibit an altered cytokine profile and are more potent than matched control cells in stimulating allogeneic T cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. These findings shed new light on the role of osteopontin and its regulation by TRAP in the pathogenesis of common autoimmune disorders.

Les calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques [Pulmonary metastatic calcification].

INTRODUCTION: The lung is the organ most frequently involved by metastatic calcification. This condition is probably under-diagnosed, the patients usually being asymptomatic. This article summarizes the current knowledge concerning pulmonary metastatic calcification. BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of pulmonary metastatic calcification is not well known, but it involves phosphate-calcium balance, renal function and pH. The most frequently encountered aetiologies are hyperparathyroidism, neoplastic bony lesions, and renal failure. The definitive diagnosis is achieved by histology, radiological examinations being insensitive. The clinical manifestations are various and can include a pulmonary restrictive syndrome, diffusion abnormalities, hypoxaemia and respiratory failure. The latter can be severe and influence the prognosis adversely: 19 cases of fatal pulmonary metastatic calcification have been reported. The treatment is aetiological and symptomatic. VIEWPOINT: The prognostic factors for a poor outcome of this potentially lethal condition remain to be determined. The management of asymptomatic patients is also uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary metastatic calcification is a rare condition of complex pathogenesis. The clinical manifestations are varied, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, even fatal.

Les calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques : présentation d'un cas et revue de la littérature

Ce travail décrit le cas d'un patient présentant un carcinome parathyroïdien ayant occasionné des calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques d'évolution rapidement fatale, malgré une prise en charge médicale précoce et agressive. L'objectif de cette présentation est de faciliter le diagnostic ainsi que la prise en charge de cette pathologie rarement symptomatique mais potentiellement mortelle.¦Une revue extensive de littérature a été effectuée, afin de préciser les aspects étiologiques, pathogéniques, pathologiques, cliniques et radiologiques des calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques. Un recensement de tous les cas décrits ayant conduit au décès des patients a en outre été fait.¦La pathogenèse des calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques est encore incomplètement élucidée. Elle fait intervenir des variations de l'équillibre phospho- calcique, de la fonction rénale ou encore du pH. Les étiologies le plus souvent retouvées sont l'hyperparathyroïdie, les lésions osseuses lytiques néoplasiques et l'insuffisance rénale. Le diagnostic définitif est obtenu par l'histologie, les différents examens radiologiques n'étant que peu sensibles. Les manifestations clinique peuvent comprendre un syndrome pulmonaire restrictif, des troubles de la diffusion, une hypoxémie ou encore une insuffisance respiratoire.¦Le cas relaté démontre le caractère potentiellement fulminant et létàl des calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques. Il s'agit du premier cas mortel décrit de calcifications pulmonaires métastatiques secondaires à une néoplasie parathyroïdienne maligne.

Effects of Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide Compared to Lanthanum Carbonate and Sevelamer Carbonate on Phosphate Homeostasis and Vascular Calcifications in a Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Failure.

Elevated serum phosphorus, calcium, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. This study evaluated the effects of sucroferric oxyhydroxide (PA21), a new iron-based phosphate binder, versus lanthanum carbonate (La) and sevelamer carbonate (Se), on serum FGF23, phosphorus, calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations, and the development of vascular calcification in adenine-induced chronic renal failure (CRF) rats. After induction of CRF, renal function was significantly impaired in all groups: uremic rats developed severe hyperphosphatemia, and serum iPTH increased significantly. All uremic rats (except controls) then received phosphate binders for 4 weeks. Hyperphosphatemia and increased serum iPTH were controlled to a similar extent in all phosphate binder-treatment groups. Only sucroferric oxyhydroxide was associated with significantly decreased FGF23. Vascular calcifications of the thoracic aorta were decreased by all three phosphate binders. Calcifications were better prevented at the superior part of the thoracic and abdominal aorta in the PA21 treated rats. In adenine-induced CRF rats, sucroferric oxyhydroxide was as effective as La and Se in controlling hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and vascular calcifications. The role of FGF23 in calcification remains to be confirmed.

Intraosseous migration of tendinous calcifications: cortical erosions, subcortical migration and extensive intramedullary diffusion, a SIMS series.

Calcium hydroxyapatite crystal deposition is a common disorder, which sometimes causes acute pain as calcifications dissolve and migrate into adjacent soft tissue. Intraosseous calcium penetration has also been described. We illustrate the appearance of these lesions using a series of 35 cases compiled by members of the French Society of Musculoskeletal Imaging (Société d'Imagerie Musculo-Squelettique, SIMS). The first group in our series (7 cases) involved calcification-related cortical erosions of the humeral and femoral diaphyses, in particular at the pectoralis major and gluteus maximus insertions. A second group (28 cases) involved the presence of calcium material in subcortical areas. The most common site was the greater tubercle of the humerus, accompanying a calcifying tendinopathy of the supraspinatus. In addition, an extensive intramedullary diffusion of calcium deposits was observed in four of these cases, associated with cortical erosion in one case and subcortical lesions in three cases. Cortical erosions and intraosseous migration of calcifications associated with calcific tendinitis may be confused with neoplasm or infection. It is important to recognize atypical presentations of hydroxyapatite deposition to avoid unnecessary investigation or surgery.

CT attenuation values of blood and myocardium: rationale for accurate coronary artery calcifications detection with multi-detector CT.

OBJECTIVES: To determine inter-session and intra/inter-individual variations of the attenuations of aortic blood/myocardium with MDCT in the context of calcium scoring. To evaluate whether these variations are dependent on patients' characteristics. METHODS: Fifty-four volunteers were evaluated with calcium scoring non-enhanced CT. We measured attenuations (inter-individual variation) and standard deviations (SD, intra-individual variation) of the blood in the ascending aorta and of the myocardium of left ventricle. Every volunteer was examined twice to study the inter-session variation. The fat pad thickness at the sternum and noise (SD of air) were measured too. These values were correlated with the measured aortic/ventricular attenuations and their SDs (Pearson). Historically fixed thresholds (90 and 130 HU) were tested against different models based on attenuations of blood/ventricle. RESULTS: The mean attenuation was 46 HU (range, 17-84 HU) with mean SD 23 HU for the blood, and 39 HU (10-82 HU) with mean SD 18 HU for the myocardium. The attenuation/SD of the blood were significantly higher than those of the myocardium (p < 0.01). The inter-session variation was not significant. There was a poor correlation between SD of aortic blood/ventricle with fat thickness/noise. Based on existing models, 90 HU threshold offers a confidence interval of approximately 95% and 130 HU more than 99%. CONCLUSIONS: Historical thresholds offer high confidence intervals for exclusion of aortic blood/myocardium and by the way for detecting calcifications. Nevertheless, considering the large variations of blood/myocardium CT values and the influence of patient's characteristics, a better approach might be an adaptive threshold.

Reliability of digital panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications

Objective The present study evaluated the reliability of digital panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications. Materials and Methods Thirty-five patients under high-risk for development of carotid artery calcifications who had digital panoramic radiography were referred to undergo ultrasonography. Thus, 70 arteries were assessed by both methods. The main parameters utilized to evaluate the panoramic radiography reliability in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of this method as compared with ultrasonography. Additionally, the McNemar's test was utilized to verify whether there was a statistically significant difference between digital panoramic radiography and ultrasonography. Results Ultrasonography demonstrated carotid artery calcifications in 17 (48.57%) patients. Such individuals presented with a total of 29 (41.43%) carotid arteries affected by calcification. Radiography was accurate in 71.43% (n = 50) of cases evaluated. The degree of sensitivity of this method was 37.93%, specificity of 95.12% and positive predictive value of 84.61%. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed between the methods evaluated in their capacity to diagnose carotid artery calcifications. Conclusion Digital panoramic radiography should not be indicated as a method of choice in the investigation of carotid artery calcifications.

Facteurs de risque de calcifications vasculaires en insuffisance rénale constituant une contre-indication à la greffe rénale

On estime que des calcifications vasculaires (CVs) sont présentes chez 60% des patients avec insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT) et que ces CVs contribuent à l’augmentation de la maladie cardiovasculaire chez ces patients. La maladie cardiovasculaire est la première cause de mortalité chez les patients en IRT. La transplantation rénale est le traitement de choix en IRT mais peut être contre-indiquée pour des raisons chirurgicales liées au CVs ou en raison d’un risque de complications cardiovasculaires postopératoires trop élevé associé à la présence de CVs sévères. Il est donc primordial de déterminer quels facteurs sont associés à la présence de CVs qui rendraient le patient non-éligible pour une greffe rénale. En particulier il serait intéressant de vérifier si un produit phosphocalcique élevé est un facteur de risque de non-éligibilité pour une greffe rénale en raison de CVs. L’étude actuelle utilise la base de données de transplantation du CHUM. C’est une étude de type cas-témoins avec une cohorte de 1472 patients de 1992 à 2009. Les cas sont les patients jugés non-éligibles pour une transplantation rénale en raison de la présence de CVs sévères. Les contrôles sont les patients jugés éligibles: 80 cas et 80 contrôles ont été inclus. Les facteurs de risque qui ont été identifiés pour la non-éligibilité en raison de CVs sont le diabète (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 5.55 (1.98 - 15.59)), l’âge (OR: 1.14 (1.09 – 1.2)), le tabagisme (OR: 9.51 (2.55 – 35.51)) et la dialyse (OR: 6.83 (2.33 – 20.05)). La durée de la dialyse a aussi été identifiée comme facteur de risque (OR : 8.61 (2.34-31.68) pour une durée de dialyse de 8 mois et plus, OR : 4.57 (1.42-14.65) pour une durée de dialyse de 1 à 7 mois. Bien que significatif en univarié, le produit phosphocalcique n’a pas été identifié comme facteur de risque significatif dans les analyses multivariées. En conclusion, cette étude montre que le produit phosphocalcique pourrait être un marqueur d’une insuffisance rénale prolongée et moins bien contrôlée plutôt qu’un facteur de risque de calcifications rendant le patient non-éligible à la greffe. De plus cette étude met de l’emphase sur la notion qu’il est primordial 1) de référer précocement les patients à haut risque de CVs vers un centre de transplantation pour une évaluation et 2) de prendre en charge agressivement l’arrêt du tabac chez tous les patients qui sont potentiellement éligibles pour une transplantation.