What do floral anatomy and micromorphology tell us about Neotropical Bulbophyllum section Didactyle (Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllinae)?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Leaf anatomical and molecular studies in Bulbophyllum section Micranthae (Orchidaceae) and their implications for systematics

Bulbophyllum section Micranthae comprises 12 species of rupicolous or epiphytic orchids occurring in forests or in open rocky fields in Cerrado/Atlantic Forest ecotones throughout South America. We examined the leaf anatomy of 14 species and compared them with molecular data (nrITS) in phylogenetic analyses. The leaves of Bulbophyllum section Micranthae are characterised by uniseriate epidermis, with periclinal external cell wall thicker than the internal, presence of epicuticular wax, stomata present only on the abaxial surface with suprastomatic chambers, and collateral vascular bundles associated with sclerenchyma fibres. Some of these characters are shared with other rupicolous Orchidaceae species, demonstrating adaptive convergence in xeromorphic habitats. We found some anatomical characteristics with phylogenetic value. Bulbophyllum section Micranthae can be separated into two lineages: those with needle-like leaves, or flat leaves. The analyses show that anatomical characters as well as molecular data may contribute to the development of phylogenetic hypotheses. © 2013 Botanical Society of Sao Paulo.

Anatomia foliar de espécies de Bulbophyllum, seção Micranthae Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae) e sua correlação com a taxonomia

Orchidaceae é uma das maiores famílias de Angiospermas, com distribuição cosmopolita, sendo que Bulbophyllum é o maior gênero da família, com mais de 1200 espécies. A seção Micranthae apresenta 12 espécies distribuídas na América do Sul e com grande representatividade no Brasil. A interpretação das Orchidaceae de maneira geral, é dificultada pela grande diversidade de espécies, gerando problemas taxonômicos. Visando levantar caracteres diagnósticos para as espécies e estados de caráter compartilhados entre elas, foram realizados estudos anatômicos das folhas de 11 espécies de Bulbophyllum seção Micranthae e de outras três espécies de Bulbophyllum constituindo o grupo externo. As estruturas anatômicas: epiderme unisseriada com cera epicuticular espessa; estômatos tetracíticos com câmaras supraestomáticas; presença de hipoderme e de feixes vasculares colaterais caracterizam as espécies estudadas. A forma cilíndrica da folha de Bulbophyllum insectiferum Barb. Rodr. é caráter diagnóstico da espécie, assim como a ausência de idioblastos traqueoidais de paredes espessadas em Dendrobium kingianum Bidwill ex Lindl. A morfologia das folhas, forma da lâmina foliar em secção transversal, forma das células epidérmicas em vista frontal, tipo de mesofilo, tipos de cristais e número de feixes vasculares são caracteres que permitem agrupamentos entre as espécies analisadas. Esses caracteres serão utilizados numa futura análise cladística procurando auxiliar a filogenia do grupo

Anatomia floral de espécies de Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae (Orchidaceae, Asparagales)

Bulbophyllum, which comprises 1876 species, is considered the second largest genus of angiosperms, with a pantropical distribution. The morphological and anatomical floral studies in the genus are incipient, with data restricted to the gynostemium and lip of some species. Based on molecular data, six sections were recognized within Bulbophyllum at the Neotropics, amongst them Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae, which comprises 12 species distributed in central South America. We aimed to study the floral anatomy of six species of Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae, in order to determine useful characters to differentiate them and contribute to the anatomical characterization of the section as a whole. Floral anatomy was assessed through usual techniques of light microscopy. The data found here for B. adiamantinum, B. chloroglossum, B. epiphytum, B. mentosum, B. micranthum and B. rupicolum allowed to identificate the presence of glandular trichomes and the possible presence of a secretory region on the lip, which might produce substances used as a reward to pollinators. The most significant anatomical characters to the species characterization were the shape and ornamentation of the outer periclinal walls of the epidermal cells, as well as the number of vascular bundles in dorsal and lateral sepals and at the lip. The data also allowed the differentiation between B. epiphytum and B. rupicolum, species very similar in morphology and phylogenetically related. Besides that, the data also allowed the discussion regarding the maintenance of B. mentosum within the section: although its inclusion is supported by molecular studies, the anatomical data here presented shows greater differences compared to the other species, not supporting its maintenance in Bulbophyllum sect. Micranthae

Micromorfologia e anatomia floral das seções neotropicais de Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae, Asparagales): considerações taxonômicas e evolutivas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative floral micromorphology and anatomy of species of Bulbophyllum section Napelli (Orchidaceae), a Neotropical section widely distributed in forest habitats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

[Stanhopea bulbophyllum]

AR

Blütenknospen : Aristolochia elegans - Stanhopea graveolens - Aristolochia tricandata - Bulbophyllum lobbii - Aristolochia tricandata - Nicotiana affinis

AR

Blüten : Stanhopea graveolens - Miltonia - Oncidium - Commelina bengalensis - Bulbophyllum lobbii

AR

A highly effective and selective male lure for Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) is a moderate pest fruit fly particularly in northern Australia where mango is its main commercial host. It was largely considered non-responsive to the known male lures. However, male B. jarvisi are attracted to the flowers of Bulbophyllum baileyi, Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora maliformis and Semecarpus australiensis and this paper describes an attempt to determine the attractive compounds in the latter two species through chemical analysis. At about the same time, zingerone was identified as a fruit fly attractant in the flowers of Bulbophyllum patens in Malaysia, and this led the author to speculate that it could be attracting B. jarvisi to the flowers of B. baileyi. Two long-term traps, each with lures containing 2 g of liquefied zingerone and 1 mL maldison EC were established at Speewah, west of Cairns, in November 2001 and retained until April 2007. Over five complete years, 68 897 flies were captured, of which 99.6% were male B. jarvisi. Annual peaks in activity occurred between mid-January and early February, when they averaged 1428.5 +/- 695.6 (mean +/- standard error) male B. jarvisi/trap/week. Very few B. jarvisi were caught between June and September. Among 12 other species of Bactrocera and Dacus attracted to zingerone were the previously non-lure responsive Bactrocera aglaiae, a new species Bactrocera speewahensis, and the rarely trapped Dacus secamoneae. Four separate trials were conducted over 8- to 19-week periods to compare the numbers and species of Bactrocera and Dacus caught by zingerone, raspberry ketone/cue-lure or methyl eugenol-baited traps. Overall, 27 different species of Bactrocera and Dacus were recorded. The zingerone-baited traps caught 97.799.3% male B. jarvisi and no methyl eugenol responsive flies. Significantly more Bactrocera neohumeralis or Bactrocera tryoni were attracted to raspberry ketone/cue-lure than to zingerone (P < 0.001). Zingerone and structurally related compounds should be tested more widely throughout the region.

海南野生兰科植物保育生物学研究

兰科(Orchidaceae)是高等植物中第二大科，包括石斛属在内的许多种类均具有较高的观赏价值和独特的药用价值。过度采挖和商业利用及原生境丧失致使野生兰科植物资源受到了毁灭性的破坏，许多兰科植物种类日趋濒危。本研究以海南岛野生兰科植物为对象，从生物多样性、群落生态学、菌根体系的建立和重引入实施工程等方面开展工作，研究结果如下： 1）报道了中国兰科植物2个新种，1个中国新记录属，6个中国新记录种及11个海南新记录种。其中，2个新种为长筒天麻Gastrodia longitubularis和芳香白点兰Thrixspermum odoratum；1个中国新记录属为小囊兰属Micropera；6个中国新记录种，分别为疏花羊耳蒜Liparis sparsiflora、三色槌柱兰Malleola insectifera.、红花小囊兰Micropera poilanei、美丽云叶兰Nephelaphyllum pulchrum、腐生齿唇兰Odontochilus saprophyticu和白花曲唇兰Panisea albiflora；11个海南新记录种，分别为密花石豆兰Bulbophyllum odoratissimum、金唇兰Chrysoglossum ornatum、勐海隔距兰Cleisostoma menghaiense、束花石斛Dendrobium chrysanthum、无叶美冠兰Eulophia zollingeri、滇南翻唇兰Hetaeria rubens、心叶球柄兰Mischobulbum cordifolium、毛叶芋兰Nerviliaplicata、平卧曲唇兰Panisea cavalerei、云南曲唇兰Panisea yunnanensisi及台湾白点兰Thrixspermum formosanum。 2）海南琼北火山岩地区调查结果表明，该区有兰科植物10属14种，成斑块状分布；其区系成分单一，生活型不全面；附主植物种类多样，人工种植的经济作物为该地区兰科植物的主要附生宿主。生境特征分析结果显示，琼北火山岩地区独特的地质气候条件及植被类型是影响该地区兰科植物种类数量的主要因素。人工干扰所致的植被破坏、生境破碎化是该地区兰科植物多样性丧失的主导因素。 3）以我国兰科海南特有种-华石斛（Dendrobium sinense TangetWang）为研究对象，采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析法（DCA）对海南霸王岭国家级自然保护区华石斛附生群落进行了分类和排序。结果表明：TWINSPAN分类结果将22个样方划分为2个植被类型、5个群系、7个群丛组；并分别对各群丛组的生境特点、植被树种组成作了论述。DCA二维排序图较好地验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果，并客观地反映了群落的生境特征。随着海拔逐渐升高，华石斛附生群落植被类型从山地常绿林逐渐过渡到高山苔藓矮林，群落中的优势种由喜高温耐干旱的热带、亚热带树种逐渐演变为耐低温喜湿的亚热带、温带树种。华石斛在主要群落类型群系间、群丛组内的数量、密度和空间分布格局表现出较大差异，以具通风、凉爽和高湿环境的高山苔藓矮林附生数量最多。附生群落类型的多样性反映了华石斛对多样生境的适应性。华石斛附生群落植被类型群丛组的划分，进一步细化和丰富了海南热带森林植被类型山地常绿林和高山矮林的划分，有助于了解华石斛自然居群的生境特点，为进一步开展华石斛的保育工作提供了科学依据。 4）兰科菌根菌对兰花种子萌发和原球茎生长起了重要作用，在成年阶段也扮演着重要角色。为了解东南亚特有种五唇兰的菌根形态和菌根真菌的动态侵染过程，对不同生境下两种变异类型（叶背绿色和叶背紫色）的成年植株菌根分三个时间段采样并进行显微观察。结果表明，成年的五唇兰植株与菌根真菌有着密切关系，菌丝的侵染、定殖和消解程度随着生长发育变化而变化；在营养生长阶段和生殖生长阶段都发现菌丝结，这两个阶段的菌丝特征有所不同；而在休眠阶段的菌根中观察不到菌丝结；不同生境和不同变异类型的菌根结构无明显区别。 5)利用种子原地共生萌发技术，通过种子预处理及播种等技术的不断完善，获得了大量种子萌发原球茎；初步揭示了华石斛种子萌发原球茎规律。结果表明：10%NaOH浸泡10min预处理能显著提高华石斛种子萌发率；原生境人工播种明显提高了萌发的原球茎数及宿主原球茎产生率；但不同附生宿主间存在差异，自然萌发原球茎数非常低。播种后2.5个月左右种子开始萌发，4.5个月左右达到高峰，在6.5个月原球茎数基本趋于稳定。 6)华石斛菌根化苗重引入实验结果表明，实验室筛选的有益真菌与原生境下筛选有益真菌存在一定差异。菌根化苗重引入野外生境，3个月后以12号华石斛菌根化苗生长最好，3、9号华石斛菌根化苗生长较正常，而7、10号两种华石斛菌根化苗叶片受损或死亡，无菌组培苗基本已死亡；华石斛菌根化苗成活率在50%以上，而对照几乎全部死亡；从菌根化苗长势评价，3、9、12号3个内生真菌华石斛菌根化苗生长较好，为真正有益共生真菌。

基于ITS 序列和matK 基因序列的中国药用石斛及其混伪品的分子鉴定

为了从分子水平对中国药用石斛及其混伪品进行鉴定，本文选取了核rDNA ITS 序列和叶绿体DNA 的matK 基因序列进行研究。采用改良的CTAB 法提取石斛的基因组DNA，PCR 产物直接测序法对17 种（共32 份）药用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 全序列进行测定，克隆测序法对12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体的matK 基因序列进行测定，运用BioEd it，MEGA4.0 等生物软件分析了石斛属植物的rDNA ITS 序列及叶绿体的matK 基因序列的特征，比较了石斛属间、种间、种内不同居群（品种）间的序列碱基差异及遗传距离，应用邻接法构建分子系统树。主要研究结果如下： （1）建立了17 种（共32 份）药用石斛rDNA ITS 区碱基全序列数据库，其中，ITS1 的长度为228~234 bp，GC 含量为45.7%~53.0%，变异位点167 个，占总位点67.34%，信息位点106 个，占总位点42.74%，ITS2 长度为241~247 bp，GC含量为44.8%~55.7%，变异位点165 个，占总位点66.27%，信息位点115 个，占总位点46.18%。 （2）建立了12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体matK 基因全序列数据库，叶绿体matK 基因长1410 bp，变异位点51 个，信息位点11 个。除了存在碱基替换的遗传变异外，还存在碱基的插入和缺失。 （3）通过ITS 序列比较分析了各材料间的遗传距离和碱基差异，属间的遗传距离为0.295，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.142，碱基相差2~156 个，种内各居群间的平均遗传距离为0.002，碱基相差1~2 个。属间的遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离，种间的遗传距离大于种内不同居群（品种）间的遗传距离。 （4）根据分析石斛叶绿体的matK 基因序列得到，外类群（密花石豆兰）与石斛属间最小遗传距离为0.027，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.008，种间最大的遗传距离0.014， 最小的遗传距离为0.003，碱基相差8~20 个。种内不同居群（品种）遗传距离为0.001，相差1~5 个碱基。 （5）利用17 种石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，通过对待检种rDNA I TS区进行序列测定，成功地对10 个待检种进行了鉴定，并且在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （6）运用12 种石斛的matK 基因全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，成功地对4个待检种进行了鉴定，同样在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （7）本文利用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 序列和叶绿体的matK 基因序列数据库分别构建了NJ 树，外类群与石斛属间石斛种间以及种内不同居群（品种）间均能在NJ 树中明显分化开来，二者构建的分子系统树一致，为石斛的分子鉴定提供了依据。 In order to identify Chinese Herba Dendrobii and its adulterant species on molecular level, we studied the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene. Genomic DNA of Dendrobium was extracted using the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The PCR products of the rDNA ITS sequences of Dendrobium (32 materia ls) were purified and then sequenced. The PCR products of chloroplast matK gene of Dendrobium (22 materia ls) were purified, cloned and then sequenced. The characteristic of the sequences and the genetic dista nce were compared between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium, Dendrobium interspecies, and different populations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the NJ method by the biology softwares including BioEd it, MEGA4.0 etc. The ma in results as follows: (1) It was built up that the database of rDNA ITS sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii (32 materia ls). The ITS1 was 228~234 bp, the GC content accounting for 45.7%~53.0%. Its variable sites were 167, accounting for 67.34%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 106, accounting for 42.74%. The ITS2 was 241~247 bp, the GC accounting for 44.8%~55.7%. The variable sites were 165, accounting for 66.27%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 115, accounting for 46.18%. (2) The database of the chloroplast matK gene sequences was built up, which contained 12 species of Herba Dendrobii (22 materia ls). The matK gene sequences were about 1410bp in length. There were 51 variable sites and 11 Parsim-Informative sites. And there were nucleotides insertions and deletions in some species , in addition to the nucleotides substitutions. (3) The rDNA ITS sequences were compared and analyzed by the biology softwares. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was 0.295. The avera ge genetic dista nce was 0.142 between Dendrobium species, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The avera ge genetic dista nce between different populations was 0.002, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was greater tha n that of Denrobium interspecies. Meanwhile, the genetic dista nce between Denrobium species was also greater tha n that of different populations (variaties). (4) The characteristics of the chloroplast matK gene sequences were obtained after analyzing by the biology softwares. The minima l genetic dista nce was 0.027 between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium . The ma xima l genetic dista nce was 0.014 between Dendrobium species, and there were 20 variable nucleotides. The minima l genetic dista nce between populations was 0.003, and there were 8 variable nucleotides.The genetic dista nce between populations was 0.001, and there were 1~5 variable nucleotides. (5) The molecular Phylogeny tree was constructed on the database of rDNA ITS the sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii using the biology softwares. Then we authenticated 10 materia ls on molecular level. What’s more, they had been proved when these pla nts flowered. (6) The molecular Phylogeny tree was built up on the database of chloroplast matK gene sequences of 12 species of Herba Dendrobii with the biology softwares.Then 4 materia ls were authenticated on molecular level. Moreover, they had also been proved when these pla nts were in flower. (7) The Phylogenetic trees were separately constructed on the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene B. odoratissimum and Dendrobium all could be distinguished on the Phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the Phylogenetic trees based on two groups of sequences were coincident. rDNA ITS and matK gene sequence could be used as molecular markers for authentication of Herba Dendrobii.

The species of Paspalum L (Poaceae), groups Virgata and Quadrifaria, in Brazil - Distribution and ecology

The Brazilian species of Paspalum L. (Poaceae) groups Virgata and Quadrifaria are revised based on herbarium material and live specimens of recent collections. The Virgata taxa are P. wettsteinii, P. rufum, P. regnellii, P. conspersum, P. virgatum and P. commune, while Quadrifaria encompasses P. intermedium, P. densum, P. millegrana, P. durifolium, P. brunneum, P. usteri, P. plenum, P. quadrifarium, P. coryphaeum, P. exaltatum and P. haummmanii. Both groups are commonly found throughout the country, but rare in the wet areas of the Amazonian forest, and better characterized as megatherm plants.