Gerard Ter Borch.

Mode of access: Internet.

Gérard Terburg (Ter Borch) et sa famille /

One plate counted as two.

Thesaurus trium linguarum: Latinae, Gallicae, Graecae, magno vocum, locutionumque ex optimis scriptoribus collectarum numero locupletatus

Mode of access: Internet.

Hemeroscopeion anni aerae Christianae, 1654 ...

Part 1 interleaved.

Posthumous Portrait of Moses ter Borch

Gerard Terborch; 2 ft. 6 in.x 1 ft. 10 1/4 in.; oil on canvas

Rhetoric and public speech in English republicanism, 1642-1681

The study analyses the ambivalent relationship republicanism, as a form of self-government free from domination, had with the ideal of participatory oratory and non-dominated speech on the one hand, and with the danger of unhindered demagogy and its possibly fatal consequences to that form of government on the other. Although previous scholarship has delved deeply into republicanism as well as into rhetoric and public speech, the interplay between those aspects has only gathered scattered interest, and there has been no systematic study considering the variety of republican approaches to rhetoric and public speech in 17th-century England. The rare attempts to do so have been studies in English literature, and they have not analysed the political philosophy of republicanism, as the focus has been on republicanism as a literary culture. This study connects the fields of political theory, political history as well as literature in order to make a multidisciplinary contribution to intellectual history. The study shows that, within the tradition of classical republicanism, individual authors could make different choices when addressing the problematic topics of public speech and rhetoric, and the variety of their conclusions often set the authors against each other, resulting in the development of their theories through internal debates within the republican tradition. The authors under study were chosen to reflect this variety and the connections between them: the similarities between James Harrington and John Streater, and between John Milton and John Hall of Durham are shown, as well the controversies between Harrington and Milton, and Streater and Hall, respectively. In addition, by analysing the writings of Marchamont Nedham the study will show that the choices were not limited to more, or less, democratic brands of republicanism. Most significantly, the study provides a thorough analysis of the political philosophies behind the various brands of republicanism, in addition to describing them. By means of this analysis, the study shows that previous attempts to assess the role of free speech and public debate, through the lenses of modern, rights-based liberal political theory have resulted in an inappropriate framework for understanding early modern English republicanism. By approaching the topics through concepts used by the republicans legitimate authority, leadership by oratory, and republican freedom and through the frames of reference available and familiar to them roles of education and institutions the study presents a thorough and systematic analysis of the role and function of rhetoric and public speech in English republicanism. The findings of this analysis have significant consequences to our current understanding of the history and development of republican political theory, and, more generally, of the connections between democratic theory and free speech.

Tratado provisional sobre a Colonia de Sacramento, entre Carlos II Rey de Espanha e o Principe D. Pedro, Regente de Portugal, assinado em Lisboa a 7 de maio de 1681 e ratificado em Madrid a 25 do mez

Texto manuscrito em espanhol com caligrafia do século XVIII.

Gerard Corley Smith

Obituary reprinted with permission from The Times, London.

Das Bistum Würzburg 7. Die Würzburger Bischöfe von 1617 bis 1684

Winfried Romberg führt mit dem Band Die Würzburger Bischöfe von 1617 bis 1684 die Bischofsreihe fort, die Alfred Wendehorst begonnen hat (Germania Sacra Neue Folge 1/4/13). Damit erscheint ein Band, der in besonderer Weise für den Schwerpunkt der Dritten Folge der Germania Sacra steht: Die Darstellung von Diözesen und Domkapiteln der Kirche des Alten Reiches. Er beleuchtet die Lebensläufe und Amtstätigkeiten neuzeitlicher Würzburger Bischöfe des 17. Jahrhunderts und umfasst die Pontifikate von Johann Gottfried I. von Aschhausen (1617–1622) bis zum Pontifikat von Konrad Wilhelm von Wernau (1683–1684). Die Bischöfe dieser Zeit waren von überregionaler Bedeutung und Wirksamkeit, wie sich beispielhaft in der Person des Bischofs Johann Philipp I. von Schönborn (1642–1673) zeigt, der zugleich Erzbischof von Mainz war. Johann Gottfried I. von Aschhausen, Franz von Hatzfeld und Peter Philipp von Dernbach waren Bischöfe von Würzburg und Bamberg in Personalunion, womit sich der Band auch an die Darstellung der Bamberger Bischofsreihe von 1522 bis 1693 von Dieter J. Weiß (Germania Sacra Neue Folge 38) anschließt. Die Viten, die das Wirken des einzelnen Bischofs in seinem Amt in den Vordergrund stellen, bewegen sich im geschichtsträchtigen Umfeld von Rekatholisierung, Dreißigjährigem Krieg und Frühabsolutismus.