Terapia de resincronización cardíaca para sujetos con insuficiencia cardíaca asintomáticos o levemente sintomáticos: Un cambio de paradigma: del rescate a la prevención

Hacia fines de la década de 1990 comenzó a utilizarse con éxito la estimulación cardíaca en ambas cámaras ventriculares (resincronización venticular) como terapia en insuficiencia cardíaca refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico convencional en pacientes con complejo QRS ensanchado. Fue hasta el 2005 que el estudio CARE-HF demostró que la resincronización reducía la mortalidad en forma significativa, incluso sin necesidad de acompañarla de un cardiodesfibrilador implantable (DAI o desfibrilador automático implantable). En forma más reciente, a través de los estudios REVERSE, MADIT-CRT y RAFT, se ha comprobado la utilidad de la terapia de resincronización incluso en individuos con insuficiencia cardíaca poco sintomática, es decir en clase funcional I o II, lo cual constituye un cambio cualitativo y cuantitativo en este tratamiento eléctrico para la insuficiencia cardíaca. Al mismo tiempo se han hecho significativos avances en la selección del paciente considerando la enfermedad de base, el patrón de bloqueo en el electrocardiograma, la duración del complejo QRS, y la presencia o no de fibrilación auricular. Como resultado de esto, la terapia de resincronización ha producido mejoría en la calidad de vida, ha demostrado que favorece el fenómeno de remodelado inverso y que también disminuye la mortalidad en individuos en clase funcional I o II.

Proceedings of the ... annual conference of the New York State Association of Magistrates.

Description based on: 12th (Feb. 11 and 12, 1921)

Avaliação do perfil hemodinâmico de válvulas aórticas percutâneas: análise comparativa entre os dois dispositivos disponíveis no mercado - válvula auto-expansível e válvula expansível por balão

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular. Área de especialização: Intervenção Cardiovascular.

Fatores de risco hospitalar para implante de bioprótese valvar de pericárdio bovino

FUNDAMENTO: Identificação de fatores de risco pré-operatórios na cirurgia cardíaca valvar visa melhor resultado cirúrgico pela possível neutralização de condições relacionadas com morbi-mortalidade aumentada. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva identificar fatores de risco hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a implante de bioprótese de pericárdio bovino. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 703 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a implante de pelo menos uma bioprótese de pericárdio bovino St. Jude Medical-Biocor® de setembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005 no Instituto de Cardiologia do RS, sendo 392 aórticos, 250 mitrais e 61 mitro-aórticos. Analisadas as características sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal, classe funcional (New York Heart Association - NYHA), fração de ejeção, lesão valvar, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabete melito, função renal, arritmias cardíacas, cirurgia cardíaca prévia, revascularização miocárdica, plastia tricúspide e caráter eletivo, de urgência ou de emergência da cirurgia. Desfecho primordial foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizou-se regressão logística para examinar relação entre fatores de risco e mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 101 (14,3%) óbitos hospitalares. Características significativamente relacionadas à mortalidade aumentada foram sexo feminino (p<0,001), idade superior a 70 anos (p=0,004), fibrilação atrial (p=0,006), diabete melito (p=0,043), creatinina > 2,4mg/dl (p=0,004), classe funcional IV (p<0,001), lesão valvar mitral (p<0,001), cirurgia cardíaca prévia (p=0,005), plastia tricúspide (p<0,001) e caráter cirúrgico emergencial (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Observada mortalidade aceita pela literatura, justificável pela prevalência de alguns fatores de risco, tendo elevado nível de significância sexo feminino, idade superior a 70 anos, classe funcional IV, plastia tricúspide e caráter emergencial. A possível neutralização destes poderá contribuir para redução da mortalidade hospitalar na cirurgia valvar.

Cirurgia vídeo-assistida para a ablação da fibrilação atrial isolada por radiofrequência bipolar

FUNDAMENTO: A prevalência da fibrilação atrial, os gastos com o sistema de saúde e a elevada morbidade e mortalidade associadas a ela, têm justificado a procura por novas abordagens terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da técnica cirúrgica, a segurança e os resultados inicias da cirurgia vídeo-assistida para a ablação da fibrilação atrial isolada com radiofrequência bipolar. MÉTODOS: Dez pacientes (90% homens) com fibrilação atrial (50% paroxística) sintomática e refratária à terapia medicamentosa, sem doença cardíaca que requeresse cirurgia concomitante, foram submetidos à ablação da arritmia guiada por toracoscopia, no período de maio de 2007 a maio de 2008. Variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e de imagem foram prospectivamente coletadas antes, durante e no seguimento pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: A cirurgia foi realizada conforme o planejado em todos os pacientes. Não houve lesão iatrogênica de estruturas intratorácicas ou óbitos. No seguimento médio de seis meses, 80% dos pacientes estão livres de fibrilação atrial. Houve melhora significativa dos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca classe funcional New York Heart Association (2,4 ± 0,5 para 1,6 ± 0,7; p = 0,011). Não houve evidência de estenose de veias pulmonares à angiotomografia, nesta série. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia vídeo-assistida para o tratamento da fibrilação atrial é reprodutível e segura. Há melhora evolutiva dos sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca após a cirurgia.

Association of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides with mortality in patients with heart failure

It has been demonstrated that there is an association between serum lipoproteins and survival rate in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as in patients with non-ischemic causes of heart failure. We tested the hypothesis of an association between serum lipoprotein levels and prognosis in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure, including Chagas' heart disease. The lipid profile of 833 outpatients with heart failure in functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association, with a mean age of 46.9 ± 10.6 years, 655 (78.6%) men and 178 (21.4%) women, was studied from April 1991 to June 2003. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meyer's method and the Cox proportional hazards models. Etiology of heart failure was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 171 (21%) patients, Chagas' heart disease in 144 (17%), hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 136 (16%), and other etiologies in 83 (10%). In 299 (36%) patients, heart failure was ascribed to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Variables significantly associated with mortality were age (hazard ratio, HR = 1.02; 95%CI = 1.01-1.03; P = 0.0074), male gender (HR = 1.77; 95%CI = 1.2-2.62; P = 0.004), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (HR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.16-2.82; P = 0.0085), serum triglycerides (HR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.96-0.98; P < 0.0001), and HDL cholesterol (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.99-1.0; P = 0.0280). Therefore, higher serum HDL cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in this cohort of outpatients with heart failure.

Results of Surgery for Ebstein Anomaly: a Multicenter Study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association

OBJECTIVE: Since most centers' experience with Ebstein anomaly is limited, we sought to analyze the collective experience of participating institutions of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association with surgery for this rare malformation. METHODS: The records of all 150 patients (median age 6.4 years) who underwent surgery for Ebstein anomaly in the 13 participating Association centers between January 1992 and January 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with congenitally corrected transposition were excluded. RESULTS: Most patients (81%) had Ebstein disease type B or C and significant functional impairment (61% in New York Heart Association class III or IV) and 16% had prior operations. Surgical procedures (n = 179) included valve replacement (n = 60, 33.5%), valve repair (n = 49, 27.3%), 1(1/2) ventricle repair (n = 46, 25.6%), palliative shunt (n = 13, 7.26%), and other complex procedures (n = 11, 6.14%). There were 20 hospital deaths (operative mortality 13.3%) after valve replacement in 5 patients, valve repair in 3, 1(1/2) ventricle repair in 7, palliative procedures in 3, and miscellaneous procedures in 2. Younger age and palliative procedures were univariate risk factors for operative death, but only age was an independent predictor on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients coming to surgery presented in childhood and were significantly symptomatic. More than half underwent valve replacement or repair, but a considerable proportion had severe disease necessitating 1(1/2) ventricle repair or palliative procedures. Operative mortality did not differ significantly among repair, replacement, and 1(1/2) ventricle repair but was associated with palliative procedures for severe disease early in life, young age being the only independent predictor of operative death.

Correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insuficiência cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresentam progressiva incapacidade e declínio na qualidade de vida, ambos relacionados com dispneia e fadiga. Dessa forma, há interesse crescente em mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV), seja por instrumento genérico, tal como o 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), seja por específico, tal como o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ). OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou correlacionar os questionários de QV, SF-36 e MLHFQ, com a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC, expressa pelo teste cardiopulmonar e o TC6M. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se os questionários SF-36 e MLHFQ para avaliação da QV. Para avaliação da capacidade funcional, utilizou-se o teste cardiopulmonar, sendo executado em esteira com protocolo de Weber, bem como a distância percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 46 pacientes com diagnóstico de IC (22 homens, idade média de 52 anos), classes II e III da New York Heart Association. Observou-se correlação fraca entre os domínios aspectos físico e emocional do SF-36 e o VE/VCO2pico (r=-0,3; p<0,05) e a distância percorrida no TC6M (r=0,4; p<0,05), respectivamente. Observaram-se ainda correlações de fraca a moderada do escore total do MLHFQ com o VO2pico (r=-0,5; p<0,05), o limiar anaeróbio (r=-0,4; p<0,05) e a distância percorrida no TC6M (r=-0,5; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que a aplicação de ambos os instrumentos de avaliação da QV, genérico (SF-36) e específico (MLHFQ) em pacientes com IC, evidenciaram de fraca a moderada correlação com as variáveis do teste cardiopulmonar e a distância percorrida no TC6M.

Association between valvular surgery and mortality among patients with infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure.

Context Heart failure (HF) is the most common complication of infective endocarditis. However, clinical characteristics of HF in patients with infective endocarditis, use of surgical therapy, and their associations with patient outcome are not well described.Objectives To determine the clinical, echocardiographic, and microbiological variables associated with HF in patients with definite infective endocarditis and to examine variables independently associated with in-hospital and 1-year mortality for patients with infective endocarditis and HF, including the use and association of surgery with outcome.Design, Setting, and Patients The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study, a prospective, multicenter study enrolling 4166 patients with definite native- or prosthetic-valve infective endocarditis from 61 centers in 28 countries between June 2000 and December 2006.Main Outcome Measures In-hospital and 1-year mortality.Results Of 4075 patients with infective endocarditis and known HF status enrolled, 1359 (33.4% [95% CI, 31.9%-34.8%]) had HF, and 906 (66.7% [95% CI, 64.2%-69.2%]) were classified as having New York Heart Association class III or IV symptom status. Within the subset with HF, 839 (61.7% [95% CI, 59.2%-64.3%]) underwent valvular surgery during the index hospitalization. In-hospital mortality was 29.7% (95% CI, 27.2%-32.1%) for the entire HF cohort, with lower mortality observed in patients undergoing valvular surgery compared with medical therapy alone (20.6% [95% CI, 17.9%-23.4%] vs 44.8% [95% CI, 40.4%-49.0%], respectively; P < .001). One-year mortality was 29.1% (95% CI, 26.0%-32.2%) in patients undergoing valvular surgery vs 58.4% (95% CI, 54.1%-62.6%) in those not undergoing surgery (P < .001). Cox proportional hazards modeling with propensity score adjustment for surgery showed that advanced age, diabetes mellitus, health care-associated infection, causative microorganism (Staphylococcus aureus or fungi), severe HF (New York Heart Association class III or IV), stroke, and paravalvular complications were independently associated with 1-year mortality, whereas valvular surgery during the initial hospitalization was associated with lower mortality.Conclusion In this cohort of patients with infective endocarditis complicated by HF, severity of HF was strongly associated with surgical therapy and subsequent mortality, whereas valvular surgery was associated with lower in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

Seguimiento telefónico enfermero a pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca

El crecimiento de la población con enfermedad crónica supone un aumento de la demanda asistencial. Para dar respuesta a esta situación el Instituto Catalán de la Salud puso en marcha en el área de la ciudad de Barcelona el 'Centre de Seguiment de Malalties Croniques' (Centro de Seguimiento de Enfermedades Crónicas -CSMC-). La finalidad del centro es promover el autocuidado, empoderar al paciente y dar soporte asistencial a distancia. El CSMC es un dispositivo de seguimiento telefónico proactivo enfermero que atiende a pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) de forma transversal entre Atención Primaria (AP) y Atención Hospitalaria (AH), compartiendo la historia clínica informatizada, que incluye el proceso y lenguaje enfermero. Desde el centro se trabajan los conocimientos, las habilidades y la motivación de los pacientes. Desde su inicio se ha dado cobertura a 1.400 pacientes, cuya edad media es de 78 años y la mayor parte se encuentran en clase funcional 2-3, según la New York Heart Association (NYHA). Se han observado tendencia positivas en el autocuidado, cumplimiento farmacológico, adherencia al autocontrol del peso y el aumento de la cobertura vacunal antineumocócica. La atención telefónica está siendo una estrategia útil para la gestión compartida en el seguimiento ambulatorio del paciente crónico, pudiéndose extrapolar a usuarios con otras enfermedades crónicas.

Seguimiento telefónico enfermero a pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca

El crecimiento de la población con enfermedad crónica supone un aumento de la demanda asistencial. Para dar respuesta a esta situación el Instituto Catalán de la Salud puso en marcha en el área de la ciudad de Barcelona el 'Centre de Seguiment de Malalties Croniques' (Centro de Seguimiento de Enfermedades Crónicas -CSMC-). La finalidad del centro es promover el autocuidado, empoderar al paciente y dar soporte asistencial a distancia. El CSMC es un dispositivo de seguimiento telefónico proactivo enfermero que atiende a pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) de forma transversal entre Atención Primaria (AP) y Atención Hospitalaria (AH), compartiendo la historia clínica informatizada, que incluye el proceso y lenguaje enfermero. Desde el centro se trabajan los conocimientos, las habilidades y la motivación de los pacientes. Desde su inicio se ha dado cobertura a 1.400 pacientes, cuya edad media es de 78 años y la mayor parte se encuentran en clase funcional 2-3, según la New York Heart Association (NYHA). Se han observado tendencia positivas en el autocuidado, cumplimiento farmacológico, adherencia al autocontrol del peso y el aumento de la cobertura vacunal antineumocócica. La atención telefónica está siendo una estrategia útil para la gestión compartida en el seguimiento ambulatorio del paciente crónico, pudiéndose extrapolar a usuarios con otras enfermedades crónicas.

Association of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides with mortality in patients with heart failure

It has been demonstrated that there is an association between serum lipoproteins and survival rate in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as in patients with non-ischemic causes of heart failure. We tested the hypothesis of an association between serum lipoprotein levels and prognosis in a cohort of outpatients with heart failure, including Chagas' heart disease. The lipid profile of 833 outpatients with heart failure in functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association, with a mean age of 46.9 ± 10.6 years, 655 (78.6%) men and 178 (21.4%) women, was studied from April 1991 to June 2003. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meyer's method and the Cox proportional hazards models. Etiology of heart failure was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 171 (21%) patients, Chagas' heart disease in 144 (17%), hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 136 (16%), and other etiologies in 83 (10%). In 299 (36%) patients, heart failure was ascribed to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Variables significantly associated with mortality were age (hazard ratio, HR = 1.02; 95%CI = 1.01-1.03; P = 0.0074), male gender (HR = 1.77; 95%CI = 1.2-2.62; P = 0.004), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (HR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.16-2.82; P = 0.0085), serum triglycerides (HR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.96-0.98; P < 0.0001), and HDL cholesterol (HR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.99-1.0; P = 0.0280). Therefore, higher serum HDL cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides were associated with lower mortality in this cohort of outpatients with heart failure.

Exhaled Acetone as a New Biomarker of Heart Failure Severity

Background: Heart failure (HF) is associated with poor prognosis, and the identification of biomarkers of its severity could help in its treatment. In a pilot study, we observed high levels of acetone in the exhaled breath of patients with HF. The present study was designed to evaluate exhaled acetone as a biomarker of HF diagnosis and HF severity. Methods: Of 235 patients with systolic dysfunction evaluated between May 2009 and September 2010, 89 patients (HF group) fulfilled inclusion criteria and were compared with sex- and age-matched healthy subjects (control group, n = 20). Patients with HF were grouped according to clinical stability (acute decompensated HF [ADHF], n = 59; chronic HF, n = 30) and submitted to exhaled breath collection. Identification of chemical species was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantification by spectrophotometry. Patients with diabetes were excluded. Results: The concentration of exhaled breath acetone (EBA) was higher in the HF group (median, 3.7 mu g/L; interquartile range [IQR], 1.69-10.45 mu g/L) than in the control group (median, 0.39 mu g/L; IQR, 0.30-0.79 mu g/L; P < .001) and higher in the ADHF group (median, 7.8 mu g/L; IQR, 3.6-15.2 mu g/L) than in the chronic HF group (median, 1.22 mu g/L; IQR, 0.68-2.19 P < .001). The accuracy and sensitivity of this method in the diagnosis of HF and ADHF were about 85%, a value similar to that obtained with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). EBA levels differed significantly as a function of severity of HF (New York Heart Association classification, P < .001). There was a positive correlation between EBA and BNP (r = 0.772, P < .001). Conclusions: EBA not only is a promising noninvasive diagnostic method of HF with an accuracy equivalent to BNP but also a new biomarker of HF severity. CHEST 2012; 142(2):457-466

Year book of the Medical Association of the Greater City of New York.

Description based on: June 1907.

VALIDATION OF THE LONDON CHEST ACTIVITY OF DAILY LIVING SCALE IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE

Background: The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is a well-validated, commonly-used tool to assess quality of life in patients with heart failure. However, it lacks specific information concerning breathlessness during daily activities. Objective: To determine the validity of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale for use in patients with heart failure. Methods: Forty-seven patients with heart failure (57% males, mean age 50 years (standard deviation 9), mean left ventricle ejection fraction 29% (SD 6), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I-III) were included. All subjects first performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test and then responded to the LCADL and the MLHFQ, with guidance from the same investigator. The re-test for the LCADL was applied one week later. Results: LCADL was correlated with MLHFQ (r=0.88; p < 0.0001). LCADL and MLHFQ were also correlated with exercise capacity (r=-0.75 and r=-0.73, respectively; both p < 0.0001). The LCADL was shown to be reproducible (r(i)=0.98). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the LCADL scores between NYHA functional classes I and II, as well as classes I and III, hut not between classes II and III. Conclusion: The LCADL was shown to be a valid measurement of dyspnoea during daily activities in patients with heart failure. This scale could be an additional useful tool for the assessment of patients` dyspnoea during activities of daily living.