Automated Recording of Bridge Inspection Data in the Pontis Format Final Report, HR-364 April 1995

A large percentage of bridges in the state of Iowa are classified as structurally or fiinctionally deficient. These bridges annually compete for a share of Iowa's limited transportation budget. To avoid an increase in the number of deficient bridges, the state of Iowa decided to implement a comprehensive Bridge Management System (BMS) and selected the Pontis BMS software as a bridge management tool. This program will be used to provide a selection of maintenance, repair, and replacement strategies for the bridge networks to achieve an efficient and possibly optimal allocation of resources. The Pontis BMS software uses a new rating system to evaluate extensive and detailed inspection data gathered for all bridge elements. To manually collect these data would be a highly time-consuming job. The objective of this work was to develop an automated-computerized methodology for an integrated data base that includes the rating conditions as defined in the Pontis program. Several of the available techniques that can be used to capture inspection data were reviewed, and the most suitable method was selected. To accomplish the objectives of this work, two userfriendly programs were developed. One program is used in the field to collect inspection data following a step-by-step procedure without the need to refer to the Pontis user's manuals. The other program is used in the office to read the inspection data and prepare input files for the Pontis BMS software. These two programs require users to have very limited knowledge of computers. On-line help screens as well as options for preparing, viewing, and printing inspection reports are also available. The developed data collection software will improve and expedite the process of conducting bridge inspections and preparing the required input files for the Pontis program. In addition, it will eliminate the need for large storage areas and will simplify retrieval of inspection data. Furthermore, the approach developed herein will facilitate transferring these captured data electronically between offices within the Iowa DOT and across the state.

Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads, Volume 1 of 2 Concept 1: Precast Steel Beam Units, HR-382, 1997

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5% of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7% are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa secondary road system where over 86% of the rural bridge management responsibilities are assigned to the counties. Some of the bridges can be strengthened or otherwise rehabilitated, but many more are in need of immediate replacement. In a recent investigation (HR-365 "Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System") several types of replacement bridges that are currently being used on low volume roads were identified. It was also determined that a large number of counties (69%) have the ability and are interested in utilizing their own forces to design and construct short span bridges. In reviewing the results from HR-365, the research team developed one "new" bridge replacement concept and a modification of a replacement system currently being used. Both of these bridge replacement alternatives were investigated in this study, the results of which are presented in two volumes. This volume (Volume 1) presents the results of Concept 1 - Steel Beam Precast Units. Concept 2 - Modification of the Beam-in-Slab Bridge is presented in Volume 2. Concept 1, involves the fabrication of precast units (two steel beams connected by a concrete slab) by county work forces. Deck thickness is limited so that the units can be fabricated at one site and then transported to the bridge site where they are connected and the remaining portion of the deck placed. Since Concept 1 bridge is primarily intended for use on low-volume roads, the precast units can be constructed with new or used beams. In the experimental part of the investigation, there were three types of static load tests: small scale connector tests, "handling strength" tests, and service and overload tests of a model bridge. Three finite element models for analyzing the bridge in various states of construction were also developed. Small scale connector tests were completed to determine the best method of connecting the precast double-T (PCDT) units. "Handling strength" tests on an individual PCDT unit were performed to determine the strength and behavior of the precast unit in this configuration. The majority of the testing was completed on the model bridge [L=9,750 mm (32 ft), W=6,400 mm (21 ft)] which was fabricated using the precast units developed. Some of the variables investigated in the model bridge tests were number of connectors required to connect adjacent precast units, contribution of diaphragms to load distribution, influence of position of diaphragms on bridge strength and load distribution, and effect of cast-in-place portion of deck on load distribution. In addition to the service load tests, the bridge was also subjected to overload conditions. Using the finite element models developed, one can predict the behavior and strength of bridges similar to the laboratory model as well as design them. Concept 1 has successfully passed all laboratory testing; the next step is to field test it.

Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads Volume 2 of 2 Concept 2: Beam In Slab Bridge, HR-382, 1997

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5% of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7% are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa secondary road system where over 86% of the rural bridge management responsibilities are assigned to the counties. Some of the bridges can be strengthened or otherwise rehabilitated, but many more are in need of immediate replacement. In a recent investigation (HR-365 "Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System") several types of replacement bridges that are currently being used on low volume roads were identified. It was also determined that a large number of counties (69%) have the ability and are interested in utilizing their own forces to design and construct short span bridges. After reviewing the results from HR-365, the research team developed one "new" bridge replacement concept and a modification of a replacement system currently being used. Both of these bridge replacement alternatives were investigated in this study, the results of which are presented in two volumes. This volume (Volume 2) presents the results of Concept 2 - Modification of the Beam-in-Slab Bridge. Concept 1 - Steel Beam Precast Units is presented in Volume 1. Concept 2 involves various laboratory tests of the Beam-in-Slab bridge (BISB) currently being used by Benton County and several other Iowa counties. In this investigation, the behavior and strength of the BISB were determined; a new method of obtaining composite action between the steel beams and concrete was also tested. Since the Concept 2 bridge is primarily intended for use on low-volume roads, the system can be constructed with new or used beams. In the experimental part of the investigation, there were three types of laboratory tests: push-out tests, service and ultimate load tests of models of the BISB, and composite beam tests utilizing the newly developed shear connection. In addition to the laboratory tests, there was a field test in which an existing BISB was service load tested. An equation was developed for predicting the strength of the shear connection investigated; in addition, a finite element model for analyzing the BISB was also developed. Push-out tests were completed to determine the strength of the recently developed shear connector. A total of 36 specimens were tested, with variables such as hole diameter, hole spacing, presence of reinforcement, etc. being investigated. In the model tests of the BISB, two and four beam specimens [L=9,140 mm (30 ft)] were service load tested for behavior and load distribution data. Upon completion of these tests, both specimens were loaded to failure. In the composite beam tests, four beams, one with standard shear studs and three using the shear connection developed, were tested. Upon completion of the service load tests, all four beams were loaded to failure. The strength and behavior of the beams with the new shear connection were found to be essentially the same as that of the specimen with standard shear studs.

Corridor Management Pilot Projects, 2004

Managing existing and newly constructed highway corridors has recently become a significant concern in many states, including Iowa. As urban land and land on the urban fringe develops, there is pressure to add features such as commercial driveways, at-grade public road intersections, and traffic signals to arterial highway routes that should primarily serve high-speed traffic. This diminishes the speed and traffic capacity of such roadways and can also cause significant safety issues. if mobility and safety are diminished, the value of the highway investment is diminished. Since a major highway corridor improvement may cost tens of millions of dollars or more, corridor management is as critical to preserving that investment as is more "hard side" management practices such as pavement or bridge management. Corridor management is a process that applies access management principles to highway corridors in an attempt to balance the competing needs of traffic service, safety, and support for land development. This project helped to identify routes that should be given high priority for corridor management. The pilot study in the form of two corridor management case studies provides an analytical process that can be replicated along the other Iowa commuting corridors using commonly available transportation and land use data resources. It also offers a general set of guidelines for the Iowa Department of Transportation to use in the development of its own comprehensive corridor management program.

Monitoring of Dynamic Bridge Behaviour Using Digital Image Correlation

Bridges are a critical part of North America’s transportation network that need to be assessed frequently to inform bridge management decision making. Visual inspections are usually implemented for this purpose, during which inspectors must observe and report any excess displacements or vibrations. Unfortunately, these visual inspections are subjective and often highly variable and so a monitoring technology that can provide quantitative measurements to supplement inspections is needed. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a novel monitoring technology that uses digital images to measure displacement fields without any contact with the bridge. In this research, DIC and accelerometers were used to investigate the dynamic response of a railway bridge reported to experience large lateral displacements. Displacements were estimated using accelerometer measurements and were compared to DIC measurements. It was shown that accelerometers can provide reasonable estimates of displacement for zero-mean lateral displacements. By comparing measurements in the girder and in the piers, it was shown that for the bridge monitored, the large lateral displacements originated in the steel casting bearings positioned above the piers, and not in the piers themselves. The use of DIC for evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation of the LaSalle Causeway lift bridge in Kingston, Ontario was also investigated. Vertical displacements were measured at midspan and at the lifting end of the bridge during a static test and under dynamic live loading. The bridge displacements were well within the operating limits, however a gap at the lifting end of the bridge was identified. Rehabilitation of the bridge was conducted and by comparing measurements before and after rehabilitation, it was shown that the gap was successfully closed. Finally, DIC was used to monitor the midspan vertical and lateral displacements in a monitoring campaign of five steel rail bridges. DIC was also used to evaluate the effectiveness of structural rehabilitation of the lateral bracing of a bridge. Simple finite element models are developed using DIC measurements of displacement. Several lessons learned throughout this monitoring campaign are discussed in the hope of aiding future researchers.

Life-cycle performance of structures: combining expert judgment and results of inspection

Life-Cycle Civil Engineering – Biondini & Frangopol

Evaluation of Steel Bridges, Volumes I & II, TR-493, 2007

This report is divided into two volumes. This volume (Volume I) summarizes a structural health monitoring (SHM) system that was developed for the Iowa DOT to remotely and continuously monitor fatigue critical bridges (FCB) to aid in the detection of crack formation. The developed FCB SHM system enables bridge owners to remotely monitor FCB for gradual or sudden damage formation. The SHM system utilizes fiber bragg grating (FBG) fiber optic sensors (FOSs) to measure strains at critical locations. The strain-based SHM system is trained with measured performance data to identify typical bridge response when subjected to ambient traffic loads, and that knowledge is used to evaluate newly collected data. At specified intervals, the SHM system autonomously generates evaluation reports that summarize the current behavior of the bridge. The evaluation reports are collected and distributed to the bridge owner for interpretation and decision making. Volume II summarizes the development and demonstration of an autonomous, continuous SHM system that can be used to monitor typical girder bridges. The developed SHM system can be grouped into two main categories: an office component and a field component. The office component is a structural analysis software program that can be used to generate thresholds which are used for identifying isolated events. The field component includes hardware and field monitoring software which performs data processing and evaluation. The hardware system consists of sensors, data acquisition equipment, and a communication system backbone. The field monitoring software has been developed such that, once started, it will operate autonomously with minimal user interaction. In general, the SHM system features two key uses. First, the system can be integrated into an active bridge management system that tracks usage and structural changes. Second, the system helps owners to identify damage and deterioration.

Strumenti per la valutazione dello stato conservativo e per la manutenzione programmata dei ponti della Provincia di Bologna

La tesi tratta di strumenti finalizzati alla valutazione dello stato conservativo e di supporto all'attività di manutenzione dei ponti, dai più generali Bridge Management Systems ai Sistemi di Valutazione Numerica della Condizione strutturale. Viene proposto uno strumento originale con cui classificare i ponti attraverso un Indice di Valutazione Complessiva e grazie ad esso stabilire le priorità d'intervento. Si tara lo strumento sul caso pratico di alcuni ponti della Provincia di Bologna. Su un ponte in particolare viene realizzato un approfondimento specifico sulla determinazione approssimata dei periodi propri delle strutture da ponte. Si effettua un confronto dei risultati di alcune modellazioni semplificate in riferimento a modellazioni dettagliate e risultati sperimentali.

Sistemas de gestión de puentes : optimización de estrategias de mantenimiento : implementación en redes locales de carreteras

En la actualidad, y en consonancia con la tendencia de “sostenibilidad” extendida a todos los campos y parcelas de la ciencia, nos encontramos con un área de estudio basado en la problemática del inevitable deterioro de las estructuras existentes, y la gestión de las acciones a realizar para mantener las condiciones de servicio de los puentes y prolongar su vida útil. Tal y como se comienza a ver en las inversiones en los países avanzados, con una larga tradición en el desarrollo de sus infraestructuras, se muestra claramente el nuevo marco al que nos dirigimos. Las nuevas tendencias van encaminadas cada vez más a la conservación y mantenimiento, reduciéndose las partidas presupuestarias destinadas a nuevas actuaciones, debido a la completa vertebración territorial que se ha ido instaurando en estos países, entre los que España se encuentra. Este nutrido patrimonio de infraestructuras viarias, que cuentan a su vez con un importante número de estructuras, hacen necesarias las labores de gestión y mantenimiento de los puentes integrantes en las mismas. Bajo estas premisas, la tesis aborda el estado de desarrollo de la implementación de los sistemas de gestión de puentes, las tendencias actuales e identificación de campos por desarrollar, así como la aplicación específica a redes de carreteras de escasos recursos, más allá de la Red Estatal. Además de analizar las diversas metodologías de formación de inventarios, realización de inspecciones y evaluación del estado de puentes, se ha enfocado, como principal objetivo, el desarrollo de un sistema específico de predicción del deterioro y ayuda a la toma de decisiones. Este sistema, adicionalmente a la configuración tradicional de criterios de formación de bases de datos de estructuras e inspecciones, plantea, de forma justificada, la clasificación relativa al conjunto de la red gestionada, según su estado de condición. Eso permite, mediante técnicas de optimización, la correcta toma de decisiones a los técnicos encargados de la gestión de la red. Dentro de los diversos métodos de evaluación de la predicción de evolución del deterioro de cada puente, se plantea la utilización de un método bilineal simplificado envolvente del ajuste empírico realizado y de los modelos markovianos como la solución más efectiva para abordar el análisis de la predicción de la propagación del daño. Todo ello explotando la campaña experimenta realizada que, a partir de una serie de “fotografías técnicas” del estado de la red de puentes gestionados obtenidas mediante las inspecciones realizadas, es capaz de mejorar el proceso habitual de toma de decisiones. Toda la base teórica reflejada en el documento, se ve complementada mediante la implementación de un Sistema de Gestión de Puentes (SGP) específico, adaptado según las necesidades y limitaciones de la administración a la que se ha aplicado, en concreto, la Dirección General de Carreteras de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, para una muestra representativa del conjunto de puentes de la red de la provincia de Albacete, partiendo de una situación en la que no existe, actualmente, un sistema formal de gestión de puentes. Tras un meditado análisis del estado del arte dentro de los Capítulos 2 y 3, se plantea un modelo de predicción del deterioro dentro del Capítulo 4 “Modelo de Predicción del Deterioro”. De la misma manera, para la resolución del problema de optimización, se justifica la utilización de un novedoso sistema de optimización secuencial elegido dentro del Capítulo 5, los “Algoritmos Evolutivos”, en sus diferentes variantes, como la herramienta matemática más correcta para distribuir adecuadamente los recursos económicos dedicados a mantenimiento y conservación de los que esta administración pueda disponer en sus partidas de presupuesto a medio plazo. En el Capítulo 6, y en diversos Anexos al presente documento, se muestran los datos y resultados obtenidos de la aplicación específica desarrollada para la red local analizada, utilizando el modelo de deterioro y optimización secuencial, que garantiza la correcta asignación de los escasos recursos de los que disponen las redes autonómicas en España. Se plantea con especial interés la implantación de estos sistemas en la red secundaria española, debido a que reciben en los últimos tiempos una mayor responsabilidad de gestión, con recursos cada vez más limitados. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 7, se plantean una serie de conclusiones que nos hacen reflexionar de la necesidad de comenzar a pasar, en materia de gestión de infraestructuras, de los estudios teóricos y los congresos, hacia la aplicación y la práctica, con un planteamiento que nos debe llevar a cambios importantes en la forma de concebir la labor del ingeniero y las enseñanzas que se imparten en las escuelas. También se enumeran las aportaciones originales que plantea el documento frente al actual estado del arte. Se plantean, de la misma manera, las líneas de investigación en materia de Sistemas de Gestión de Puentes que pueden ayudar a refinar y mejorar los actuales sistemas utilizados. In line with the development of "sustainability" extended to all fields of science, we are faced with the inevitable and ongoing deterioration of existing structures, leading nowadays to the necessary management of maintaining the service conditions and life time extension of bridges. As per the increased amounts of money that can be observed being spent in the countries with an extensive and strong tradition in the development of their infrastructure, the trend can be clearly recognized. The new tendencies turn more and more towards conservation and maintenance, reducing programmed expenses for new construction activities, in line with the already wellestablished territorial structures, as is the case for Spain. This significant heritage of established road infrastructure, consequently containing a vast number of structures, imminently lead to necessary management and maintenance of the including bridges. Under these conditions, this thesis focusses on the status of the development of the management implementation for bridges, current trends, and identifying areas for further development. This also includes the specific application to road networks with limited resources, beyond the national highways. In addition to analyzing the various training methodologies, inventory inspections and condition assessments of bridges, the main objective has been the development of a specific methodology. This methodology, in addition to the traditional system of structure and inspection database training criteria, sustains the classification for the entire road network, according to their condition. This allows, through optimization techniques, for the correct decision making by the technical managers of the network. Among the various methods for assessing the evolution forecast of deterioration of each bridge, a simplified bilinear envelope adjustment made empirical method and Markov models as the most effective solution to address the analysis of predicting the spread of damage, arising from a "technical snapshot" obtained through inspections of the condition of the bridges included in the investigated network. All theoretical basis reflected in the document, is completed by implementing a specific Bridges Management System (BMS), adapted according to the needs and limitations of the authorities for which it has been applied, being in this case particularly the General Highways Directorate of the autonomous region of Castilla-La Mancha, for a representative sample of all bridges in the network in the province of Albacete, starting from a situation where there is currently no formal bridge management system. After an analysis of the state of the art in Chapters 2 and 3, a new deterioration prediction model is developed in Chapter 4, "Deterioration Prediction Model". In the same way, to solve the optimization problem is proposed the use of a singular system of sequential optimization elected under Chapter 5, the "Evolutionary Algorithms", the most suitable mathematical tool to adequately distribute the economic resources for maintenance and conservation for mid-term budget planning. In Chapter 6, and in the various appendices, data and results are presented of the developed application for the analyzed local network, from the optimization model, which guarantees the correct allocation of scarce resources at the disposal of authorities responsible for the regional networks in Spain. The implementation of these systems is witnessed with particular interest for the Spanish secondary network, because of the increasing management responsibility, with decreasing resources. Chapter 7 presents a series of conclusions that triggers to reconsider shifting from theoretical studies and conferences towards a practical implementation, considering how to properly conceive the engineering input and the related education. The original contributions of the document are also listed. In the same way, the research on the Bridges Management System can help evaluating and improving the used systematics.

Reaching the unreached: An initiative to bridge the gap between the gap by active role of management institutes/schools

There are large numbers of business communities in India which neither had any formal education nor they took any professional training but still they contribute in successful business formation. Their presence can be felt in all areas of business. Still there is a big professional gap between the educational institutes, specially the B-Schools and this independent business community. With the help of this paper an effort is made to develop a Two-Way learning relationship for the mutual benefit of both entities. It will also highlight the role of an educational institute beyond academics for the well being of society. This may lead to derive and develop the exchange of innovative business ideas and framing the suitable policies for long term sustainability in today´s competitive arena. The study conducted by researcher with a sample size of 100 which includes a mix of well known academic professionals, MBA students and non academic business professionals has revealed that there is a need of an exchange program for the mutual benefits. There exists a big professional gap in this area which can be filled with the active and effective initiative by management institutes. An effort is made in this paper to highlight this gap and to suggest some framework to bridge the gap

The use of information and interactive processes in growth management

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia do Ambiente, especialidade em Sistemas Sociais

The Vasco da Gama Bridge on the Tagus Estuary: A paradigm of bad decision making, but good post-evaluation

World Transport Policy & Practice, Vol.6, nº2, (2000)

Clinical review: practical recommendations on the management of perioperative heart failure in cardiac surgery.

Acute cardiovascular dysfunction occurs perioperatively in more than 20% of cardiosurgical patients, yet current acute heart failure (HF) classification is not applicable to this period. Indicators of major perioperative risk include unstable coronary syndromes, decompensated HF, significant arrhythmias and valvular disease. Clinical risk factors include history of heart disease, compensated HF, cerebrovascular disease, presence of diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and high-risk surgery. EuroSCORE reliably predicts perioperative cardiovascular alteration in patients aged less than 80 years. Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide level is an additional risk stratification factor. Aggressively preserving heart function during cardiosurgery is a major goal. Volatile anaesthetics and levosimendan seem to be promising cardioprotective agents, but large trials are still needed to assess the best cardioprotective agent(s) and optimal protocol(s). The aim of monitoring is early detection and assessment of mechanisms of perioperative cardiovascular dysfunction. Ideally, volume status should be assessed by 'dynamic' measurement of haemodynamic parameters. Assess heart function first by echocardiography, then using a pulmonary artery catheter (especially in right heart dysfunction). If volaemia and heart function are in the normal range, cardiovascular dysfunction is very likely related to vascular dysfunction. In treating myocardial dysfunction, consider the following options, either alone or in combination: low-to-moderate doses of dobutamine and epinephrine, milrinone or levosimendan. In vasoplegia-induced hypotension, use norepinephrine to maintain adequate perfusion pressure. Exclude hypovolaemia in patients under vasopressors, through repeated volume assessments. Optimal perioperative use of inotropes/vasopressors in cardiosurgery remains controversial, and further large multinational studies are needed. Cardiosurgical perioperative classification of cardiac impairment should be based on time of occurrence (precardiotomy, failure to wean, postcardiotomy) and haemodynamic severity of the patient's condition (crash and burn, deteriorating fast, stable but inotrope dependent). In heart dysfunction with suspected coronary hypoperfusion, an intra-aortic balloon pump is highly recommended. A ventricular assist device should be considered before end organ dysfunction becomes evident. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is an elegant solution as a bridge to recovery and/or decision making. This paper offers practical recommendations for management of perioperative HF in cardiosurgery based on European experts' opinion. It also emphasizes the need for large surveys and studies to assess the optimal way to manage perioperative HF in cardiac surgery.

An Illustrated Guide for Monitoring and Protecting Bridge Waterways Against Scour - Project TR-515 - Final Report, March 2006

This report is a well illustrated and practical Guide intended to aid engineers and engineering technicians in monitoring, maintaining, and protecting bridge waterways so as to mitigate or prevent scour from adversely affecting the structural performance of bridge abutments, piers, and approach road embankments. Described and illustrated here are the scour processes affecting the stability of these components of bridge waterways. Also described and illustrated are methods for monitoring waterways, and the various methods for repairing scour damage and protecting bridge waterways against scour. The Guide focuses on smaller bridges, especially those in Iowa. Scour processes at small bridges are complicated by the close proximity of abutments, piers, and waterway banks, such that scour processes interact in ways difficult to predict and for which reliable design relationships do not exist. Additionally, blockage by woody debris or by ice, along with changes in approach channel alignment, can have greater effects on pier and abutment scour for smaller bridges. These considerations tend to cause greater reliance on monitoring for smaller bridges. The Guide is intended to augment and support, as a source of information, existing procedures for monitoring bridge waterways. It also may prompt some adjustments of existing forms and reports used for bridge monitoring. In accord with increasing emphasis on effective management of public facilities like bridges, the Guide ventures to include an example report format for quantitative risk assessment applied to bridge waterways. Quantitative risk assessment is useful when many bridges have to be evaluated for scour risk and damage, and priorities need to be determined for repair and protection work. Such risk assessment aids comparison of bridges at risk. It is expected that bridge inspectors will implement the Guide as a concise, handy reference available back at the office. The Guide also likely may be implemented as an educational primer for new inspectors who have yet to become acquainted with waterway scour. Additionally, the Guide may be implemented as a part of process to check whether existing bridge-inspection forms or reports adequately encompass bridge-waterway scour.