To boldly go: individual differences in boldness influence migratory tendency

Partial migration, whereby only a fraction of the population migrates, is thought to be the most common type of migration in the animal kingdom, and can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this, the factors that influence which individuals migrate and which remain resident are poorly understood. Recent work has shown that consistent individual differences in personality traits in animals can be ecologically important, but field studies integrating personality traits with migratory behaviour are extremely rare. In this study, we investigate the influence of individual boldness, an important personality trait, upon the migratory propensity of roach, a freshwater fish, over two consecutive migration seasons. We assay and individually tag 460 roach and show that boldness influences migratory propensity, with bold individuals being more likely to migrate than shy fish. Our data suggest that an extremely widespread personality trait in animals can have significant ecological consequences via influencing individual-level migratory behaviour.

Plasticity varies with boldness in a weakly-electric fish

The expression of animal personality is indicated by patterns of consistency in  individual behaviour. Often, the differences exhibited between individuals are consistent across situations. However, between some situations, this can be biased by variable levels of individual plasticity. The interaction between individual plasticity and animal personality can be illustrated by examining situation-sensitive personality traits such as boldness (i.e. risk-taking and exploration tendency). For the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii, light condition is a major factor influencing behaviour. Adapted to navigate in low-light conditions, this species chooses to be more active in dark environments where risk from visual predators is lower. However, G. petersii also exhibit individual differences in their degree of behavioural change from light to dark. The present study, therefore, aims to  examine if an increase of motivation to explore in the safety of the dark, not only affects mean levels of boldness, but also the variation between individuals, as a result of differences  in individual plasticity.  Results: Boldness was consistent between a novel-object and a novel-environment situation in bright light. However, no consistency in boldness was noted between a bright (risky) and a  dark (safe) novel environment. Furthermore, there was a negative association between boldness and the degree of change across novel environments, with shier individuals  exhibiting greater behavioural plasticity.  Conclusions: This study highlights that individual plasticity can vary with personality. In  addition, the effect of light suggests that variation in boldness is situation specific. Finally,  there appears to be a trade-off between personality and individual plasticity with shy but  plastic individuals minimizing costs when perceiving risk and bold but stable individuals  consistently maximizing rewards, which can be maladaptive.

Entrepreneurship and family firms : a case study in growth and survival

Entrepreneurial marketing has gained popularity in both the entrepreneurship and marketing disciplines in recent times. The success of ventures that have pursued what are considered non-traditional marketing approaches has been attributed to entrepreneurial marketing practices. Despite the multitude of marketing concepts and models, there are prominent venture successes that do not conform to these and have thus been put in the ''entrepreneurial'' box. One only has to look to the ''Virgin'' model to put this in context. Branson has proven for example that not ''sticking to the knitting'' can work with the ways the Virgin portfolio has been diversified. Consequently, an entrepreneurial orientation is considered a desirable philosophy and has become prominent in such industries as airlines and information technology. Miles and Arnold (1991) found that entrepreneurial orientation is positively correlated to marketing orientation. They propose that entrepreneurial orientation is a strategic response by firms to turbulence in the environment. While many marketing successes are analysed in hindsight using traditional marketing concepts and strategies, there are those that challenge standard marketing textbook recommendations. Marketing strategy is often viewed as a process of targeting, segmenting and positioning (STP). Academics and consultants advocate this approach along with the marketing and business plans. The reality however is that a number of businesses do not practice these and pursue alternative approaches. Other schools of thought and business models have been developing to explain differences in orientation such as branding (Keller 2001), the service-dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch 2004) and effectuation logic (Sarasvathy 2001). This indicates that scholars are now looking to cognate fields to explain a given phenomenon beyond their own disciplines. Bucking this trend is a growing number of researchers working at the interface between entrepreneurship and marketing. There is now an emerging body of work dedicated to this interface, hence the development of entrepreneurial marketing as an alternative to the traditional approaches. Hills and Hultman (2008:3) define entrepreneurial marketing as ''a spirit, an orientation as well as a process of passionately pursuing opportunities and launching and growing ventures that create perceived customer value through relationships by employing innovativeness, creativity, selling, market immersion, networking and flexibility.'' Although it started as a special interest group, entrepreneurial marketing is now gaining recognition in mainstream entrepreneurship and marketing literature. For example new marketing textbooks now incorporate an entrepreneurial marketing focus (Grewal and Levy 2008). The purpose of this paper is to explore what entrepreneurial approaches are used by entrepreneurs and their impact on the success of marketing activities. Methodology/Key Propositions In order to investigate this, we employ two cases: 42Below, vodka producers from New Zealand and Penderyn Distillery, whisky distillers from Wales. The cases were chosen based on the following criteria. Firstly, both companies originate from small economies. Secondly, both make products (spirits) from locations that are not traditionally regarded as producers of their flagship products and thirdly, the two companies are different from each other in terms of their age. Penderyn is an old company established in 1882, whereas 42Below was founded only in 1999. Vodka has never been associated with New Zealand. By the same token, whisky has always been associated with Scotland and Ireland but never been with Wales. Both companies defied traditional stereotypes in marketing their flagship products and found international success. Using a comparative a case study approach, we use Covin and Slevin's (1989) set of items that purport to measure entrepreneurial orientation and apply a qualitative lens on the approaches of both companies. These are: 1. cultural emphases on innovation and R&D 2. high rate of new product introduction 3. bold, innovative product development 4. initiator proactive posture 5. first to introduce new technologies and products 6. competitive posture toward competitor 7. strong prolictivity for high risk, high return projects 8. environment requires boldness to achieve objectives 9. when faced with risk, adopts aggressive, bold posture. Results and Implications We find that both companies have employed entrepreneurial marketing approaches but with different intensities. While acknowledging that they are different from the norm, the specifics of their individual approaches are dissimilar. Both companies have positioned their products at the premium end of their product categories and have emphasised quality and awards in their communication strategies. 42Below has carved an image of irreverence and being non-conformist. They have unashamedly utilised viral marketing and entered international markets by training bartenders and hosting unconventional events. They use edgy language such as vodka university, vodka professors and vodka ambassadors. Penderyn Distillery has taken a more traditional approach to marketing its products and portraying romantic images of age-old tradition of distilling as key to their positioning. Both companies enjoy success as evidenced by industry awards and international acclaim.

11:59

At first glance, the gallery seems to be empty. Upon entering however, 11:59 reveals itself to be masking tape placed lackadaisically in seemingly geometric forms. Enter the gallery at 11:59 and you would witness the light and shadows correlate with the gestural marks that have been made. Exploring ideas of time, space, gesture, value and mark-making, this work can be interpreted to be overflowing with confidence and/or impotence. It whispers about site and encounters, over-complication and simplicity, and boldness and hesitancy.

Da espera à ousadia: o papel das ideias no pleito pelo assento permanente no Conselho de Segurança da ONU nos governos Cardoso e Lula

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo mostrar a evolução do pleito brasileiro por um assento permanente no Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas ao longo dos governos dos presidentes Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995 a 2002) e Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003 a 2010). Em ambos os períodos, os argumentos apresentados pela diplomacia brasileira se baseiam parcialmente em princípios que, tradicionalmente, marcam e norteiam a política externa brasileira. Este pleito foi retomado pela diplomacia brasileira no início da década de 1990. Mas as gestões realizadas em função da busca pelo assento permanente não se dão da mesma maneira nos governos dos dois presidentes nos quais esta dissertação se concentra. As mudanças que são observadas ao longo destes 16 anos estão associadas a alterações nas linhas gerais da política externa brasileira. Essas alterações permitem que se observe a uma atuação mais cautelosa no governo Cardoso e ações mais ousadas no governo Lula.

O perfil de personalidade dos estudantes de engenharia informática

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau Mestre em Psicologia, ramo de Psicologia do Trabalho e das Organizações

Shark personalities? Repeatability of social network traits in a widely distributed predatory fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68, 1995-2003.

Interest in animal personalities has generated a burgeoning literature on repeatability in individual traits such as boldness or exploration through time or across different contexts. Yet, repeatability can be influenced by the interactive social strategies of individuals, for example, consistent inter-individual variation in aggression is well documented. Previous work has largely focused on the social aspects of repeatability in animal behaviour by testing individuals in dyadic pairings. Under natural conditions, individuals interact in a heterogeneous polyadic network. However, the extent to which there is repeatability of social traits at this higher order network level remains unknown. Here, we provide the first empirical evidence of consistent and repeatable animal social networks. Using a model species of shark, a taxonomic group in which repeatability in behaviour has yet to be described, we repeatedly quantified the social networks of ten independent shark groups across different habitats, testing repeatability in individual network position under changing environments. To understand better the mechanisms behind repeatable social behaviour, we also explored the coupling between individual preferences for specific group sizes and social network position. We quantify repeatability in sharks by demonstrating that despite changes in aggregation measured at the group level, the social network position of individuals is consistent across treatments. Group size preferences were found to influence the social network position of individuals in small groups but less so for larger groups suggesting network structure, and thus, repeatability was driven by social preference over aggregation tendency.

Characteristics of offenders:The HEXACO model of personality as a framework for studying offenders' personality

What are the personality differences between individuals who commit crime and those who refrain from crime? The HEXACO model of personality combines facets of honesty and humility with those of emotionality, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience within a unifying framework of personality. We applied the HEXACO model to examine differences in personality between offenders and nonoffenders. Criminal offenders differed from nonoffenders on five of the six dimensions of personality proposed by the HEXACO model. Compared to nonoffenders, offenders exhibited stronger tendencies toward greed and unfairness, but were also more anxious and fearful. Conversely, the offenders scored lower than nonoffenders on a number of facets of sociability, liveliness, and social boldness. The present findings indicate that offenders may in part be characterized by increased negative emotions but decreased sociability and liveliness. The HEXACO model of personality provides a valuable tool for studying this unique and important population. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Does subjective rating reflect behavioural coding? Personality in 2 month-old dog puppies: An open-field test and adjective-based questionnaire

A number of studies have recently investigated personality traits in non-human species, with the dog gaining popularity as a subject species for research in this area. Recent research has shown the consistency of personality traits across both context and time for adult dogs, both when using questionnaire based methods of investigation and behavioural analyses of the dogs' behaviour. However, only a few studies have assessed the correspondence between these two methods, with results varying considerably across studies. Furthermore, most studies have focused on adult dogs, despite the fact that an understanding of personality traits in young puppies may be important for research focusing on the genetic basis of personality traits. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the correspondence between a questionnaire based method and the in depth analyses of the behaviour of 2-month old puppies in an open-field test in which a number of both social and non-social stimuli were presented to the subjects. We further evaluated consistency of traits over time by re-testing a subset of puppies. The correspondence between methods was high and test-retest consistency (for the main trait) was also good using both evaluation methods. Results showed clear factors referring to the two main personality traits 'extroversion,' (i.e. the enthusiastic, exuberant approach to the stimuli) and 'neuroticism,' (i.e. the more cautious and fearful approach to the stimuli), potentially similar to the shyness-boldness dimension found in previous studies. Furthermore, both methods identified an 'amicability' dimension, expressing the positive interactions the pups directed at the humans stranger, and a 'reservedness' dimension which identified pups who largely chose not to interact with the stimuli, and were defined as quiet and not nosey in the questionnaire.

Variations interindividuelles dans l’utilisation d’information publique et le niveau d’impulsivité : expériences chez le diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata)

Il y a de plus en plus de preuves que les animaux diffèrent de façon constante dans leur tendance à se servir de l’information sociale et de l’information personnelle, et ces différences interindividuelles sont corrélées avec des traits de personnalité tels que l’hardiesse et l’exploration. Le lien entre la personnalité et l’utilisation d’information sociale serait attribué au fait que les performances cognitives des individus affectent non seulement leur personnalité, mais aussi leur habileté à acquérir de l’information personnelle fiable. La présente étude cherchait à déterminer si les femelles diamant mandarin qui ont tendance à se fier à l’information sociale dans des contextes de choix de partenaire et d’alimentation démontrent également un niveau de contrôle de soi plus faible, une mesure que nous avons utilisée pour évaluer leur capacité à discriminer entre deux alternatives. Nous avons observé que les femelles plus impulsives ont une plus grande tendance à se servir de l’information sociale que celles qui démontrent un degré de contrôle de soi plus élevé. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent fortement que les différences individuelles dans les capacités cognitives auraient contribué à l'émergence et au maintien des personnalités animales.

De la transgression comme pratique esthétique dans les romans de Sami Tchak

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner l’œuvre romanesque du Togolais Sami Tchak (de son vrai nom Sadamba Tcha Koura). Parmi les écrivains africains francophones dits de la nouvelle génération, il se distingue par une esthétique qui s’inscrit essentiellement dans une dynamique transgressive et transculturelle. À travers un recours systématique au matériau de la sexualité, Sami Tchak construit une poétique, qui, au-delà de son audace transgressive, de son aspect délibérément choquant et provocateur, s’attache à interroger l’existence humaine, à mettre en évidence les misères et les faiblesses de l’Homme. En outre, cette poétique de la sexualité est porteuse de sens du social : elle sert de prétexte à l’auteur pour dépeindre l’existence de ceux qu’il appelle des « vies sans horizon », des « vies sans relief », mais aussi pour déconstruire la doxa. Mû par le désir de s’imposer comme une voix individuelle, de s’éloigner du dogme enfermant de l’africanité, Sami Tchak choisit de marquer son propre territoire littéraire par le biais d’une démarche transculturelle, en ancrant son œuvre dans la mémoire de la littérature. Cet ancrage se double d’une construction polysémique de l’espace. La présente étude s’appuie sur une triple approche, intertextuelle, sociocritique et transculturelle. Par exemple, elle montrera que, contrairement à une certaine critique qui le soupçonne de tourner le dos à l’Afrique, le projet romanesque de Sami Tchak procède d’une conscience à la fois africaine et universelle : même dans les romans qui se déroulent dans l’espace latino-américain, on remarquera que l’auteur possède l’art d’évoquer l’Afrique, surtout à travers des discours allusifs, implicites.

L'évolution de la réponse normative de l'OIT en situation de crise économique et financière

De l’avis de nombreux observateurs, le monde a connu en 2008 une crise économique sans précédent depuis la Grande dépression des années trente. Au premier chef des victimes de ces dérives de l’économie globale figurent les travailleurs du monde entier. Investie depuis 1919 d’un mandat de protection à l’égard de ces derniers, l’Organisation internationale du Travail (OIT) se doit d’être une force de propositions en ces périodes difficiles. La présente étude se propose d’analyser l’évolution des réponses normatives produites par l’OIT au lendemain des crises économiques et financières mondiales depuis sa création. Il s’agira également de mettre en corrélation le degré d’audace de l’Organisation et la composition de la scène internationale qui préside à chacune des époques considérées. Le premier chapitre sera pour nous l’occasion de montrer comment l’OIT, née dans un contexte de crise économique dans les années vingt puis confrontée en 1930 à une autre crise majeure, a su tirer profit de ces situations qui confirment sa raison d’être et la pousse à s’enquérir de nouvelles compétences (chapitre I). Nous ferons ensuite étape dans une époque marquée par la prolifération de nouvelles organisations internationales avec lesquelles l’OIT entre en concurrence : l’ère onusienne. Nous verrons comment la position de l’Organisation sur la scène internationale influe sur sa réactivité face aux crises économiques et politiques du moment (chapitre II). Forts de ces considérations historiques, nous serons enfin à même de comprendre la souplesse normative caractérisant la réaction de l’OIT face à la crise de 2008. Nous serons également en mesure de comprendre comment cette crise historique a modifié l’ordre mondial et influé sur la position de l’Organisation dans l’agencement international (chapitre III).

Carreira dos jovens executivos: competências em destaque para a posição de gerência em seis organizações nacionais de grande porte em diferentes segmentos

O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar quais são as competências comuns nas 6 empresas analisadas e quais se despontam na carreira de jovens executivos entre 24 e 35 anos, o que propicia a construção de um caminho para o crescimento profissional. Esta pesquisa caracterizou-se por ser qualitativa, exploratória, descritiva e documental. O levantamento de dados foi realizado através de fontes bibliográficas e de uma pesquisa documental no banco de dados de uma empresa de consultoria multinacional, com sede em São Paulo. As competências que mais se destacam foram: paixão pelo que faz em três empresas, foco em resultados, em duas e capacidade de realização, em uma. Conclui-se que as empresas estão à procura de executivos que tenham dedicação, arrojo, criatividade, empreendedorismo, facilidade de negociação e que busquem resultados. Verificou-se também que estes profissionais, além de sua formação acadêmica, devem centrar-se em seu desenvolvimento pessoal na busca pela qualificação nessas competências.

Avaliação dos aspectos subjetivos nos projetos de arquitetura dos alunos de planejamento

Com a intenção de melhor serem conhecidas as formas de avaliação daquilo que chamamos "aspectos subjetivos", nos projetos de arquitetura, selecionamos e entrevistamos 7 arquitetos, escolhidos por suas atuações, tanto profissionais como no magistério. Apresentamos, inicialmente, algumas das mais importantes posições teóricas sobre avaliação, procurando-se, também, mostrar o enfoque sociológico do assunto. Desde logo observamos pontos de vista diversos, divergentes e até discrepantes, entre os vários autores selecionados, o que nos alertou para um possivel ingresso em terreno polêmico. Como metodologia de trabalho, procuramos entrevistar os professores, usando-se as mesmas condições para todos eles (ambiente calmo, descontraído, sem pressa e sem interrupções), ocasião em que um elenco de perguntas era proposto. As respostas foram registradas em um gravador, que ficava à vista, sobre a mesa. Garantimos aos entrevistados que não haveria identificação da autoria das declarações, propiciando-se, assim, mais "fluência" nas respostas e, talvez, um pouco mais de "ousadia" nas afirmações. Em seguida, e já a partir das diversas declarações, buscamos destacar a visão de avaliação de cada um, para em seguida, afunilar essa análise, focalizando, mais especificamente, os aspectos objetivos e os subjetivos na avaliação dos projetos de arquitetura. Concluimos que, apesar das muitas maneiras de avaliar, e de até não avaliar os trabalhos de projeto, há várias atitudes, sistemas, métodos, etc - alguns até conflitantes - empregados pelos diversos professores, que formam, entretanto, uma base comum, uma postura semelhante, entre eles. Essa identidade provém da constatação de que houve unanimidade, entre os entrevistados, de ser a arte uma resultante da composição de ingredientes culturais e ideológicos, provenientes, principalmente, das condições materiais, num determinado momento histórico. Na Arquitetura, com maior ênfase ainda, por ser uma arte utilitária, o seu "engajamento ideológico" torna-se inevitável e, consequentemente a sua avaliação, de forma jacente ou subjacente, será feita por essa ótica.