Quality evaluation of Yin Chen Hao Tang extract based on fingerprint chromatogram and simultaneous determination of five bioactive constituents

A completely validated method based on HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-UV) was described for evaluating and controlling quality of Yin Chen Hao Tang extract (YCHTE). First, HPLC-UV fingerprint chromatogram of YCHTE was established for preliminarily elucidating amount and chromatographic trajectory of chemical constituents in YCHTE. Second, for the first time, five mainly bioactive constituents in YCHTE were simultaneously determined based on fingerprint chromatogram for furthermore controlling the quality of YCHTE quantitatively. The developed method was applied to analyze 12 batches of YCHTE samples which consisted of herbal drugs from different places of production, showed acceptable linearity, intraday (RSD <5%), interday precision (RSD <4.80%), and accuracy (RSD <2.80%). As a result, fingerprint chromatogram determined 15 representative general fingerprint peaks, and the fingerprint chromatogram resemblances are all better than 0.9996. The contents of five analytes in different batches of YCHTE samples do not indicate significant difference. So, it is concluded that the developed HPLC-UV method is a more fully validated and complete method for evaluating and controlling the quality of YCHTE.

The use of CE-electrochemiluminescence with ionic liquid for the determination of bioactive constituents in Chinese traditional medicine

CE/tris(2,2-bipyridyl) ruthenium(ll) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL), CEECL, with an ionic liquid (IL) detection system was established for the determination of bioactive constituents in Chinese traditional medicine opium poppy which contain large amounts of coexistent substances. A minimal sample pretreatment which involves a one-step extraction approach avoids both sample loss and environmental pollution. As the nearby hydroxyl groups in some alkaloid such as morphine may react with borate to form complexes and IL, as a high-conductivity additive in running buffer, could cause an enhanced field-amplified effect of electrokinetic injection. Running buffer containing 25 mM borax-8 mM 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF(4)) IL (pH 9.18) was used which resulted in significant changes in separation selectivity and obvious enhancement in ECL intensities for those alkaloids with similar structures. Sensitive detection could be achieved when the distance between the Pt working electrode and the outlet of separation capillary was set at 150 mu m and the stainless steel cannula was fixed approximately 1 cm away from the outlet of the capillary. Quantitative analysis of four alkaloids was achieved at a detection voltage of 1.2 V and a separation voltage of 15 kV in less than 7 min.

Permeation of bioactive constituents from Arnica montana preparations through human skin in-vitro

This study investigated and characterised transdermal permeation of bioactive agents from a topically applied Arnica montana tincture. Permeation experiments conducted over 48 h used polydimethylsiloxane (silastic) and human epidermal membranes mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells with a methanol-water (50:50 v/v) receptor fluid. A commercially available tincture of A. montana L. derived from dried Spanish flower heads was a donor solution. Further donor solutions prepared from this stock tincture concentrated the tincture constituents 1, 2 and 10 fold and its sesquiterpene lactones 10 fold. Permeants were assayed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Five components permeated through silastic membranes providing peaks with relative retention factors to an internal standard (santonin) of 0.28, 1.18, 1.45, 1.98 and 2.76, respectively. No permeant was detected within 12 h of applying the Arnica tincture onto human epidermal membranes. However, after 12 h, the first two of these components were detected. These were shown by Zimmermann reagent reaction to be sesquiterpene lactones and liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry indicated that these two permeants were 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (DH) analogues (methacrylate and tiglate esters). The same two components were also detected within 3 h of topical application of the 10-fold concentrated tincture and the concentrated sesquiterpene lactone extract.

Permeation of bioactive constituents from Arnica montana preparations through human skin in-vitro

This study investigated and characterised transdermal permeation of bioactive agents from a topically applied Arnica montana tincture. Permeation experiments conducted over 48 h used polyclimethylsiloxane (silastic) and human epidermal membranes mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells with a methanol-water (50:50 v/v) receptor fluid. A commercially available tincture of A. montana L. derived from dried Spanish flower heads was a donor solution. Further donor solutions prepared from this stock tincture concentrated the tincture constituents 1, 2 and 10 fold and its sesquiterpene lactones 10 fold. Permeants were assayed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Five components permeated through silastic membranes providing peaks with relative retention factors to an internal standard (santonin) of 0.28, 1.18, 1.45, 1.98 and 2.76, respectively. No permeant was detected within 12 h of applying the Arnica tincture onto human epidermal membranes. However, after 12 h, the first two of these components were detected. These were,shown by Zimmermann reagent reaction to be sesquiterpene lactones and liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry indicated that these two permeants were 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (DH) analogues (methacrylate and tiglate esters). The same two components were also detected within 3 h of topical application of the 10-fold concentrated tincture and the concentrated sesquiterpene lactone extract.

Analysis of the constituents in the rat plasma after oral administration of Yin Chen Hao Tang by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS

A UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS method for analyzing the constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Yin Chen Hao Tang (YCHT), a traditional Chinese medical formula, has been established. The UPLC/MS fingerprints of the samples were established first in vitro and in vivo, with 45 compounds in YCHT and 21 compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of YCHT were detected. Of the 45 detected compounds in vitro, 30 were identified, and all of the 21 compounds detected in rat plasma were identified either by comparing the retention time and mass spectrometry data with that of reference compounds or by mass spectrometry analysis and retrieving the reference literatures. Of the identified 21 compounds in rat plasma, 19 were the original form of compounds absorbed from the 45 detected compounds in vitro, 2 were the metabolites of the compounds existed in YCHT. It is concluded that a rapid and validated method has been developed based on UPLC-MS/MS, which shows high sensitivity and resolution that is more suitable for identifying the bioactive constituents in plasma after oral administration of Chinese herbal medicines, and provides helpful chemical information for further pharmacology and active mechanism research on the Chinese medical formula.

Fluorescence detection of plant extracts that affect neuronal voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Structurally novel compounds able to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) are currently being sought for the development of new drugs directed at neurological disorders. Fluorescence techniques have recently been developed to facilitate the analysis of VGCC blockers in a multi-well format. By utilising the small cell lung carcinoma cell line, NCI-H146, we were able to detect changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) using a fluorescence microplate reader. NCI-H146 cells have characteristics resembling those of neuronal cells and express multiple VGCC subtypes, including those of the L-, N- and P-type. We found that K+-depolarisation of fluo-3 loaded NCI-H146 cells causes a rapid and transient increase in fluorescence, which was readily detected in a 96-well plate. Extracts of Australian plants, including those used traditionally as headache or pain treatments, were tested in this study to identify those affecting Ca2+ influx following membrane depolarisation of NCI-H146 cells. We found that E. bignoniiflora, A. symphyocarpa and E. vespertilio caused dose-dependent inhibition of K+-depolarised Ca2+ influx, with IC50 values calculated to be 234, 548 and 209 μg/ml, respectively. This data suggests an effect of these extracts on the function of VGCCs in these cells. Furthermore, we found similar effects using a fluorescence laser imaging plate reader (FLIPR) that allows simultaneous measurement of real-time fluorescence in a multi-well plate. Our results indicate that the dichloromethane extract of E. bignoniiflora and the methanolic extract of E. vespertilio show considerable promise as antagonists of neuronal VGCCs. Further analysis is required to characterise the function of the bioactive constituents in these extracts and determine their selectivity on VGCC subtypes.

A rapid and sensitive UPLC-ESI MS method for analysis of isofraxidin, a natural antistress compound, and its metabolites in rat plasma

Isofraxidin is one of the main bioactive constituents in the root of Acanthopanax senticosus, which has antifatigue, antistress, and immuno-accommondating effects. In this study, an ultraperformance LC (UPLC)-ESI MS method was developed for analyzing isofraxidin and its metabolites in rat plasma. The analysis was performed on a UPLC coupled with ESI MS (quadropole MS tandem TOF MS). The lower LOD (LLOD) for isofraxidin was 0.25 ng/mL, the intraday precision was less than 10%, the interday precision was less than 10%, and the extraction recovery was more than 80%. Isofraxidin and two metabolites (M1 and M2) were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of isofraxidin, and the molecular polarities of M1 and M2 were both increased compared to isofraxidin. The metabolites were identified as 5,6-dihydroxyl-7-methoxycoumarin and 5-hydroxyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin when subjected to parent ion spectra, product ion spectra, and extract mass and element composition analyses.

四种药用植物的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究

本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果；第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究；第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究；第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果；第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍（Paeonia lactiflora Pall.）的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法，从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷，另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究，从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株，其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好，对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选，确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲（Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.）全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析，共分离鉴定了28个化合物，结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等，其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针（Zanthoxylum nitidum （Roxb.）DC.）干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了16个生物碱，结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等，其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤（Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.）水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了14个化合物，结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇，其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.

干燥方法和提取温度对板蓝根、大青叶有效成分的影响

目的研究干燥方法和提取温度对板蓝根、大青叶有效成分量的影响,为确定板蓝根、大青叶规范化生产的干燥技术参数提供理论依据。方法采用晒干、阴干和不同温度的烘干方法干燥板蓝根、大青叶,采用不同温度水浴提取有效成分,HPLC法测定靛蓝、靛玉红的量。结果60℃烘干板蓝根、大青叶有效成分损失最少,以60℃烘干为标准,高温(90℃以上)干燥使板蓝根有效成分损失40%~60%、大青叶有效成分损失30%—60%,阴干也降低了板蓝根、大青叶中的有效成分的量;采用索氏提取法、以氯仿为提取溶剂、水浴温度为80~85℃时对靛蓝、靛玉红的提取率最高,其次是90、75℃,95℃的提取率最低。结论50~80℃烘干和晒干是板蓝根、大青叶适宜的干燥方法,阴干和高温烘干的方法不可取。采用索氏提取方法、以氯仿为提取溶剂时,80~85℃水浴温度较为适宜。

三种红藻活性物质的发现及松节藻醇提物抗糖尿病药理研究

海藻是海洋生物中的一大类群，由于其特殊的生活环境，能够代谢产生大量结构独特多变和活性特殊多样的代谢产物，是化学和生物活性多样性研究的重要对象之一。我国海域辽阔，海藻资源丰富，为寻找结构新颖、生理活性独特的先导化合物，加强对海藻资源的开发利用，本论文对中国沿海的三种海洋红藻进行了化学成分和生物活性研究，同时对山东青岛海域生物量丰富的一种海洋红藻松节藻进行了动物体内抗糖尿病活性研究。 利用正相硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱以及反相HPLC和重结晶等现代分离手段，对山东青岛沿海的红藻扇形叉枝藻（Gymnogongrus flabelliformis）进行了系统的化学成分研究，从中得到单体化合物26个，通过波谱学方法（IR、MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为(3R,6R,7E)-(+)-3-O-phenylacetyl- 4,7-megastigmadiene-9-one（1），(3R,7E)-(-)-3-O-phenylacetyl-5,7-megastigmadiene -9-one（2），(3S,6R,7E)-(+)-3-hydroxyl-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one（3），(3S,5R,6S,7E)- (-)-3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7-megastigmene-9-one（4），(3S,5S,6R,7E)-(+)-3-hydroxy- 5,6-epoxy-7-megastigmene-9-one（5），Dehydrovomifoliol（6），(3R)-(-)-4-[(2R,4S)-4- acetoxy-2-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene]-3-buten-2-one（7），2,3,3′-三溴-4,4′,5,5′-四羟基-1′-乙氧甲基双苯基甲烷（8），2,2′,3,3′-四溴-4,4′,5,5′-四羟基双苯基甲烷（9），3-溴-4,5-二羟基苯甲醛（10），2,3-二溴-4,5-二羟基苯甲基甲醚（11），2,3-二溴-4,5-二羟基苯甲醇（12），N, N-二甲基酪胺（13），4-羟基苯甲酸乙酯（14），4-羟基苯甲基乙醚（15），4-羟基苯乙基乙酯（16），4-羟基苯乙酸甲酯（17），4-羟基苯甲醛（18），豆甾-4-烯-3-酮（19），胆甾-4-烯-3-酮（20），胆甾醇（21），尿嘧啶（22），尿嘧啶核苷（23），腺嘌呤核苷（24），丁二酸（25），5-羟基-4-甲基-5-戊基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮（26）。其中化合物1、2为新化合物，化合物3为新天然产物，所有化合物均为首次从该属海藻中分离得到。通过 MTT 法对部分单体化合物进行了肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选, 结果表明，化合物8、9、10、12对筛选的所有细胞株均有较强细胞毒活性，化合物11对人肺癌细胞株（A549）、人肝癌细胞株（Bel 7402）、人结肠癌细胞株（HCT-8）有一定细胞毒活性。通过研究单体化合物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-分泌的影响，对其进行抗炎活性筛选，结果表明，化合物8、9、11、13、17、23、24、25对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNF-分泌表现出明显的抑制作用。 从采自山东荣成镆铘岛的红藻小珊瑚藻（Corallina pilulifera）的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到16个单体化合物，通过波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构14个（另外2个正在鉴定中），分别为2α-乙氧酰基-2β-羟基-A-降胆甾-5-烯-4-酮（27），胆甾-4-烯-3-酮（28），胆甾醇（29），3β-羟基-胆甾-5,24(28)-二烯-7-酮（30），2α-羟基-胆甾-4-烯-3-酮（31），6α-羟基-胆甾-4-烯-3-酮（32），3β-羟基-胆甾-5-烯-7-酮（33），(E)-phytol epoxide（34），Phytenal（35），3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-oll（Phytol）（36），Loloilide（37），(3S,5R,6S,7E)-(-)-3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7- megastigmene-9-one（38），Dehydrovomifoliol（39），4-羟基苯甲醛（40）。其中，化合物 31为新天然产物，化合物27为首次从植物中分离得到，所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中分离得到。通过 MTT 法对分离得到的单体化合物进行了肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选,化合物27和化合物32对筛选的所有肿瘤细胞株均有细胞毒活性，且化合物27对人胃癌细胞株（BGC-823）、人结肠癌细胞株（HCT-8）和人卵巢癌细胞株（A2780）具有中等强度抑制活性。化合物28、化合物31和化合物33对人肝癌细胞株（Bel 7402）、人结肠癌细胞株（HCT-8）和人卵巢癌细胞株（A2780）有一定细胞毒活性。 从采自广西北海涠洲岛的多管藻Polysiphonia sp.的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到6个单体化合物，通过波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构5个（另外1个仍在鉴定），分别为胆甾醇（41），3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-ol（Phytol）（42），3-吲哚甲醛（43），4-羟基苯甲醛（44），4-羟基苯甲酸（45）。 对山东青岛沿海的松节藻 (Rhodomela confervoides) 乙醇提取物进行了初步的体内抗糖尿病活性研究，采用链脲佐菌素诱导的2型糖尿病（STZ-DM）大鼠模型对其进行体内降糖实验，结果发现，松节藻乙醇提取物在糖尿病大鼠体内不仅具有显著的降血糖作用，且呈现良好的量–效关系，而且能够纠正糖尿病引发的物质代谢紊乱，增加体重，提高试验动物的成活率，因此具有良好的应用开发前景。

两种海洋生物内生真菌的化学成分及其生物活性研究

海洋微生物次生代谢产物是海洋天然产物研究的重要组成部分。其中海洋真菌因其代谢可以产生大量结构新颖活性独特的化合物，已经成为天然药物的重要来源。近来已经有许多关于海洋生物内生真菌的生理活性次生代谢的报道，为寻找发现新的药物先导化合物提供了可能。本论文对一株毛壳霉属海藻内生真菌Chaetomium sp和一株红树林内生真菌的次生代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究，对其中分离得到的化合物进行了初步的生物活性筛选。 毛壳霉属海藻内生真菌Chaetomium sp.系从青岛近海采集的红藻多管藻Polysiphonia urceolate Grev中分离得到。红树林内生真菌Fs系从采自中国南海红树林植物海桑Sonneratia caseolaris中分离得到。对这两株真菌分别进行了发酵培养，对真菌培养物的菌丝体和发酵液分别用甲醇和乙酸乙脂进行提取。将提取液经减压蒸干后经HPLC检测，两部分基本相同，合并进行化学分离。 对发酵提取物采用常规的硅胶柱层析、制备薄层层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析，重结晶以及半制备高效液相色谱等分离手段，得到单体化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术(IR、UV、EI-MS、FAB-MS、HR-ESI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、1H-1H COSY、HMQC、HMBC等)，结合甲醇解等化学转化方法鉴定了其中45个化合物的结构。其中，从Chaetomium sp分离鉴定了35个化合物，其中2个为新化合物，分别为化合物EN1 （命名为Chaetopyranin）、EN2 （命名为Chaetofuranin）。从Fs中分离鉴定了10个化合物的结构，其中1个为新化合物Fs1。 对大部分分离到的单体化合物进行了细胞毒活性测试，结果显示新化合物EN1对3株细胞系SMMC-7721, HMEC和A-549具有中等细胞毒活性，IC50分别为28.5, 15.4, 39.1 μg/mL。同时一些已知化合物特别是苯甲醛类衍生物对A-549显示了较强的细胞毒活性，这些在以前文献中未见报道。

Anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Jacaranda decurrens roots in adult male rats

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Compostos bioativos em frutas cítricas: quantificação, avaliação da atividade antioxidante, parâmetros de cor e efeito da pasteurização

Pós-graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição - FCFAR

Propriedades funcionais de óleos extraídos de sementes de frutos do cerrado brasileiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)