The transcription factors c-myb and GATA-2 act independently in the regulation of normal hematopoiesis.

The transcription factors c-myb and GATA-2 are both required for blood cell development in vivo and in vitro. However, very little is known on their mechanism(s) of action and whether they impact on complementary or overlapping pathways of hematopoietic proliferation and differentiation. We report here that embryonic stem (ES) cells transfected with c-myb or GATA-2 cDNAs, individually or in combination, underwent hematopoietic commitment and differentiation in the absence of added hematopoietic growth factors but that stimulation with c-kit and flt-3 ligands enhanced colony formation only in the c-myb transfectants. This enhancement correlated with c-kit and flt-3 surface receptor up-regulation in c-myb-(but not GATA-2-) transfected ES cells. Transfection of ES cells with either a c-myb or a GATA-2 antisense construct abrogated erythromyeloid colony-forming ability in methyl cellulose; however, introduction of a full-length GATA-2 or c-myb cDNA, respectively, rescued the hematopoiesis-deficient phenotype, although only c-myb-rescued ES cells expressed c-kit and flt-3 surface receptors and formed increased numbers of hematopoietic colonies upon stimulation with the cognate ligands. These results are in agreement with previous studies indicating a fundamental role of c-myb and GATA-2 in hematopoiesis. Of greater importance, our studies suggest that GATA-2 and c-myb exert their roles in hematopoietic gene regulation through distinct mechanisms of action in nonoverlapping pathways.

Modulation of c-Myb-induced transcription activation by a phosphorylation site near the negative regulatory domain.

The c-myb protooncogene encodes a highly conserved transcription factor that functions as both an activator and a repressor of transcription. The v-myb oncogenes of E26 leukemia virus and avian myeloblastosis virus encode proteins that are truncated at both the amino and the carboxyl terminus, deleting portions of the c-Myb DNA-binding and negative regulatory domains. This has led to speculation that the deleted regions contain important regulatory sequences. We previously reported that the 42-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42mapk) phosphorylates chicken and murine c-Myb at multiple sites in the negative regulatory domain in vitro, suggesting that phosphorylation might provide a mechanism to regulate c-Myb function. We now report that three tryptic phosphopeptides derived from in vitro phosphorylated c-Myb comigrate with three tryptic phosphopeptides derived from metabolically labeled c-Myb immunoprecipitated from murine erythroleukemia cells. At least two of these peptides are phosphorylated on serine-528. Replacement of serine-528 with alanine results in a 2- to 7-fold increase in the ability of c-Myb to transactivate a Myb-responsive promoter/reporter gene construct. These findings suggest that phosphorylation serves to regulate c-Myb activity and that loss of this phosphorylation site from the v-Myb proteins may contribute to their transforming potential.

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells contain high levels of mRNA for c-kit, GATA-2, p45 NF-E2, and c-myb and low levels or no mRNA for c-fms and the receptors for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukins 5 and 7.

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) were highly enriched from mouse bone marrow by counterflow centrifugal elutriation, lineage subtraction, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on high c-kit receptor expression (c-kitBR). We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to assay the c-kitBR subset and the subsets expressing low (c-kitDULL) and no (c-kitNEG) c-kit receptor for expression of mRNA encoding hematopoietic growth factor receptors and transcription factors. The c-kitBR cells had approximately 3.5-fold more c-kit mRNA than unfractionated bone marrow cells. The c-kitDULL cells had 47-58% of the c-kit mRNA found in c-kitBR cells and the c-kitNEG cells had 4-9% of the c-kit mRNA present in c-kitBR cells. By comparing mRNA levels in c-kitBR cells (enriched for PHSCs) with those of unfractionated bone marrow, we demonstrated that c-kitBR cells contained low or undetectable levels of mRNA for c-fms, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, interleukin 5 receptor (IL-5R), and IL-7R. These same cells had moderate levels of mRNA for erythropoietin receptor, IL-3R subunits IL-3R alpha (SUT-1), AIC-2A, and AIC-2B, IL-6R and its partner gp-130, and the transcription factor GATA-1 and high levels of mRNA for transcription factors GATA-2, p45 NF-E2, and c-myb. We conclude from these findings that PHSCs are programmed to interact with stem cell factor, IL-3, and IL-6 but not with granulocyte or macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These findings also indicate that GATA-2, p45 NF-E2, and c-myb activities may be involved in PHSC maintenance or proliferation.

The antiproliferative activity of c-myb and c-myc antisense oligonucleotides in smooth muscle cells is caused by a nonantisense mechanism.

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is thought to play a major role in vascular restenosis after angioplasty and is a serious complication of the procedure. Developing antisense (AS) oligonucleotides as therapeutics is attractive because of the potentially high specificity of binding to their targets, and several investigators have reported inhibition of SMC proliferation in vitro and in vivo by using AS strategies. We report here the results of our experiments on vascular SMCs using AS oligonucleotides directed toward c-myb and c-myc. We found that significant inhibition of SMC proliferation occurred with these specific AS sequences but that this inhibition was clearly not via a hybridization-dependent AS mechanism. Rather, inhibition was due to the presence of four contiguous guanosine residues in the oligonucleotide sequence. This was demonstrated in vitro in primary cultures of SMCs and in arteries ex vivo. The ex vivo model developed here provides a rapid and effective system in which to screen potential oligonucleotide drugs for restenosis. We have further explored the sequence requirements of this non-AS effect and determined that phosphorothioate oligonucleotides containing at least two sets of three or four consecutive guanosine residues inhibit SMC proliferation in vitro and ex vivo. These results suggest that previous AS data obtained using these and similar, contiguous guanosine-containing AS sequences be reevaluated and that there may be an additional class of nucleic acid compounds that have potential as antirestenosis therapeutics.

Integrated genome-wide chromatin occupancy and expression analyses identify key myeloid pro-differentiation transcription factors repressed by Myb

To gain insight into the mechanisms by which the Myb transcription factor controls normal hematopoiesis and particularly, how it contributes to leukemogenesis, we mapped the genome-wide occupancy of Myb by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) in ERMYB myeloid progenitor cells. By integrating the genome occupancy data with whole genome expression profiling data, we identified a Myb-regulated transcriptional program. Gene signatures for leukemia stem cells, normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and myeloid development were overrepresented in 2368 Myb regulated genes. Of these, Myb bound directly near or within 793 genes. Myb directly activates some genes known critical in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells, such as Gfi1 and Cited2. Importantly, we also show that, despite being usually considered as a transactivator, Myb also functions to repress approximately half of its direct targets, including several key regulators of myeloid differentiation, such as Sfpi1 (also known as Pu.1), Runx1, Junb and Cebpb. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that interaction with p300, an established coactivator for Myb, is unexpectedly required for Myb-mediated transcriptional repression. We propose that the repression of the above mentioned key pro-differentiation factors may contribute essentially to Myb's ability to suppress differentiation and promote self-renewal, thus maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and promoting leukemic transformation. © 2011 The Author(s).

Evidence that Myb-related CDC5 proteins are required for pre-mRNA splicing

The conserved CDC5 family of Myb-related proteins performs an essential function in cell cycle control at G2/M. Although c-Myb and many Myb-related proteins act as transcription factors, herein, we implicate CDC5 proteins in pre-mRNA splicing. Mammalian CDC5 colocalizes with pre-mRNA splicing factors in the nuclei of mammalian cells, associates with core components of the splicing machinery in nuclear extracts, and interacts with the spliceosome throughout the splicing reaction in vitro. Furthermore, genetic depletion of the homolog of CDC5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CEF1, blocks the first step of pre-mRNA processing in vivo. These data provide evidence that eukaryotic cells require CDC5 proteins for pre-mRNA splicing.

Mutations in the MYB intron I regulatory sequence increase transcription in colon cancers

Although MYB overexpression in colorectal cancer (CRC) is known to be a prognostic indicator for poor survival, the basis for this overexpression is unclear. Among multiple levels of MYB regulation, the most dynamic is the control of transcriptional elongation by sequences within intron I. The authors have proposed that this regulatory sequence is transcribed into an RNA stem-loop and 19-residue polyuridine tract, and is subject to mutation in CRC. When this region was examined in colorectal and breast carcinoma cell lines and tissues, the authors found frequent mutations only in CRC. It was determined that these mutations allowed increased transcription compared with the wild type sequence. These data suggest that this MYB regulatory region within intron I is subject to mutations in CRC but not breast cancer, perhaps consistent with the mutagenic insult that occurs within the colon and not mammary tissue. In CRC, these mutations may contribute to MYB overexpression, highlighting the importance of noncoding sequences in the regulation of key cancer genes. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Estudo da cromatina nos sítios de fixação à matriz nuclear no domínio do gene TP53 e das modificações epigenéticas e no modelo de progressão tumoral mamária 21T

Dentre os diversos tipos de câncer agressivos, o câncer de mama é o mais comum em mulheres. Mutações hereditárias e adquiridas, assim como alterações epigenéticas atuam em sinergia na carcinogênese mamária e na progressão tumoral. A proteína P53 é uma supressora de tumor e possui uma atuação fundamental na integridade genômica. Apesar do vasto conhecimento sobre o controle da P53 a nível de proteína, ainda pouco se sabe sobre o controle transcricional do gene TP53. A série 21T, uma série de 4 linhagens celulares originadas da mama da mesma paciente, representando diferentes estágios de progressão tumoral mamária, é um eficiente modelo para investigação das alterações epigenéticas e suas influências na expressão gênica ao longo da progressão do câncer de mama. Nós analisamos a organização do domínio do gene TP53 através da técnica de arranjo de DNA, em diversas linhagens celulares de câncer de mama e linhagens controle, e realizamos uma tentativa de caracterizar estes elementos de DNA nas linhagens controle não-tumorais HB2 e MCF10A e nas tumorais MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D, através dos marcadores epigenéticos de eucromatina, H4Ac, e heterocromatina, H3K9me3. Ainda analisamos a ligação de proteínas à região associada à matriz nuclear (MAR), denominada MAR 2, e a possível ligação da proteína ligante à matriz nuclear (MARBP), PARP-1, através de ensaios de gel shift (EMSA). Detectamos que na linhagem controle epitelial mamária, HB2, o gene TP53 está posicionado num domínio de DNA relativamente pequeno, aproximadamente 50 kb, delimitado por dois sítios de fixação à matriz nuclear. Interessantemente, esta estrutura de domínio se apresentou radicalmente diferente nas linhagens de câncer de mama estudadas, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 e BT474, nos quais o tamanho do domínio estudado estava aumentado e a transcrição do TP53 diminuída. Os enriquecimentos com os marcadores epigenéticos de cromatina H4Ac e H3K9me3 estão diferentemente distribuídos nas MARs nas linhagens celulares. Surpreendentemente, a MAR 2 apresentou uma ligação altamente específica, o que poderia representar a atuação de fatores transcricionais envolvidos na organização da cromatina. Através de programas de bioinformática, detectamos putativos sítios para interessantes fatores de transcrição, tais como o c/EBP-beta e c-myb, que poderiam atuar em cis regulando a expressão do gene TP53 e outros flanqueadores. Nós propusemos um modelo para a organização da cromatina na região de domínio do gene TP53 com os genes flanqueadores. Através da série 21T, detectamos uma hipometilação global genômica, nas células cancerosas 21NT e 21MT1. Uma importante diminuição da expressão global do marcador H4Ac nas células metastáticas 21MT1, foi detectada em relação às outras linhagens. Os níveis de RNAm das principais enzimas relacionadas as modificações epigenéticas são consistentes com as observadas hipometilação genômica e hipoacetilação. Através de microscopia confocal, verificamos que o marcador H4Ac está localizado, na maior parte na periferia e o marcador H3K9me3, pericêntrico nos núcleos tumorais. Por fim, verificamos que o promotor P1 do gene TP53 apresenta um estado de cromatina aberta, e a expressão do gene TP53 é similar em todas as células da série 21T.

Cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of extracellular copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene from bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is a major extracellular antioxidant enzyme that protects organs from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We cloned a novel ECSOD from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (AiECSOD) by 3' and 5' RACE. The full-length cDNA of AiECSOD was 893 bp with a 657 bp open reading frame encoding 218 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a putative signal peptide of 20 amino acids, and sequence comparison showed that AiECSOD had low degree of homology to ECSODs of other organisms. The genomic length of the AiECSOD gene was about 5276 bp containing five exons and six introns. The promoter region contained many putative transcription factor binding sites such as c-Myb, Oct-1, Sp1, Kruppel-like, c-ETS, NF kappa B, GATA-1, AP-1, and Ubx binding sites. Furthermore, tissue-specific expressions of AiECSOD and temporal expressions of AiECSOD in haemocytes of bay scallops challenged with bacteria Vibrio anguillarum were quantified using qRT-PCR. High levels of expression were detected in haemocytes, but not in gonad and mantle. The expression of AiECSOD reached the highest level at 12 h post-injection with V. anguillarum and then returned to normal between 24 h and 48 h post-injection. These results indicated that AiECSOD was an inducible protein and that it may play an important role in the immune responses against V anguillarum. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Achaete-scute homolog-1 linked to remodeling and preneoplasia of pulmonary epithelium

The basic helix-loop-helix protein achaete-scute homolog-1 (ASH1) is involved in lung neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation and tumor promotion in SV40 transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of human ASH-1 (hASH1) in mouse lung results in hyperplasia and remodeling that mimics bronchiolization of alveoli (BOA), a potentially premalignant lesion of human lung carcinomas. We now show that this is due to sustained cellular proliferation in terminal bronchioles and resistance to apoptosis. Throughout the airway epithelium the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and c-Myb was increased and Akt/mTOR pathway activated. Moreover, the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) including MMP7 was specifically enhanced at the bronchiolo-alveolar duct junction and BOA suggesting that MMPs play a key role in this microenvironment during remodeling. We also detected MMP7 in 70% of human BOA lesions. Knockdown of hASH1 gene in human lung cancer cells in vitro suppressed growth by increasing apoptosis. We also show that forced expression of hASH1 in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells decreases apoptosis. We conclude that the impact of hASH1 is not limited to cells with NE phenotype. Rather, constitutive expression of hASH1 in lung epithelium promotes remodeling through multiple pathways that are commonly activated during lung carcinogenesis. The collective results suggest a novel model of BOA formation via hASH1-induced suppression of the apoptotic pathway. Our study yields a promising new preclinical tool for chemoprevention of peripheral lung carcinomas. © 2007 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved.

Elementos de regulação e microRNAs envolvidos na modulação dos níveis de hemoglobina fetal em indivíduos portadores de beta-hemoglobinopatias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Transcriptional regulation and functional analysis of the human Wilms' tumor 1 gene

The Wilms' tumor 1 gene (WT1) encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor and is expressed in urogenital, hematopoietic and other tissues. It is expressed in a temporal and spatial manner in both embryonic and adult stages. To obtain a better understanding of the biological function of WT1, we studied two aspects of WT1 regulation: one is the identification of tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements that regulate its expression, the other is the downstream genes which are modulated by WT1.^ My studies indicate that in addition to the promoter, other regulatory elements are required for the tissue specific expression of this gene. A 259-bp hematopoietic specific enhancer in intron 3 of the WT1 gene increased the transcriptional activity of the WT1 promoter by 8- to 10-fold in K562 and HL60 cells. Sequence analysis revealed both GATA and c-Myb motifs in the enhancer fragment. Mutation of the GATA motif decreased the enhancer activity by 60% in K562 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both GATA-1 and GATA-2 proteins in K562 nuclear extracts bind to this motif. Cotransfection of the enhancer containing reporter construct with a GATA-1 or GATA-2 expression vector showed that both GATA-1 and GATA-2 transactivated this enhancer, increasing the CAT reporter activity 10-15 fold and 5-fold respectively. Similar analysis of the c-Myb motif by cotransfection with the enhancer CAT reporter construct and a c-Myb expression vector showed that c-Myb transactivated the enhancer by 5-fold. A DNase I-hypersensitive site has been identified in the 258 bp enhancer region. These data suggest that GATA-1 and c-Myb are responsible for the activity of this enhancer in hematopoietic cells and may bind to the enhancer in vivo. In the process of searching for cis-regulatory elements in transgenic mice, we have identified a 1.0 kb fragment that is 50 kb downstream from the promoter and is required for the central nervous system expression of WT1.^ In the search for downstream target genes of WT1, we noted that the proto-oncogene N-myc is coexpressed with the tumor suppressor gene WT1 in the developing kidney and is overexpressed in many Wilms' tumors. Sequence analysis revealed eleven consensus WT1 binding sites located in the 1 kb mouse N-myc promoter. We further showed that the N-myc promoter was down-regulated by WT1 in transient transfection assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that oligonucleotides containing the WT1 motifs could bind WT1 protein. Furthermore, a Denys-Drash syndrome mutant of WT1, R394W, that has a mutation in the DNA binding domain, failed to repress the N-myc promoter. This suggests that the repression of the N-myc promoter is mediated by DNA binding of WT1. This finding helps to elucidate the relationship of WT1 and N-myc in tumorigenesis and renal development. ^

Myeloblastin is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-responsive gene conferring factor-independent growth to hematopoietic cells

Hematopoiesis depends on a pool of quiescent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. When exposed to specific cytokines, a portion of these cells enters the cell cycle to generate an amplified progeny. Myeloblastin (MBN) initially was described as involved in proliferation of human leukemia cells. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which stimulates the proliferation of granulocytic precursors, up-regulates MBN expression. Here we show that constitutive overexpression of MBN confers factor-independent growth to murine bone marrow-derived Ba/F3/G-CSFR cells. Our results point to MBN as a G-CSF responsive gene critical to factor-independent growth and indicate that expression of the G-CSF receptor is a prerequisite to this process. A 91-bp MBN promoter region containing PU.1, C/EBP, and c-Myb binding sites is responsive to G-CSF treatment. Although PU.1, C/EBP, and c-Myb transcription factors all were critical for expression of MBN, its up-regulation by G-CSF was associated mainly with PU.1. These findings suggest that MBN is an important target of PU.1 and a key protease for factor-independent growth of hematopoietic cells.

Second generation hybrid polar compounds are potent inducers of transformed cell differentiation.

Hybrid polar compounds, of which hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) is the prototype, are potent inducers of differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and a wide variety of other transformed cells. HMBA has been shown to induce differentiation of neoplastic cells in patients, but is not an adequate therapeutic agent because of dose-limiting toxicity. We report on a group of three potent second generation hybrid polar compounds, diethyl bis-(pentamethylene-N,N-dimethylcarboxamide) malonate (EMBA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamide (CBHA) with optimal concentrations for inducing MEL cells of 0.4 mM, 2 microM, and 4 microM, respectively, compared to 5 mM for HMBA. All three agents induce accumulation of underphosphorylated pRB; increased levels of p2l protein, a prolongation of the initial G1 phase of the cell cycle; and accumulation of hemoglobin. However, based upon their effective concentrations, the cross-resistance or sensitivity of an HMBA-resistant MEL cell variant, and differences in c-myb expression during induction, these differentiation-inducing hybrid polar compounds can be grouped into two subsets, HMBA/EMBA and SAHA/CBHA. This classification may prove of value in selecting and planning prospective preclinical and clinical studies toward the treatment of cancer by differentiation therapy.

STAT3 activation is a critical step in gp130-mediated terminal differentiation and growth arrest of a myeloid cell line.

Myeloid leukemia M1 cells can be induced for growth arrest and terminal differentiation into macrophages in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6) or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Recently, a large number of cytokines and growth factors have been shown to activate the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. In the case of IL-6 and LIF, which share a signal transducing receptor gp130, STAT3 is specifically tyrosine-phosphorylated and activated by stimulation with each cytokine in various cell types. To know the role of JAK-STAT pathway in M1 differentiation, we have constructed dominant negative forms of STAT3 and established M1 cell lines that constitutively express them. These M1 cells that overexpressed dominant negative forms showed no induction of differentiation-associated markers including Fc gamma receptors, ferritin light chain, and lysozyme after treatment with IL-6. Expression of either c-myb or c-myc was not downregulated. Furthermore, IL-6- and LIF-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis were completely blocked. Thus these findings demonstrate that STAT3 activation is the critical step in a cascade of events that leads to terminal differentiation of M1 cells.