Effect of moisture content on the R-70 self-heating rate of Callide coal

Strip samples from the Boundary Hill pit at Callide have been tested in an adiabatic oven to assess the effect of moisture on the R-70 self-heating rate of coal. The two strip samples tested had R-70 self-heating rate values of 10.23 and 8.61 degrees C/h. As the moisture content of the coal was progressively increased, from the dry state of the test, the R-70 value decreased dramatically. At approximately 40-50% of the moisture holding capacity of the coal, the self-heating rate becomes measurable. Above this critical level of moisture content, the heat produced by oxidation is dissipated by moisture evaporation and coal self-heating is significantly delayed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Side boundary gate, Lahz House, Spring Hill

House beyond with skylight to bathroom visible on left. Winner of the Robin Dods Award RAIA Queensland Chapter 1990

Side boundary fence, Lahz House, Spring Hill

House beyond with skylight to bathroom visible on left. Winner of the Robin Dods Award RAIA Queensland Chapter 1990

Side boundary fence, Lahz House, Spring Hill

Winner of the Robin Dods Award RAIA Queensland Chapter 1990

Side boundary pathway, Lahz House, Spring Hill

Lahz House on left. Winner of the Robin Dods Award RAIA Queensland Chapter 1990

Side boundary fence, Lahz House, Spring Hill

Winner of the Robin Dods Award RAIA Queensland Chapter 1990

Nanoparticle melting as a Stefan moving boundary problem

The melting of spherical nanoparticles is considered from the perspective of heat flow in a pure material and as a moving boundary (Stefan) problem. The dependence of the melting temperature on both the size of the particle and the interfacial tension is described by the Gibbs-Thomson effect, and the resulting two-phase model is solved numerically using a front-fixing method. Results show that interfacial tension increases the speed of the melting process, and furthermore, the temperature distribution within the solid core of the particle exhibits behaviour that is qualitatively different to that predicted by the classical models without interfacial tension.

Evolution of isolated streamwise vortices in the late stages of boundary layer transition

Experiments were conducted with two, smooth hills, lying well within the boundary layer over a flat plate mounted in a wind tunnel. One hill was shallow, with peak height 1.5 mm and width 50 mm; the other, steep, 3 mm high and 30 mm wide. Since the hills occupied one-half of the tunnel span, streamwise vorticity formed near the hills' edge. At a freestream speed of 3.5 m/s, streaks formed with inflectional wall-normal and spanwise velocity profiles but without effecting transition. Transition, observed at 7.5 m/s, took different routes with the two hills. With the steep hill, streamwise velocity signals exhibited the passage of a wave packet which intensified before breakdown to turbulence. With the shallow hill there was a broad range of frequencies present immediately downstream of the hill. These fluctuations grew continuously and transition occurred within a shorter distance. Since the size of the streamwise vorticity generated at the hill edge is of the order of the hill height, the shallow hill generates vorticity closer to the wall and supports an earlier transition, whereas the steep hill creates a thicker vortex and associated streaks which exhibit oscillations due to their own instability as an additional precursor stage before transition.

Local structure of boundary layer transition in experiments with a single streamwise vortex

Transition induced by an isolated streamwise vortex embedded in a flat plate boundary layer was studied experimentally. The vortex was created by a gentle hill with a Gaussian profile that spanned on half of the width of a flat plate mounted in a low turbulence wind tunnel. PIV and hot-wire anemometry data were taken. Transition occurs as a non-inclined shear layer breaks up into a sequence of vortices, close to the boundary layer edge. The passing frequency of these vortices scales with square of the freestream velocity, similar to that in single-roughness induced transition. Quadrant analysis of streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations show large ejection events in the outer layer. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Neural Theory of Attentive Visual Search: Interactions of Boundary, Surface, Spatial, and Object Representations

Visual search data are given a unified quantitative explanation by a model of how spatial maps in the parietal cortex and object recognition categories in the inferotemporal cortex deploy attentional resources as they reciprocally interact with visual representations in the prestriate cortex. The model visual representations arc organized into multiple boundary and surface representations. Visual search in the model is initiated by organizing multiple items that lie within a given boundary or surface representation into a candidate search grouping. These items arc compared with object recognition categories to test for matches or mismatches. Mismatches can trigger deeper searches and recursive selection of new groupings until a target object io identified. This search model is algorithmically specified to quantitatively simulate search data using a single set of parameters, as well as to qualitatively explain a still larger data base, including data of Aks and Enns (1992), Bravo and Blake (1990), Chellazzi, Miller, Duncan, and Desimone (1993), Egeth, Viri, and Garbart (1984), Cohen and Ivry (1991), Enno and Rensink (1990), He and Nakayarna (1992), Humphreys, Quinlan, and Riddoch (1989), Mordkoff, Yantis, and Egeth (1990), Nakayama and Silverman (1986), Treisman and Gelade (1980), Treisman and Sato (1990), Wolfe, Cave, and Franzel (1989), and Wolfe and Friedman-Hill (1992). The model hereby provides an alternative to recent variations on the Feature Integration and Guided Search models, and grounds the analysis of visual search in neural models of preattentive vision, attentive object learning and categorization, and attentive spatial localization and orientation.

Observations of the Sensitivity of Beam Attenuation to Particle Size in a Coastal Bottom Boundary Layer

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the aggregated state of natural marine particles constrains the sensitivity of optical beam attenuation to particle size. An instrumented bottom tripod was deployed at the 12-m node of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory to monitor particle size distributions, particle size-versus-settling-velocity relationships, and the beam attenuation coefficient (c(p)) in the bottom boundary layer in September 2007. An automated in situ filtration system on the tripod collected 24 direct estimates of suspended particulate mass (SPM) during each of five deployments. On a sampling interval of 5 min, data from a Sequoia Scientific LISST 100x Type B were merged with data from a digital floc camera to generate suspended particle volume size distributions spanning diameters from approximately 2 mu m to 4 cm. Diameter-dependent densities were calculated from size-versus-settling-velocity data, allowing conversion of the volume size distributions to mass distributions, which were used to estimate SPM every 5 min. Estimated SPM and measured c(p) from the LISST 100x were linearly correlated throughout the experiment, despite wide variations in particle size. The slope of the line, which is the ratio of c(p) to SPM, was 0.22 g m(-2). Individual estimates of c(p):SPM were between 0.2 and 0.4 g m(-2) for volumetric median particle diameters ranging from 10 to 150 mu m. The wide range of values in c(p):SPM in the literature likely results from three factors capable of producing factor-of-two variability in the ratio: particle size, particle composition, and the finite acceptance angle of commercial beam-transmissometers.

Isotopic record across the Aptian/Albian boundary of ODP Hole 171-1049C

Geochemical analyses of extraordinarily well preserved late Aptian-early Albian foraminifera from Blake Nose (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1049) reveal rapid shifts of d18O, d13C, and 87Sr/88Sr in the subtropical North Atlantic that may be linked to a major planktic foraminifer extinction event across the Aptian/Albian boundary. The abruptness of the observed geochemical shifts and their coincidence with a sharp lithologic contact is explained as an artifact of a previously undetected hiatus of 0.8-1.4 million years at the boundary contact, but the values before and after the hiatus indicate that major oceanographic changes occurred at this time. 87Sr/88Sr increase by ~0.000200, d13C values decrease by 1.5 per mil to 2.2 per mil, and d18O values decrease by ~1.0 per mil (planktics) to 0.5 per mil (benthics) across the hiatus. Further, both 87Sr/88Sr ratios and d18O values during the Albian are anomalously high. The 87Sr/88Sr values deviate from known patterns to such a degree that an explanation requires either the presence of inter-basin differences in seawater 87Sr/88Sr during the Albian or revision of the seawater curve. For d18O, planktic values in some Aptian samples likely reflect a diagenetic overprint, but preservation is excellent in the rest of the section. In well preserved material, benthic foraminiferal values are largely between 0.5 and 0.0 per mil and planktic samples are largely between 0.0 per mil to -1.0 per mil, with a brief excursion to -2.0 per mil during OAE 1b. Using standard assumptions for Cretaceous isotopic paleotemperature calculations, the d18O values suggest bottom water temperatures (at ~1000 -1500 m) of 8-10°C and surface temperatures of 10-14°C, which are 4-6°C and 10-16°C cooler, respectively, than present-day conditions at the same latitude. The cool subtropical sea surface temperature estimates are especially problematic because other paleoclimate proxy data for the mid-Cretaceous and climate model predictions suggest that subtropical sea surface temperatures should have been the same as or warmer than at present. Because of their exquisite preservation, whole scale alteration of the analyzed foraminifera is an untenable explanation. Our proposed solution is a high evaporative fractionation factor in the early Albian North Atlantic that resulted in surface waters with higher d18O values at elevated salinities than commonly cited in Cretaceous studies. A high fractionation factor is consistent with high rates of vapor export and a vigorous hydrological cycle and, like the Sr isotopes, implies limited connectivity among the individual basins of the Early Cretaceous proto-Atlantic ocean.

Numerical approximation of a fractional-in-space diffusion equation (II) - with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions

In this paper, a space fractional di®usion equation (SFDE) with non- homogeneous boundary conditions on a bounded domain is considered. A new matrix transfer technique (MTT) for solving the SFDE is proposed. The method is based on a matrix representation of the fractional-in-space operator and the novelty of this approach is that a standard discretisation of the operator leads to a system of linear ODEs with the matrix raised to the same fractional power. Analytic solutions of the SFDE are derived. Finally, some numerical results are given to demonstrate that the MTT is a computationally e±cient and accurate method for solving SFDE.