The Importance of Bees for Eggplant Cultivations (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Productivity of lettuce and radish cultivations as a function of spacing and of time of establishment of intercropping

The experiment was conducted at UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, during the period of September to November of 2000, with the objective of evaluating the productivity of the cultivation of lettuce and radishes as a function of spacing between plants and of the time of establishment of intercropping. The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks and four replications. The 14 treatments consisted of combinations of spacing between lines (0.30 and 0.40 m), cultivation systems (intercropping and monoculture), and time of sowing of radish seeds to establish intercropping (0, 7 and 14 days after transplant of lettuce). The cultivars of lettuce and radish were, 'Tainá' and 'Crimson Gigante', respectively. A greater yield of commercial radish roots was obtained with intercropping cultivation. The fresh mass of lettuce in monoculture did not differ from that produced with intercropping. These results suggest that intercropping cultivation between these species is advantageous.

Culture medium of diluted skimmed milk for the production of nisin in batch cultivations

Nisin is a promising alternative to chemical preservatives for use as a natural biopreservative in foods. This bacteriocin has also potential biomedical applications. Lactic acid bacteria are commonly cultivated in expensive standard complex media. We have evaluated the cell growth and nisin production of Lactococcus lactis in a low-cost natural medium consisting of diluted skimmed milk in a 2-L bioreactor. The assays were performed at 30 degrees C for 56 h, at varying agitation speeds and airflow rates: (1) 200 rpm (no airflow, and airflow at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 L/min); (2) 100 rpm (no airflow, and airflow at 0.5 L/min). Nisin activity was evaluated using agar diffusion assays. The highest nisin concentration, 49.88 mg/L (3.3 log AU/mL or 1,995.29 AU/mL), was obtained at 16 h of culture, 200 rpm and no airflow (k(L)a = 5.29 x 10(-3)). These results show that a cultivation medium composed of diluted skimmed milk supports cell growth to facilitate nisin biosynthesis.

Soil properties and crop yields in a dryland Vertisol sown with cotton-based crop rotations

Information on the effects of growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-based crop rotations on soil quality of dryland Vertisols is sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of growing cereal and leguminous crops in rotation with dryland cotton on physical and chemical properties of a grey Vertisol near Warra, SE Queensland, Australia. The experimental treatments, selected after consultations with local cotton growers, were continuous cotton (T1), cotton-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) (T2), cotton-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) double cropped (T3), cotton-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) double cropped followed by wheat (T4) and cotton-wheat (T5). From 1993 to 1996 land preparation was by chisel ploughing to about 0.2 m followed by two to four cultivations with a Gyral tyne cultivator. Thereafter all crops were sown with zero tillage except for cultivation with a chisel plough to about 0.07-0.1 m after cotton picking to control heliothis moth pupae. Soil was sampled from 1996 to 2004 and physical (air-filled porosity of oven-dried soil, an indicator of soil compaction; plastic limit; linear shrinkage; dispersion index) and chemical (pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, organic carbon, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na contents) properties measured. Crop rotation affected soil properties only with respect to exchangeable Na content and air-filled porosity. In the surface 0.15 m during 2000 and 2001 lowest air-filled porosity occurred with T1 (average of 34.6 m3/100 m3) and the highest with T3 (average of 38.9 m3/100 m3). Air-filled porosity decreased in the same depth between 1997 and 1998 from 45.0 to 36.1 m3/100 m3, presumably due to smearing and compaction caused by shallow cultivation in wet soil. In the subsoil, T1 and T2 frequently had lower air-filled porosity values in comparison with T3, T4 and T5, particularly during the early stages of the experiment, although values under T1 increased subsequently. In general, compaction was less under rotations which included a wheat crop (T3, T4, T5). For example, average air-filled porosity (in m3/100 m3) in the 0.15-0.30 m depth from 1996 to 1999 was 19.8 with both T1 and T2, and 21.2 with T3, 21.1 with T4 and 21.5 with T5. From 2000 to 2004, average air-filled porosity (in m3/100 m3) in the same depth was 21.3 with T1, 19.0 with T2, 19.8 with T3, 20.0 with T4 and 20.5 with T5. The rotation which included chickpea (T4) resulted in the lowest exchangeable Na content, although differences among rotations were small. Where only a cereal crop with a fibrous root system was sown in rotation with cotton (T2, T3, T5) linear shrinkage in the 0.45-0.60 m depth was lower than in rotations, which included tap-rooted crops such as chickpea (T4) or continuous cotton (T1). Dispersion index and organic carbon decreased, and plastic limit increased with time. Soil organic carbon stocks decreased at a rate of 1.2 Mg/ha/year. Lowest average cotton lint yield occurred with T2 (0.54 Mg/ha) and highest wheat yield with T3 (2.8 Mg/ha). Rotations which include a wheat crop are more likely to result in better soil structure and cotton lint yield than cotton-sorghum or continuous cotton.

Discovery of oxidative enzymes for food engineering : Tyrosinase and sulfhydryl oxidase

Enzymes offer many advantages in industrial processes, such as high specificity, mild treatment conditions and low energy requirements. Therefore, the industry has exploited them in many sectors including food processing. Enzymes can modify food properties by acting on small molecules or on polymers such as carbohydrates or proteins. Crosslinking enzymes such as tyrosinases and sulfhydryl oxidases catalyse the formation of novel covalent bonds between specific residues in proteins and/or peptides, thus forming or modifying the protein network of food. In this study, novel secreted fungal proteins with sequence features typical of tyrosinases and sulfhydryl oxidases were iden-tified through a genome mining study. Representatives of both of these enzyme families were selected for heterologous produc-tion in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei and biochemical characterisation. Firstly, a novel family of putative tyrosinases carrying a shorter sequence than the previously characterised tyrosinases was discovered. These proteins lacked the whole linker and C-terminal domain that possibly play a role in cofactor incorporation, folding or protein activity. One of these proteins, AoCO4 from Aspergillus oryzae, was produced in T. reesei with a production level of about 1.5 g/l. The enzyme AoCO4 was correctly folded and bound the copper cofactors with a type-3 copper centre. However, the enzyme had only a low level of activity with the phenolic substrates tested. Highest activity was obtained with 4-tert-butylcatechol. Since tyrosine was not a substrate for AoCO4, the enzyme was classified as catechol oxidase. Secondly, the genome analysis for secreted proteins with sequence features typical of flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases pinpointed two previously uncharacterised proteins AoSOX1 and AoSOX2 from A. oryzae. These two novel sulfhydryl oxidases were produced in T. reesei with production levels of 70 and 180 mg/l, respectively, in shake flask cultivations. AoSOX1 and AoSOX2 were FAD-dependent enzymes with a dimeric tertiary structure and they both showed activity on small sulfhydryl compounds such as glutathione and dithiothreitol, and were drastically inhibited by zinc sulphate. AoSOX2 showed good stabil-ity to thermal and chemical denaturation, being superior to AoSOX1 in this respect. Thirdly, the suitability of AoSOX1 as a possible baking improver was elucidated. The effect of AoSOX1, alone and in combi-nation with the widely used improver ascorbic acid was tested on yeasted wheat dough, both fresh and frozen, and on fresh water-flour dough. In all cases, AoSOX1 had no effect on the fermentation properties of fresh yeasted dough. AoSOX1 nega-tively affected the fermentation properties of frozen doughs and accelerated the damaging effects of the frozen storage, i.e. giving a softer dough with poorer gas retention abilities than the control. In combination with ascorbic acid, AoSOX1 gave harder doughs. In accordance, rheological studies in yeast-free dough showed that the presence of only AoSOX1 resulted in weaker and more extensible dough whereas a dough with opposite properties was obtained if ascorbic acid was also used. Doughs containing ascorbic acid and increasing amounts of AoSOX1 were harder in a dose-dependent manner. Sulfhydryl oxidase AoSOX1 had an enhancing effect on the dough hardening mechanism of ascorbic acid. This was ascribed mainly to the produc-tion of hydrogen peroxide in the SOX reaction which is able to convert the ascorbic acid to the actual improver dehydroascorbic acid. In addition, AoSOX1 could possibly oxidise the free glutathione in the dough and thus prevent the loss of dough strength caused by the spontaneous reduction of the disulfide bonds constituting the dough protein network. Sulfhydryl oxidase AoSOX1 is therefore able to enhance the action of ascorbic acid in wheat dough and could potentially be applied in wheat dough baking.

Avaliação técnico-econômica da implementação de um sistema de cultivo de microalgas na usina termelétrica Barbosa Lima Sobrinho com vista à biofixação de CO2

Este estudo teve como finalidade levantar dados para uma avaliação das alternativas tecnológicas (cultivos de microalgas e reflorestamento) para a biofixação de CO2 da atmosfera próxima à usina termelétrica; tendo sido utilizada como referência a Usina Barbosa Lima Sobrinho. Já existe um projeto de avaliação do efeito do reflorestamento na fixação do CO2 nesta usina e, neste trabalho, foi avaliada a alternativa do cultivo de microalgas. Uma pesquisa inicial foi feita na literatura para verificar qual a espécie de microalga seria a mais adequada para ser utilizada no estudo, tendo sido a espécie Chlorella sp. a selecionada. Posteriormente os sistemas de cultivo de microalgas mais comumente empregados no mercado foram levantados e foi selecionado o cultivo em tanques abertos como referência para a modelagem do processo. Utilizando os dados da termelétrica e da literatura foi possível estimar a quantidade de CO2 que será retirada da atmosfera caso um sistema de cultivo seja efetivamente instalado na usina termelétrica. Uma análise econômica foi realizada para determinar a viabilidade do projeto. Os resultados indicam que a utilização deste tipo de tecnologia é promissora

Influence of dew on biomass and photosystem II activity of cyanobacterial crusts in the Hopq Desert, northwest China

Dew is an important water source for desert organisms in semiarid and arid regions. Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the possible roles of dew in growth of biomass and photosynthetic activity within cyanobacterial crust. The cyanobacteria, Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. and Scytonema javanicum (Kutz.) Born et Flah., were begun with stock cultures and sequential mass cultivations, and then the field experiment was performed by inoculating the inocula onto shifting sand for forming cyanobacterial crust during late summer and autumn of 2007 in Hopq Desert, northwest China. Measurements of dew amount and Chlorophyll a content were carried out in order to evaluate the changes in crust biomass following dew. Also, we determined the activity of photosystem II(PSII) within the crust in the laboratory by simulating the desiccation/rehydration process due to dew. Results showed that the average daily dew amount as measured by the cloth-plate method (CPM) was 0.154 mm during fifty-three days and that the crust biomass fluctuated from initial inoculation of 4.3 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) sand to 5.8-7.3 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) crust when dew acted as the sole water source, and reached a peak value of approximately 8.2 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) crust owing to rainfalls. It indicated that there was a highly significant correlation between dew amounts and crust moistures (r = 0.897 or r = 0.882, all P < 0.0001), but not a significant correlation between dew and the biomass (r = 0.246 or r = 0.257, all P > 0.05), and thus concluded that dew might only play a relatively limited role in regulating the crust biomass. Correspondingly, we found that rains significantly facilitated biomass increase of the cyanobacterial crust. Results from the simulative experiment upon rehydration showed that approximately 80% of PSII activity could be achieved within about 50 min after rehydration in the dark and at 5 degrees C, and only about 20% of the activity was light-temperature dependent. This might mean that dew was crucial for cyanobacterial crust to rapidly activate photosynthetic activity during desiccation and rehydration despite low temperatures and weak light before dawn. It also showed in this study that the cyanobacterial crusts could receive and retain more dew than sand, which depended on microclimatic characteristics and soil properties of the crusts. It may be necessary for us to fully understanding the influence of dew on regulating the growth and activity of cyanobacterial crust, and to soundly evaluate the crust's potential application in fighting desertification because of the available water due to dew. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics

A method for measuring the long- and medium-term turnover of soil organic matter is described. Its principle is based on the variations of 13C natural isotope abundance induced by the repeated cultivations of a plant with a high 13C/12C ratio (C4 photosynthetic pathway) on a soil which has never carried any such plant. The 13C/12C ratio in soil organic matter being about equal to the 13C/12C ratio of plant materials from which it is derived, changing the 13C content of the organic inputs to the soil (by altering vegetation from C3 type into C4 type) is equivalent to a true labelling in situ of the organic matter. Two cases of continuous corn cultivation (Zea mays: δ13C = −12%.) on soils whose initial organic matter average δ13C is −26%. were studied. The quantity of organic carbon originating from corn (that is the quantity which had turned-over since the beginning of continuous cultivation) was estimated using the 13C natural abundance data. After 13 yr, 22% of total organic carbon had turned-over, in the system studied. Particle size fractions coarser than 50μm on the one hand, and finer than 2μm on the other. contained the youngest organic matters. The turnover rate of silt-sized fractions was slower

陕北丘陵沟壑区坡地不同耕作法综合效益研究

以在陕北丘陵沟壑区坡耕地不同耕作法试验 7a的资料为依据 ,论述了不同耕作法的水分利用、土壤水分平衡及单位面积产量和水土保持等综合效益。作物生长主要依赖生育期内自然降雨 ;作物耗水量与每年生育期降雨量及土壤供水量呈显著正相关 ,不同耕作法之间变化不大 ,作物主要利用 0— 12 0 cm土层内的水分。同一年内不同耕作法的综合效益从优到劣、由高到低的排列顺序为宽梯田 >窄梯田 >水平沟 >平播 >水平阶 >隔坡梯田。而水土保持效益排列顺序为 :梯田 >水平沟 >隔坡梯田 >水平阶 >平播 >裸地。认为坡耕地确实应尽快退耕还林还草 ,以加速陕北生态环境建设 ,推进农业结构的战略性调整。

Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme screening of culturable heterotrophic bacteria from deep-sea sediments of the Southern Okinawa Trough

The Southern Okinawa Trough is an area of focused sedimentation due to particulate matter export from the shelf of the East China Sea and the island of Taiwan. In order to understand the geomicrobiological characteristics of this unique sedimentary environment, bacterial cultivations were carried out for an 8.61 m CASQ core sediment sample. A total of 98 heterotrophic bacterial isolates were characterized based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. These isolates can be grouped into four bacterial divisions, including 13 genera and more than 20 species. Bacteria of the gamma-Proteobacteria lineage, especially those from the Halomonas ( 27 isolates) and Psychrobacter ( 20 isolates) groups, dominate in the culturable bacteria assemblage. They also have the broadest distribution along the depth of the sediment. More than 72.4% of the isolates showed extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities, such as amylases, proteases, lipases and Dnases, and nearly 59.2% were cold-adapted exoenzyme-producers. Several Halomonas strains show almost all the tested hydrolases activities. The wide distribution of exoenzyme activities in the isolates may indicate their important ecological role of element biogeochemical cycling in the studied deep-sea sedimentary environment.

Bioproduction of succinic acid from renewable feedstocks by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z

Succinic acid (SA) is a highly versatile building block that is used in a wide range of industrial applications. The biological production of succinic acid has emerged in the last years as an efficient alternative to the chemical production based on fossil fuels. However, in order to fully replace the competing petro-based chemical process from which it has been produced so far, some challenges remain to be surpassed. In particular, one main obstacle would be to reduce its production costs, mostly associated to the use of refined sugars. The present work is focused on the development of a sustainable and cost-e↵ective microbial production process based on cheap and renewable resources, such as agroindustrial wastes. Hence, glycerol and carob pods were identified as promising feedstocks and used as inexpensive carbon sources for the bioproduction of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, one of the best naturally producing strains. Even though glycerol is a highly available carbon source, as by-product of biodiesel production, its consumption by A. succinogenes is impaired due to a redox imbalance during cell growth. However, the use of an external electron acceptor such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) may improve glycerol metabolism and succinic acid production by this strain. As such, DMSO was tested as a co-substrate for glycerol consumption and concentrations of DMSO between 1 and 4% (v/v) greatly promoted glycerol consumption and SA production by this biocatalyst. Aiming at obtaining higher succinic acid yield and production rate, batch and fed-batch experiments were performed under controlled cultivation conditions. Batch experiments resulted in a succinic acid yield on glycerol of 0.95 g SA/g GLY and a production rate of 2.13 g/L.h, with residual production of acetic and formic acids. In fed-batch experiment, the SA production rate reached 2.31 g/L.h, the highest value reported in the literature for A. succinogenes using glycerol as carbon source. DMSO dramatically improved the conversion of glycerol by A. succinogenes and may be used as a co-substrate, opening new perspectives for the use of glycerol by this biocatalyst. Carob pods, highly available in Portugal as a residue from the locust bean gum industry, contain a significant amount of fermentable sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose and were also used as substrate for succinic acid production. Sugar extraction from raw and roasted carobs was optimized varying solid/water ratio and extraction time, maximizing sugar recovery while minimizing the extraction of polyphenols. Kinetic studies of glucose, fructose and sucrose consumption by A. succinogenes as individual carbon sources till 30 g/L were first determined to assess possible metabolic diferences. Results showed no significant diferences related to sugar consumption and SA production between the diferent sugars. Carob pods water extracts were then used as carbon source during controlled batch cultivations. (...)

La génomique évolutive mitochondriale révèle des échanges génétiques et la ségrégation chez les Gloméromycètes

Les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) sont des organismes microscopiques du sol qui jouent un rôle crucial dans les écosystèmes naturels et que l’on retrouve dans tous les habitats de la planète. Ils vivent en relation symbiotique avec la vaste majorité des plantes terrestres. Ils sont des biotrophes obligatoires, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ne peuvent croître qu'en présence d'une plante hôte. Cette symbiose permet entre autres à la plante d'acquérir des nutriments supplémentaires, en particulier du phosphore et du nitrate. Malgré le fait que cette symbiose apporte des services importants aux écosystèmes, la richesse des espèces, la structure des communautés, ainsi que la diversité fonctionnelle des CMA sont mal connues et l'approfondissement des connaissances dans ces domaines dépend d’outils de diagnostic moléculaire. Cependant, la présence de polymorphisme nucléaire intra-isolat combiné à un manque de données génomiques dans différents groupes phylogénétique de ces champignons complique le développement de marqueurs moléculaires et la détermination de l'affiliation évolutive à hauts niveaux de résolution (c.a.d. entre espèces génétiquement similaires et/ou isolats de la même espèce). . Pour ces raisons, il semble une bonne alternative d’utiliser un système génétique différent en ciblant le génome mitochondrial, qui a été démontré homogène au sein d'un même isolat de CMA. Cependant, étant donné le mode de vie particulier de ces organismes, une meilleure compréhension des processus évolutifs mitochondriaux est nécessaire afin de valoriser l'utilisation de tels marqueurs dans des études de diversité et en génétique des populations. En ce sens, mon projet de doctorat consistait à investiguerétudier: i) les vecteurs de divergences inter-isolats et -espèces génétiquement rapprochéesphylogénétiquement apparentées, ii) la plasticité des génomes mitochondriaux, iii) l'héritabilité mitochondriale et les mécanismes potentiels de ségrégation, ainsi que iv) la diversité mitochondriale intra-isolat in situ. À l'aide de la génomique mitochondriale comparative, en utilisant le séquençage nouvelle génération, on a démontré la présence de variation génétique substantielle inter-isolats et -espèces, engendrées par l'invasion d'éléments mobiles dans les génomes mitochondriaux des CMA, donnant lieu à une évolution moléculaire rapide des régions intergéniques. Cette variation permettait de développer des marqueurs spécifiques à des isolats de la même espèce. Ensuite, à l'aide d'une approche analytique par réseaux de gènes sur des éléments mobiles, on a été en mesure de démontrer des évènements de recombinaisons homologues entre des haplotypes mitochondriaux distincts, menant à des réarrangements génomiques. Cela a permis d'ouvrir les perspectives sur la dynamique mitochondriale et l'hétéroplasmie dans un même isolatsuggère une coexistence de différents haplotypes mitochondriaux dans les populations naturelles et que les cultures monosporales pourraient induirent une sous-estimation de la diversité allélique mitochondriale. Cette apparente contradiction avec l'homogénéité mitochondriale intra-isolat généralement observée, a amené à investiguer étudier les échanges génétiques à l'aide de croisements d'isolats génétiquement distincts. Malgré l'observation de quelques spores filles hétéroplasmiques, l'homoplasmie était le statut par défaut dans toutes les cultures monosporales, avec un biais en faveur de l'un des haplotypes parentaux. Ces résultats suggèrent que la ségrégation opère durant la formation de la spore et/ou le développement de la coloniedu mycélium. De plus, ils supportent la présence d'une machinerie protéique de ségrégation mitochondriale chez les CMAAMF, où l'ensemble des gènes impliqués dans ce mécanisme ont été retrouvé et sont orthologues aux autres champignons. Finalement, on est revenue aux sources avecon a étudié le polymorphisme mitochondrial intra-isolat à l'aide d'une approche conventionnelle de PCR en utilisant une Taq polymérase de haute fidélité, suivie de clonage et de séquençage Sanger, sur deux isolats de R. irregularis. Cela a permis l'observation d'hétéroplasmie in situ, ainsi que la co-expression de variantes de variantes de protéines'ARNm dans une souche in vitro. Les résultats suggèrent que d'autres études basées sur le séquençage nouvelle génération aurait potentiellement ignorée cette variation, offrant ainsi plusieurs nouveaux arguments permettant de considérer les CMA comme des organismes possédant une population de génomes mitochondriaux et nucléaires distincts.

Viabilidade da consorciação de pimentão com repolho, rúcula, alface e rabanete

O trabalho foi conduzido na UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, de setembro/2003 a janeiro/2004, com objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade da consorciação de pimentão com as culturas de repolho, rúcula, alface e rabanete. O experimento constou de 15 tratamentos, correspondentes a 10 cultivos consorciados (combinações das cinco hortaliças) e cinco monocultivos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Foram utilizados os híbridos Magali R e Kenzan, respectivamente, para pimentão e repolho; e as cultivares Vera, Cultivada e Crimson Gigante, respectivamente, para alface, rúcula e rabanete. As produtividades de pimentão e repolho em cultivo consorciado não diferiram significativamente das obtidas em monocultivo. Maior massa fresca de parte aérea de plantas de alface (438,86 g/planta) foi observada quando a alface foi consorciada com pimentão, diferindo estatisticamente dos demais cultivos que obtiveram em média 323,05 g/planta de alface. Aumento na produtividade de raízes comerciais de rabanete foi observado quando consorciado com pimentão, porém, foi significativamente superior apenas ao cultivo consorciado de pimentão+repolho+rabanete. A massa fresca da parte aérea da rúcula mostrou diferença estatística apenas entre os consórcios de pimentão+rúcula+alface e pimentão+repolho+rúcula. Exceto o consórcio pimentão+repolho que obteve índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET) de 1,92; todos os outros consórcios apresentaram UET superior a 2,0, com maior UET (2,64) obtido no consórcio pimentão+alface. A superioridade de 92 a 164% na produção de alimento por área dos consórcios sobre os monocultivos, demonstra a viabilidade dos policultivos e maior eficiência do uso da terra.

Produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de cultivares de tomateiro sob diferentes condições de ambiente

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desempenho produtivo, adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de seis genótipos de tomateiro na região de Marília, SP. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em nove ambientes (seis sob condições de cultivo protegido e três sob condições de céu aberto), com seis genótipos (Carmen, Diva, Donador, Graziela, Vita e HE-295), em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Ocorreram diferenças significativas entre ambientes, e a média geral dos cultivos protegidos superou a dos cultivos a céu aberto quanto à produtividade, apesar de a média geral dos cultivos a céu aberto ser superior quanto ao peso médio de frutos. As cultivares, à exceção de HE-295, demonstraram alta estabilidade, merecendo destaque as cultivares Carmen, Donador e Vita, que tiveram rendimento médio superior ao da média geral, adaptabilidade geral e comportamento previsível em todos os ambientes estudados. Quanto ao peso médio dos frutos, as cultivares Diva e Vita foram as únicas que mostraram ampla adaptabilidade a todos os ambientes, comportamento previsível, além de apresentarem peso médio do fruto superior ao da média geral.