Exploring the Potential to Educate “Good Citizens” through the Australian Civics and Citizenship Curriculum.

This chapter examines the ways in which notions of ‘a good citizen’ and ‘civic virtue’ have been conceptualized in the new Civics and Citizenship Curriculum for students in Years 3 – 10 in Australia. It argues that whilst Civics and Citizenship Education (CCE) has, over time and in various ways, been recognized as a significant aspect of Australian education, only recently has attention been given to the relational and multidimensional conceptions of citizenship. Considerations of ‘morality’, ‘a good citizen’ and ‘civic virtue’ offer possibilities to engage with multidimensional notions of citizenship, which acknowledge that citizenship perspectives can be affected by personal, social, spatial and temporary situations (Cogan & Derricott, 2000). In the current statement on national goals for schooling in Australia, which informed the development of CCE, the Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008) called for young Australians to be educated to “act with moral and ethical integrity” and be “committed to national values of democracy, equity and justice, and participate in Australia’s civic life” (MCEETYA, 2008, pp. 8–9). The chapter claims that this maximal emphasis (McLaughlin, 1992), based on active, values based and interpretive approaches to democratic citizenship which encourage debate and participation in civil society, was evident in the new Civics and Citizenship Curriculum. However, it contends that the recommendations of the recent Review of the Australian Curriculum: Final report (Australian Government, 2014a & b), will now limit CCE’s potential to deliver the sort of active and informed citizenship heralded by the Melbourne Declaration. This is because the Review advocates for a content-focused minimal (McLaughlin, 1992) emphasis on civic knowledge, with diminished attention to citizenship participation and processes. In doing so, the Review foregrounds conceptions of the ‘good citizen’ in more limited terms of responsibility, obligations and compliance with the status quo.

Electrochemiluminescent detection based on solid-phase extraction at tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-modified ceramic carbon electrode

A sensitive electrochemiluminescent detection scheme by solid-phase extraction at Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified ceramic carbon electrodes (CCEs) was developed. The as-prepared Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified CCEs show much better long-term stability than other Nafion-based Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified electrodes and enjoy the inherent advantages of CCEs. The log-log calibration plot for dioxopromethazine is linear from 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L-1 using the new detection scheme. The detection limit is 6.6 x 10(-10) mol L-1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The new scheme improves the sensitivity by similar to 3 orders of magnitude, which is the most sensitive Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL method. The scheme allows the detection of dioxopromethazine in a urine sample within 3 min. Since Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL is a powerful technique for determination of numerous amine-containing substances, the new detection scheme holds great promise in measurement of free concentrations, investigation of protein-drug interactions and DNA-drug interactions, pharmaceutical analysis, and so on.

Sol-gel-derived, polishable, 1 : 12-phosphomolybdic acid-modified ceramic-carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid

Novel ceramic-carbon electrodes (CCEs) containing 1:12-phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12) were constructed by homogeneously dispersing PMo12 and graphite powder into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gel. Peak currents for the PMo12-doped CCE were surface-controlled at lower scan rates but diffusion-controlled at higher scan rates and peak potentials shifted to the negative potential direction with increasing pH. In addition, the electrode exhibited electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of ascorbic acid. The PMo12-modified CCE presented good chemical and mechanical stability and good surface renewability (ten successive polishing resulted in less than 5% relative standard deviation). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Développement de nouveaux outils de contrôle conformationnel utilisant des interactions non-covalentes pour effectuer des macrocyclisations

Les macrocycles ont longtemps attiré l'attention des chimistes. Malgré cet intérêt, peu de méthodes générales et efficaces pour la construction de macrocycles ont été développés. Récemment, notre groupe a développé un programme de recherche visant à développer de nouvelles voies vers la synthèse de paracyclophanes et ce mémoire présente l pluspart des efforts les plus récents dans ce domaine. Traditionnellement, la synthèse de paracyclophanes rigides est facilitée par l'installation d'un groupe fonctionnel capable de contrôler la structure de la molécule en solution (ex un élément de contrôle de conformation (ECC)). Cependant, cette approche utilisant des auxiliaires exige que le ECC soit facilement installé avant macrocyclisation et facilement enlevé après la cyclisation. Le présent mémoire décrit une méthode alternative pour guider la macrocyclisations difficile à travers l'utilisation d'additifs comme ECC. Les additifs sont des hétérocycles aromatiques N-alkylé qui sont bon marché, faciles à préparer et peuvent être facilement ajoutés à un mélange de réaction et enlevés suite à la macrocyclisation par simple précipitation et de filtration. En outre, les ECCs sont recyclables. L'utilisation du nouveau ECC est démontré dans la synthèse des para-et métacyclophanes en utilisant soit la métathèse de fermeture de cycle (RCM) ou couplage de Glaser-Hay.

Comportamento empreendedor e o capital cultural: impacto do ambiente social nas características do comportamento empreendedor de empresários na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho tem o intuito de observar a relação entre as características do comportamento empreendedor (CCEs) e a origem sociocultural de empreendedores da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Mais especificamente, este trabalho traz à luz as teorias de David McClelland, adotada pelo Sebrae através da metodologia do programa Empretec e a teoria de Pierre Bourdieu sobre Capital Cultural. O estudo traz em sua metodologia uma análise da origem sociocultural de empreendedores, seu contexto educacional, seu histórico familiar, seu grau de escolaridade, seus hábitos de consumo de produtos culturais e seu nível de internacionalização, correlacionando-os com as 10 CCEs propostas por McClelland: Busca de Oportunidades e Iniciativa, Persistência, Correr Riscos Calculados, Exigência de Qualidade e Eficiência, Comprometimento, Busca de Informações, Estabelecimento de Metas, Planejamento e Monitoramento Sistemáticos, Persuasão e Rede de Contatos, Independência e Autoconfiança. A metodologia aplicada foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, em pesquisa de campo, dividida entre aplicação de questionários presenciais e online e em métodos quantitativos de análise de dados. Como resultados de campo, pode-se observar uma significante diferença entre os perfis socioeconômicos, culturais e educacionais de empreendedores de dentro e de fora de comunidades carentes no Rio de Janeiro. Confirmou-se um grau superior de Capital Cultura nos empreendedores externos às comunidades, observados através da renda, do grau de escolaridade, da escolaridade familiar, do acesso a bens culturais, do consumo de informação e do nível de internacionalização. Além destas constatações, a pesquisa revelou haver indícios que sustentem a existência de influência do Capital Cultural nas seguintes CCEs: Busca de Oportunidade e Iniciativa, Exigência de Qualidade e Eficiência, Correr Riscos Calculados, Estabelecimento de Metas, Persuasão e Redes de Contato e Independência e Autoconfiança.

Efeitos de contingências de suporte e de metacontingências sobre a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas

Metacontigências consistem de relações funcionais entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) e um produto agregado, que seleciona não o comportamento individual, mas o próprio entrelaçamento. Entrelaçamentos podem também ser mantidos por contingências de suporte, que, nesse caso, operam sobre contingências individuais que participam do entrelaçamento, sendo geralmente dispostas por outro indivíduo, grupo ou agência. Esta é uma proposição teórica veiculada na literatura analítico-comportamental, mas com respeito à qual inexistem evidências empíricas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de contingências de suporte e metacontingências na instalação e manutenção de CCEs. Participaram do estudo doze estudantes universitários, divididos igualmente em quatro grupos experimentais. Os grupos 1 e 2 integraram o Experimento 1, e os grupos 3 e 4, o Experimento 2. Cada grupo foi exposto a um jogo de apostas e ganhos, no qual cada ficha valia 0,10 centavos. Para os grupos 1 e 2 foram utilizadas fichas plásticas, nas cores amarelo, laranja e marrom, para os grupos 3 e 4, foram utilizadas fichas nas cores amarelo, laranja, marrom, lilás e rosa. As sessões foram compostas por 30 rodadas, cada uma formada pela jogada dos três participantes, os quais revezavam a jogada inicial da rodada. Os grupos 1 e 2 foram expostos à condições de contingências de suporte (condição A) e de metacontingências (condição B) e o grupo 2 apenas à condição B. Em ambos os grupos houve a seleção do entrelaçamento, não tendo sido verificadas diferenças expressivas de desempenho. No Experimento 2, foi aumentada a complexidade do entrelaçamento, a fim de se verificar diferenças nos efeitos de metacontingências e contingências de suporte na seleção de CCEs. Os grupos 3 e 4 foram expostos às condições A’ e B’, que eram idênticas às condições do Experimento 1, exceto no que se refere às cores de fichas utilizadas e à complexidade do entrelaçamento. O Grupo 3 foi exposto a duas fases, nas quais vigoraram ambas as condições. O Grupo 4 foi exposto apenas à condição B’. Em ambos os grupos não houve a seleção do entrelaçamento. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença notável entre o desempenho dos grupos em que vigoravam condições de metacontingências e condições de contingências de suporte. No Experimento 1, nos grupos 1 e 2 houve a seleção do entrelaçamento, com desempenhos semelhantes. O Experimento 2 manipulou a complexidade do entrelaçamento, aumentando-o. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve a seleção do entrelaçamento para ambos os grupos. Sugerem-se estudos futuros que repliquem este delineamento, manipulando o entrelaçamento de modo a torná-lo medianamente complexo, a fim de avaliar se contingências de suporte e metacontingências podem exercer papéis diferentes sobre a seleção de CCEs.

Exposição perinatal ao chumbo e desnutrição intra-uterina, isoladamente ou em associação: efeitos cardiovasculares em ratos recém-desmamados

Plumbism is considered the oldest occupational disease. Among the pathophysiological effects associated with lead (Pb) are cardiovascular disorders. Many diseases that develop later in life are determined during the early stages of life, under the influence of exposure and preferred diet of the mother. Still, one should consider that many environmental contaminants at levels not harmful can determine pathophysiological processes if physical or chemical stressors and/or pathological conditions are present. In this context, the intrauterine malnutrition may represent an additional risk factor in exposure to Pb during pregnancy and lactation. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk of weaned rats that have suffered perinatal exposure to Pb and intrauterine malnutrition, alone or in combination. After mating, female rats were divided into control (ctrl, ad libitum), food restriction (RA, the same diet 50% of consumption in the control group during pregnancy), exposed to Pb (500 ppm Pb in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation) and association (As, received the last two procedures in combination). Cumulative concentration-effect curves (CECs) to CaCl2 and noradrenaline (NA) were obtained in rings with and without endothelium of the same thoracic aorta from male weaned rats (23-25 days old). Maternal weight, litter weight, weight and number of pups at birth, anogenital distance, arterial blood pressure (ABP) and weight of tissues (kidney, liver, aorta, left ventricle) were evaluated. Changes in vascular reactivity were assessed by the maximum response (MR) and 50% effective concentration (EC50). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by multifactorial analysis of variance and Tukey's post test. Body weight of dams did not differ between the experimental groups, except on the...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The Politics of Gender Socialization

This manuscript is comprised of three papers that examine the far-reaching and often invisible political outcomes of gender role socialization in the United States. These papers focus primarily on two areas: political confidence amongst girls and women, and the effects of gender on survey measurement and data quality.

Chapter one focuses on political confidence, and the likelihood that women will run for political office. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership, and their lack of political ambition, relative to men, has been identified as a primary cause. In this paper, I explore the relationship between an individual's masculinity and femininity and her development of political ambition. Using original survey data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), I first empirically demonstrate that gender (masculinity/femininity) and sex (male/female) are unique elements of identity and, moreover, are both independently related to political ambition. I then explore the relevance of gender for the study of candidate emergence, testing whether and how masculinity and femininity might be related to political ambition are supported empirically. While the results suggest that masculinity is positively associated with the development of political ambition, the relationship between femininity and candidate emergence seems to be more complicated and not what prevailing stereotypes might lead us to expect. Moreover, while the relationship between masculinity and political ambition is the same for men and women, the relationship between femininity and political ambition is very different for women than it is for men. This study suggests that gender role socialization is highly related with both men's and women's desire to seek positions of political leadership.

Chapter two continues this exploration of gendered differences in the development of political ambition, this time exploring how social attractiveness and gendered perceptions of political leadership impact the desire to hold political office.Women are persistently underrepresented as candidates for public office and remain underrepresented at all levels of government in the United States. Previous literature suggests that the gendered ambition gap, gender socialization, insufficient recruitment, media scrutiny, family responsibilities, modern campaign strategies, and political opportunity structures all contribute to the gender imbalance in pools of officeholders and candidates. To explain women's reticence to run, scholars have offered explanations addressing structural, institutional, and individual-level factors that deter women from becoming candidates, especially for high positions in the U.S. government. This paper examines a previously unexplored factor: how dating and socialized norms of sexual attraction affect political ambition. This study investigates whether young, single, and heterosexual women's desire for male attention and fear of being perceived as unattractive or "too ambitious" present obstacles to running for office. The results of these experiments suggest that social expectations about gender, attraction and sexuality, and political office-holding may contribute to women's reticence to pursue political leadership. Chapter two is a co-authored work and represents the joint efforts of Laura Lazarus Frankel, Shauna Shames, and Nadia Farjood.

Chapter 3 bridges survey methodology and gender socialization, focusing on how interviewer sex affects survey measurement and data quality. Specifically, this paper examines whether and how matching interviewer and respondent sex affects panel attrition--respondents dropping out of the study after participating in the first wave. While the majority of research on interviewer effects suggests that matching interviewer and respondent characteristics (homophily) yields higher quality data, little work has examined whether this pattern holds true in the area of panel attrition. Using paradata from the General Social Survey (GSS), I explore this question. My analysis reveals that, despite its broader positive effects on data quality, matching interviewer and respondent sex increases likelihood to attrit. Interestingly, this phenomenon only emerges amongst male respondents. However, while assigning female interviewers to male respondents decreases their propensity to attrit, it also increases the likelihood of biased responses on gender related items. These conflicting outcomes represent a tradeoff for scholars and survey researchers, requiring careful consideration of mode, content, and study goals when designing surveys and/or analyzing survey data. The implications of these patterns and areas for further research are discussed.

Together, these papers illustrate two ways that gender norms are related to political outcomes: they contribute to patterns of candidate emergence and affect the measurement of political attitudes and behaviors.