Propiedades psicométricas del test de competencias motoras Bruininks Oseretsky en versión corta para niños entre 4 y 7 años en Chía y Bogotá – Colombia.

Existen importantes pruebas de valoración que miden habilidades o competencias motoras en el niño; a pesar de ello Colombia carece de estudios que demuestren la validez y la confiabilidad de un test de medición que permita emitir un juicio valorativo relacionado con las competencias motoras infantiles, teniendo presente que la intervención debe basarse en la rigurosidad que exigen los procesos de valoración y evaluación del movimiento corporal. Objetivo. El presente estudio se centró en determinar las propiedades psicométricas del test de competencias motoras Bruininiks Oseretsky –BOT 2- segunda edición. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas con 24 niños aparentemente sanos de ambos géneros, entre 4 y 7 años, residentes en las ciudades de Chía y Bogotá. La evaluación fue realizada por 3 evaluadores expertos; el análisis para consistencia interna se realizó utilizando el Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, el análisis de reproducibilidad se estableció a través del Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase –CCI- y para el análisis de la validez concurrente se utilizó el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson, considerando un alfa=0.05. Resultados. Para la totalidad de las pruebas, se encontraron altos índices de confiabilidad y validez. Conclusiones. El BOT 2 es un instrumento válido y confiable, que puede ser utilizado para la evaluación e identificación del nivel de desarrollo en que se encuentran las competencias motoras en el niño.

Investigating the association between motor proficiency and body satisfaction in grade 5 children

The inverse relationships between motor proficiency and overweight, and between overweight and body satisfaction have been well documented. However, the association between motor proficiency and body satisfaction has been largely neglected in the literature. Knowledge of the influence that low motor proficiency may have on body satisfaction is essential if the full burden that those children with poor motor abilities face is to be fully recognized, as low body satisfaction has been linked to an increased risk for low self-esteem, depression, and disordered eating. The cohort investigated in this report included 1907 (971 males, 936 female) Grade 5 students from the Physical Health Activity Study Team (PHAST) project in the Niagara Region of Southern Ontario. Children were grouped as overweight or healthy weight (using BMI cut offs for age and gender), and as low motor proficiency or normal motor proficiency (cut-off set at lowest 10% Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-short form (BOTMPsf). It was apparent from analyses of variance (ANOVAs) by gender that boys demonstrated significantly higher motor proficiency scores. As a result separate multiple logistic regressions by gender were used to determine the relationship between body satisfaction, BMI, and motor proficiency. There was a significant relationship between BMI and body satisfaction for both genders (p<0.01) and for males a significant relationship between motor proficiency and body satisfaction (p<0.03). Overweight females were less likely to be satisfied with their bodies with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.33 (CI: 0.23-0.47). The same trend was found in overweight males (OR: 0.42, CI: 0.29-0.59). Males with low motor proficiency were significantly less satisfied with their bodies (OR: 0.53, CI: 0.29-0.97). Males with poor motor proficiency were at greater risk for low body satisfaction regardless of their overweight status. Overweight is known to be prevalent among children with low motor proficiency and, these results indicate that low body satisfaction is also a significant concern. These findings confirm that attention needs to be paid to perceptions of body satisfaction among children with low motor proficiency. This is particularly true for boys, as their bodies may fail them in two common societal expectations, shape and skill and for whom their risk of low body satisfaction is heightened by their poor motor proficiency.

Psicomotricidade e intervenção precoce no Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança Torrado da Silva do Hospital Garcia da Orta

Nota: Os anexos referidos no índice do trabalho não foram fornecidos.

The influence of physical activity behaviour on the relationship between motor proficiency and body composition in children

There is an emerging awareness that children with poor motor abilities are at particular risk for overweight. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of physical activity behaviour on the relationship between motor proficiency and body composition. Participants were 1287 (646 males, 641 females) Grade 6 students in the Physical Health Activity Study project. Height, weight, waist girth, and motor proficiency (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Performance BOTMP-SF) were assessed. Physical activity behaviours were also evaluated with a multifaceted approach and reported for school-based, non-school based physical activity, free-time play, and sedentary activities (Participation Questionnaire), and leisure time exercise (Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire GS). Overweight was defined by BMI scores: boys :::20.6-21.2 and <25.1-26.0; girls: ::: 20.7-21.7and <25.4-26.7 and obesity was defined as: boys:::: 25.1-26.0; girls: :::25.4-26.7. Children were classified as case group (CG,::; 10% on BOTMP-SF), borderline case group (BC, > 10% to ::; 20% on BOTMP-SF) or non-case group. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) uncovered a significant difference in overweight and obesity between the case group and non-case group. Normal-weight children reported higher participation in organized school-sports (intra-mural and inter-school teams). The CG reported significantly lower participation in school sports teams and lower GS results, with a trend towards lower participation in all active pursuits. They also reported a significantly higher duration of television watching and book reading. There were no significant differences between motor proficiency groups by gender, age, nonschool sports, or free-time activity. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the case group was 10.9 times more likely to be overweight/obese than their peers. No single aspect of physical activity was able to explain the difference in odds ratios for the motor proficiency groups. However, for the entire cohort, children who participated in more organized school sports were less likely to be overweight/obese. These findings confirm that children with low motor proficiency are at significant risk of developing overweight. It is evident that these children have generally attenuated activity levels and heightened levels of sedentary pursuits. School-based activities appear particularly limited, and are the one area where children have near autonomy in their decision to pursue active opportunities. The promotion of school-based programs, specifically intramural sports may be an important aspect in increasing children's overall activity levels. It is also essential to consider the needs of those children with low motor proficiency when designing activity promotion programs. Future research should further explore motor proficiency and overweight/obesity.

Mediating Influence of Physical Fitness on the Relationship between Academic Performance and Motor Proficiency

We explored the potential mediating influence of physical fitness on the relationship between academic performance and motor proficiency in children. 1864 students (F:926, M:938, age 11.91 (SD:0.34). Academic achievement was derived from an average of standardized tests of reading, writing, and math. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Performance (short-form) determined motor proficiency. Fitness (peak oxygen uptake) was established with the Léger 20-m Shuttle Run Test. OLS regression identified several significant predictors of academic performance. After controlling for age (p=0.0135), gender (p<0.0001), and parental education (p<0.0001), motor proficiency (p<0.0001), was significant. After adding physical fitness (p=0.0030) to the model the effect of motor proficiency remained significant however the point estimate was reduced from 0.0034 (p<0.0001) to 0.0026 (p<0.0001). These results suggest that physical fitness plays a mediating role on the relationship between academic performance and motor proficiency although both aerobic fitness and motor proficiency have independent roles.

Motor profile of students with dyslexia

In the presence of developmental dyslexia, there is high probability of motor difficulties being present as well purposes: The purposes of this study were to characterize and compare the motor performance of students with dyslexia with students with good academic performance and to identify the presence of the DCD (developmental coordination disorder) co-occurring with developmental dyslexia. A total of 79 students participated in the research, both genders, from 8 to 11 years old, from 3rd to 5th grades, and were divided into Group I: 19 students with developmental dyslexia and Group II: 60 students with good academic performance. All the students were assessed using “The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency” (second edition), to measure the motor skills and the pattern and differences between groups. The results of this study showed that the motor performance of Group II students was superior to the performance of students of Group I in almost all motor areas assessed but both groups performed less well than they should have for their chronological age. The results of this study indicate that occupational therapists, speech therapists and educators need to be aware of the presence of motor impairments and the need for early intervention in both the academic and clinical environments, in order to ensure that early identification and diagnosis of possible co-occurrences, such as DCD, and the impact on learning to guarantee more appropriate clinical and educational assistance for this population. This may also indicate that increased exposure to movement may be important to limit some of the secondary health consequences in children in Brazil.

The impact of social competence between physical activity and motor performance

Objective: To identify the association of low physical activity (PA) participation in children with various motor performances (MP) and to establish the impact of social competence (SC). Methods: Sixth grade children from PHAST study at Brock University (n=1958; 50.53% males) had MP test results from Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Participation Questionnaire (PQ) used for PA and Harter Social Competence Scale for self-perceived SC. Comparative tests, multiple and logistic regressions were performed. Results: Significant differences in PQ measures in MP quartiles and SCs. MP and SC are independent predictors of PA (p<.05) except with SES on free play activity, making MP not significant. Lower MP increased the odds of low total PA and organized sport participation but not for free play activities (OR~1). Higher SC reduced the risk of low participation in all PA measures. Conclusions: SC improves PA participation, including free play and organized sports, despite the child’s MP.

An international investigation on the validity of the CSAPPA scale in screening for developmental coordination disorder /

The main objective of the present investigation was to continue the research initiated by Hay and colleagues (2004) in examining the efficacy of the Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA) scale as a proxy for the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP-SF) in screening for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in children. To better appreciate DCD knowledge outside Canada, the measurements of this investigation were expanded in Greece. A translated Greek CSAPP A scale and the BOTMP-SF were administered for the first time in Greek children. A second objective was to investigate the relationship between DCD and various risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Canadian and Greek children. A sample of 591 (Ms=322; Fs=269) Canadian and 392 (Ms=211; Fs=181) Greek children, aged 9 to 13 years, consented to the BOTMP-SF, CSAPP A Scale, participation in physical activity questionnaire, Leger 20-meter Multistage Shuttle Run test, and body fat using bioelectric impedance. Prevalence of DCD in Canada and Greece was 8% and 19%, respectively. Significant agreement (ptest in both countries. Canadian children revealed significantly lower percent body fat, CSAPPA scores, and participation in physical activity, as well as higher aerobic fitness levels and BOTMP-SF compared to their Greek peers. Clumsiness was associated with increased percent body fat and low aerobic fitness values. Physical activity was a significant mediator in the clumsiness-aerobic fitness relationship. It is concluded that the CSAPPA scale is an accurate, practical, and inexpensive screening tool for DCD, and that motoric competence is associated with aerobic fitness through physical activity participation.

The Association of Energy Intake with Body Mass in Children With and Without Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder

Objective To determine if there is an association between energy intake (EI) and overweight or obesity status (OWOB) in children with and without probable developmental coordination disorder (p-DCD). Methods 1905 children were included. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was used to assess p-DCD, body mass index for OWOB, and the Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire for EI. Comparative tests and logistic regressions were performed. Results Reported EI was similar between p-DCD and non-DCD children among boys (2291 vs. 2281 kcal/day, p=0.917), but much lower in p-DCD compared to non-DCD girls (1745 vs.. 2068 kcal/day, p=0.007). EI was negatively associated with OWOB in girls only (OR: 0.82 (0.68, 0.98)). Conclusions Girls with p-DCD have a lower reported EI compared to their non-DCD peers. EI is negatively associated with OWOB in girls with p-DCD. Future research is needed to assess longitudinally the potential impact of EI on OWOB in this population.

Quantification of standing balance in survivors of childhood posterior fossa brain tumours

Malgré un intérêt grandissant pour la question du devenir des survivants de tumeur cérébrale pédiatrique, l’évaluation de leur équilibre est souvent négligée. Les objectifs de nos travaux étaient de 1) examiner les écrits portant sur l’équilibre chez les survivants de tumeur cérébrale pédiatrique; 2) comparer l'équilibre debout et la qualité de vie entre les survivants et un groupe d’enfants témoins; et 3) examiner l'association entre l'équilibre debout et qualité de vie chez les survivants. Notre recension des écrits démontra que les survivants de tumeur cérébrale présentent des troubles de l’équilibre, mais les limites méthodologiques des études nous empêchent de conclure de manière définitive. Ensuite, nous avons recruté un groupe d’enfants survivants d’une tumeur cérébrale de la fosse postérieure et un groupe d’enfants sains. Leur équilibre était évalué à l’aide du Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd edition (BOT-2) et du Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Certains participants ont aussi été évalués avec une plate-forme de force où les limites de stabilité étaient documentées. Finalement, tous les enfants et leurs parents remplissaient le Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL4.0). Nos résultats démontrent que les survivants présentent une diminution de l’équilibre mise en évidence par le BOT-2, mais que leur qualité de vie est similaire aux enfants sains. La performance au BOT-2 est associée à la dimension physique du PedsQL4.0, suggérant une relation entre l’équilibre et la qualité de vie. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’une évaluation de l’équilibre pourrait être bénéfique chez cette clientèle afin de mieux cerner ses besoins de réadaptation.

Profile of paediatric occupational therapy practice in Australia

Background: The purpose of the present study was to describe a profile of Australian paediatric occupational therapy practice in terms of theories, assessments and interventions used with the most frequently seen client groups. Methods: An ex post facto survey design was utilised. A purpose-designed survey was mailed to 600 occupational therapists identified by OT Australia as working in paediatrics. Results: The response rate was 55% (n = 330). Respondents in the sample worked chiefly with children with developmental delays, learning disabilities, neurological impairments, and infants/toddlers. Theoretical models used by paediatric clinicians that were common to the most frequently seen client groups focused on sensory integration/multisensory approaches, occupational performance, and client-centred practice. Assessment tools most frequently used were the Test of Visual Motor Integration, Sensory Profile, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Handwriting Speed Test, and Motor-Free Visual Perception Test. The most often used treatment methods across the four most frequently seen client groups were parent/caregiver education, sensory integration/stimulation techniques, and managing activities of daily living. Conclusions: Paediatric occupational therapists appeared to draw on a range of theoretical models. With the exception of the Sensory Profile, the assessment and treatment methods most frequently used are not congruent with the most commonly used theoretical models. It is critical that the assessment and treatment methods used are conceptually consistent with the theoretical models that guide practice. Occupational therapists need to examine the evidence and determine whether their clinical practice is grounded in the best contemporary theoretical models, assessments and interventions.

A Comparison of Paediatric Occupational Therapy University Program Curricula in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada

Comparisons were made of the paediatric content of professional entry-level occupational therapy university program curricula in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada using an ex post facto surveymethodology. The findings indicated that in Australia/New Zealand, paediatrics made up 20% of the total curriculum, but only 13% in Canada. Canadian reference materials were utilized less often in Canadian universities than in Australia/New Zealand. Theories taught most often in Australia/New Zealand were: Sensory Integration, Neurodevelopmental Therapy, Client-Centered Practice, Playfulness, and the Model of Human Occupation. In Canada, the most frequent theories were: Piaget’s Stages ofCognitive/Intellectual Development, Neurodevelopmental Therapy, Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development and Sensory Integration. The most frequently taught paediatric assessment tools in both regions were the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and Miller Assessment for Preschoolers. Paediatric interventionmethods taught to students in all three countries focused on activities of daily living/self-care, motor skills, perceptual and visual motor integration, and infant and child development. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: ©2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.]

O contributo da terapia ocupacional na análise dos ajustes posturais antecipatórios em crianças com 9 e 10 anos de idade, num sistema de captura de movimento - BioStage

O trabalho realizado teve como objetivo principal analisar os ajustes posturais antecipatórios que ocorrem durante o desempenho de uma tarefa motora fundamental (apanhar), em crianças entre os nove e os dez anos de idade, residentes no Porto e que apresentam um desenvolvimento normal com recurso ao sistema de captura e parametrização do movimento em tempo real BioStage ®. Como objetivo secundário pretendeu-se perceber de que forma este sistema pode ser uma ferramenta importante na prática clínica da terapia ocupacional. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de natureza quantitativa e de carácter descritivo e recorreu-se a uma amostra de 12 crianças, utilizando o método de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. A recolha de dados efetuou-se no sistema BioStage ® e foi pedido que realizassem quatro itens do subteste 5 do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) – receção bi e unilateral de uma bola com e sem ressalto no chão. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as raparigas e as crianças mais novas demonstram ter menos estabilidade do tronco e pélvis ou menor capacidade de prever a trajetória da bola e que a receção unilateral foi mais difícil de efetuar pela maioria das crianças. Para concluir, refere-se que o BioStage ® mostra-se útil e é uma mais-valia, contribuindo de forma positiva para a prática da terapia ocupacional, uma vez que pode ser considerado como um complemento ao processo de avaliação pois faz uma análise detalhada, precisa e objetiva e identifica aspetos de difícil mensuração através da observação.

Análise dos padrões motores utilizados no desempenho de uma tarefa funcional, com recurso ao BioStage®, em crianças com 9 a 10 anos de idade, e seu contributo para a terapia ocupacional

O estudo do comportamento motor, nomeadamente as áreas do desenvolvimento e controlo motor, têm permitido fundamentar a prática da terapia ocupacional, proporcionando um entendimento mais abrangente de aspetos relacionados com a análise de movimento. Todavia, o processo de análise de atividades, por norma, é realizado de forma empírica, principalmente devido à carência de métodos que avaliem de forma objetiva e precisa o comportamento motor e, consequentemente, os movimentos realizados no desempenho de atividades. Neste sentido, este estudo pretendeu encontrar padrões motores em crianças entre os nove e os dez anos de idade, com desenvolvimento normal, que traduzam o desempenho de uma tarefa motora funcional, com recurso ao sistema de captura e parametrização do movimento em tempo real BioStage®. Por outro lado, tentou-se perceber se o sistema poderia revelar-se um contributo para a prática da terapia ocupacional, possibilitando a obtenção de dados que possam ser utilizados na clínica. As tarefas selecionadas para análise foram os cinco lançamentos propostos pelo Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, que consistem no lançamento por baixo uni e bilateral, lançamento ao chão uni e bilateral e lançamento ao alvo (unilateral). Os resultados encontrados apontam que aos nove e dez anos existem padrões motores similares entre as crianças, no entanto ainda se nota uma ligeira variabilidade no comportamento. Aferiu-se, também, que a idade, sexo e prática de exercício físico podem influenciar os padrões utilizados, estando de acordo com a literatura. O sistema BioStage® mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz para a análise de movimento, providenciando informação detalhada sobre o comportamento motor das crianças, no decorrer das tarefas. Deste modo, pode ser uma mais-valia para a prática da terapia ocupacional, podendo contribuir para uma análise de atividades mais precisa, objetiva e fundamentada.

O Papel da Memória de Trabalho na Perturbação do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação, em Crianças Com Diagnóstico de Perturbação de Hiperatividade e Défice de Atenção

Este estudo pretende (1) encontrar a prevalência da Perturbação do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (PDC) em crianças com Perturbação de Hiperatividades e Défice de Atenção (PHDA); (2) analisar qual a prevalência de défices de memória de trabalho verbal e não-verbal, em crianças com PHDA e comparar o desempenho entre as crianças que só apresentam PHDA e aquelas que apresentam também PDC; (3) verificar se a ocorrência de PDC é agravada, de acordo com a presença ou ausência de alterações de memória de trabalho e se estas podem ser consideradas fatores de risco ou de proteção para a manifestação de PDC, enquanto comorbilidade de PHDA. Foram selecionadas 37 crianças com diagnóstico de PHDA, com idades compreendidas entre os 7 e os 14 anos. A componente motora foi avaliado com a versão curta do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) e o Questionário de Perturbação do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação 2007 (DCDQ’07); a memória de trabalho foi avaliada através da Figura Complexa de Rey, Trail Making Test - parte B e Memória de Dígitos – sentido inverso. Para determinar o impacto da memória de trabalho na componente motora, recorreu-se a uma regressão logística. Encontrou-se uma prevalência de PDC de 51% e de défices ao nível da memória de trabalho verbal e não-verbal de 60% e 80%, respetivamente, para a amostra total de crianças com PHDA. A terapêutica farmacológica para a PHDA revelou-se fator protetor para a manifestação de PDC, principalmente quando a primeira se encontra associada com o nascimento de termo. Um mau desempenho no teste Memória de Dígitos – sentido inverso é fator de risco para a manifestação de PDC, em crianças com PHDA. Este estudo permitiu verificar que crianças com PHDA+PDC apresentam défices motores genuínos, característicos de manifestação de PDC. Parecem também existir relações bastante complexas entre a memória de trabalho e os mecanismos de controlo motor na PHDA, sendo que estes podem ser distintos quando está presente uma comorbilidade de PDC.