Understanding air conditioning systems for better energy efficiency : operations and maintenance procedures for utility cost control /

"ILENR/BE-87/01."

Towards a better energy efficiency through a systems approach in an industrial forklift

The purpose of this study is to improve the potential energy recovery to electric energy in an electrohydraulic forklift system. The initial achieved result for energy saving ratio after structural optimization is 40 %. Component optimization is applied to the tested drive which consists of a DTC controlled electric servo motor directly running a reversible hydraulic pump. According to the study the energy efficiency and the energy recovery from the electro-hydraulic forklift system can be increased by 11 % units. New ideas and directions of further research were obtained during the study.

Environmentally-Efficient Development Management System for Greater Kochi in Kerala State”

The base concept from which the entire research problem emerged is as follows: Lack of spatial planning and effective development management system lead to urban sprawl with non-optimal density of population to support urban infrastructure on the one side causing a lesser quality of life in urban areas. On the other side it causes loss of productivity of natural ecosystems and agricultural areas due to disturbance to the ecosystems. Planned compact high density development with compatible mixed land use can go a long way in achieving environmental efficiency of development management system.

Use of solvents and environmental friendly materials for applications in Green Chemistry

The present Thesis studies three alternative solvent groups as sustainable replacement of traditional organic solvents. Some aspects of fluorinated solvents, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids, have been analysed with a critical approach and their effective “greenness” has been evaluated from the points of view of the synthesis, the properties and the applications. In particular, the attention has been put on the environmental and human health issues, evaluating the eco-toxicity, the toxicity and the persistence, to underline that applicability and sustainability are subjects with equal importance. The “green” features of fluorous solvents and supercritical fluids are almost well-established; in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is probably the “greenest” solvent among the alternative solvent systems developed in the last years, enabling to combine numerous advantages both from the point of view of industrial/technological applications and eco-compatibility. In the Thesis the analysis of these two classes of alternative solvents has been mainly focused on their applicability, rather than the evaluation of their environmental impact. Specifically they have been evaluated as alternative media for non-aqueous biocatalysis. For this purpose, the hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP), which allows solubilising enzymes in apolar solvents by an ion pairing between the protein and a surfactant, has been investigated as effective enzymatic derivatisation technique to improve the catalytic activity under homogeneous conditions in non conventional media. The results showed that the complex enzyme-surfactant was much more active both in fluorous solvents and in supercritical carbon dioxide than the native form of the enzyme. Ionic liquids, especially imidazolium salts, have been proposed some years ago as “fully green” alternative solvents; however this epithet does not take into account several “brown” aspects such as their synthesis from petro-chemical starting materials, their considerable eco-toxicity, toxicity and resistance to biodegradation, and the difficulty of clearly outline applications in which ionic liquids are really more advantageous than traditional solvents. For all of these reasons in this Thesis a critical analysis of ionic liquids has been focused on three main topics: i) alternative synthesis by introducing structural moieties which could reduce the toxicity of the most known liquid salts, and by using starting materials from renewable resources; ii) on the evaluation of their environmental impact through eco-toxicological tests (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests, and algal growth inhibition), toxicity tests (MTT test, AChE inhibition and LDH release tests) and fate and rate of aerobic biodegradation in soil and water; iii) and on the demonstration of their effectiveness as reaction media in organo-catalysis and as extractive solvents in the recovery of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass. The results about eco-toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and algae, and toxicity assay using cultured cell lines, clearly indicate that the difference in toxicity between alkyl and oxygenated cations relies in differences of polarity, according to the general trend of decreasing toxicity by decreasing the lipophilicity. Independently by the biological approach in fact, all the results are in agreement, showing a lower toxicity for compounds with oxygenated lateral chains than for those having purely alkyl lateral chains. These findings indicate that an appropriate choice of cation and anion structures is important not only to design the IL with improved and suitable chemico-physical properties but also to obtain safer and eco-friendly ILs. Moreover there is a clear indication that the composition of the abiotic environment has to be taken into account when the toxicity of ILs in various biological test systems is analysed, because, for example, the data reported in the Thesis indicate a significant influence of salinity variations on algal toxicity. Aerobic biodegradation of four imidazolium ionic liquids, two alkylated and two oxygenated, in soil was evaluated for the first time. Alkyl ionic liquids were shown to be biodegradable over the 6 months test period, and in contrast no significant mineralisation was observed with oxygenated derivatives. A different result was observed in the aerobic biodegradation of alkylated and oxygenated pyridinium ionic liquids in water because all the ionic liquids were almost completely degraded after 10 days, independently by the number of oxygen in the lateral chain of the cation. The synthesis of new ionic liquids by using renewable feedstock as starting materials, has been developed through the synthesis of furan-based ion pairs from furfural. The new ammonium salts were synthesised in very good yields, good purity of the products and wide versatility, combining low melting points with high decomposition temperatures and reduced viscosities. Regarding the possible applications as surfactants and biocides, furan-based salts could be a valuable alternative to benzyltributylammonium salts and benzalkonium chloride that are produced from non-renewable resources. A new procedure for the allylation of ketones and aldehydes with tetraallyltin in ionic liquids was developed. The reaction afforded high yields both in sulfonate-containing ILs and in ILs without sulfonate upon addition of a small amount of sulfonic acid. The checked reaction resulted in peculiar chemoselectivity favouring aliphatic substrates towards aromatic ketones and good stereoselectivity in the allylation of levoglucosenone. Finally ILs-based systems could be easily and successfully recycled, making the described procedure environmentally benign. The potential role of switchable polarity solvents as a green technology for the extraction of vegetable oil from terrestrial and aquatic biomass has been investigated. The extraction efficiency of terrestrial biomass rich in triacylglycerols, as soy bean flakes and sunflower seeds, was comparable to those of traditional organic solvents, being the yield of vegetable oils recovery very similar. Switchable polarity solvents as been also exploited for the first time in the extraction of hydrocarbons from the microalga Botryococcus braunii, demonstrating the efficiency of the process for the extraction of both dried microalgal biomass and directly of the aqueous growth medium. The switchable polarity solvents exhibited better extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, both with dried and liquid samples. This is an important issue considering that the harvest and the dewatering of algal biomass have a large impact on overall costs and energy balance.

Learning about knowledge management for improving environmental impact assessment in a government agency: The Western Australian experience

How does knowledge management (KM) by a government agency responsible for environmental impact assessment (EIA) potentially contribute to better environmental assessment and management practice? Staff members at government agencies in charge of the EIA process are knowledge workers who perform judgement-oriented tasks highly reliant on individual expertise, but also grounded on the agency`s knowledge accumulated over the years. Part of an agency`s knowledge can be codified and stored in an organizational memory, but is subject to decay or loss if not properly managed. The EIA agency operating in Western Australia was used as a case study. Its KM initiatives were reviewed, knowledge repositories were identified and staff surveyed to gauge the utilisation and effectiveness of such repositories in enabling them to perform EIA tasks. Key elements of KM are the preparation of substantive guidance and spatial information management. It was found that treatment of cumulative impacts on the environment is very limited and information derived from project follow-up is not properly captured and stored, thus not used to create new knowledge and to improve practice and effectiveness. Other opportunities for improving organizational learning include the use of after-action reviews. The learning about knowledge management in EIA practice gained from Western Australian experience should be of value to agencies worldwide seeking to understand where best to direct their resources for their own knowledge repositories and environmental management practice. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relationship between national culture, democracy and environmental performance: A panel data analysis

This paper demonstrates the significance of culture in examining the relationshipbetween democratic capital and environmental performance.The aim is to examine the relationship among scores on the Environmental Performance Index and the two dimensions of cross cultural variation suggested by Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel. Significantional interrelationships among democracy, cultural and environmental sustaintability measures could be found, following the regression results. Firstly, higher levels of democratic capital stock are associated with better environmental performance. Secondly importance to distinguish between cultural groups could be confirmed.

Comparative environmental life-cycle analysis of concretes using biomass and coal fly ashes as partial cement replacement material

Nowadays, the concrete production sector is challenged by attempts to minimize the usage of raw materials and energy consumption, as well as by environmental concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to choose better options, e.g. new technologies or materials with improved life-cycle performance. One solution for using resources in an efficient manner is to close the materials' loop through the recycling of materials that result either from the end-of-life of products or from being the by-product of an industrial process. It is well known that the production of Portland cement, one of the materials most used in the construction sector, has a significant contribution to the environmental impacts, mainly related with carbon dioxide emission. Therefore, the study and utilization of by-products or wastes usable as cement replacement in concrete can supply more sustainable options, provided that these type of concrete produced has same durability and equivalent quality properties as standard concrete. This work studied the environmental benefits of incorporating different percentages of two types of fly ashes that can be used in concrete as cement replacement. These ashes are waste products of power and heat production sectors using coal or biomass as fuels. The results showed that both ashes provide a benefit for the concrete production both in terms of environmental impact minimization and a better environmental performance through an increase in cement replacement. It is possible to verify that the incorporation of fly ashes is a sustainable option for cement substitution and a possible path to improve the environmental performance of the concrete industry.

Evaluation of subsidies programs to sell green cars: Impact on prices, quantities and efficiency

During the recent period of economic crisis, many countries have introduced scrappage schemes to boost the sale and production of vehicles, particularly of vehicles designed to pollute less. In this paper, we analyze the impact of a particular scheme in Spain (Plan2000E) on vehicle prices and sales figures as well as on the reduction of polluting emissions from vehicles on the road. We considered the introduction of this scheme an exogenous policy change and because we could distinguish a control group (non-subsidized vehicles) and a treatment group (subsidized vehicles), before and after the introduction of the Plan, we were able to carry out our analysis as a quasi-natural experiment. Our study reveals that manufacturers increased vehicle prices by the same amount they were granted through the Plan (1,000 €). In terms of sales, econometric estimations revealed an increase of almost 5% as a result of the implementation of the Plan. With regard to environmental efficiency, we compared the costs (inverted quantity of money) and the benefits of the program (reductions in polluting emissions and additional fiscal revenues) and found that the Plan would only be beneficial if it boosted demand by at least 30%.

Interaction between Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum in the management of Spodoptera spp.

Interaction betweeen Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum in the management of Spodoptera spp. The use of egg parasitoids is a promising strategy for Integrated Pest Management (IPM), but different species of parasitoids have greater or lesser control efficiency, depending on the pest species. Recently, not only Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens but also Spodoptera cosmioides and S. eridania have been among the key Lepidoptera larvae attacking soybeans. This study evaluated the combination of Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum for parasitism of eggs of the Spodoptera complex, for better control efficiency and broader spectrum of action among the key pests of soybeans. The experiment was carried out under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC; 70 ± 10% RH; and 14 h photophase) in a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments and 10 replicates with S. frugiperda, S. cosmioides and S. eridania eggs. Each replicate consisted of one egg mass of each Spodoptera species, with approximately 100 eggs offered to the parasitoids. The treatments were: 1) 10 females of T. pretiosum; 2) nine females of T. pretiosum and one female of T. remus; 3) eight females of T. pretiosum and two females of T. remus; 4) seven females of T. pretiosum and three females of T. remus; 5) six females of T. pretiosum and four females of T. remus; 6) five females of T. pretiosum and five females of T. remus, and 7) 10 females of T. remus. The parameter evaluated was the percentage of parasitized eggs. Results showed that treatments combining both parasitoid species with only 1 T. remus for each 9 T. pretiosum (10%) and only 2 T. remus for each 8 T. pretiosum (20%) were enough to significantly increase the parasitism observed on eggs of S. cosmioides and S. frugiperda, respectively. This association of T. pretiosum and T. remus in different proportions is very promising for biological control in IPM programs because it provides wide spectrum of control.

Ympäristöjärjestelmien kehittäminen rakennustuotealan yrityksen Keski-Euroopan toimipaikoissa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli antaa kehittämisehdotuksia, joilla voidaan parantaa rakennustuotealan yrityksen ympäristöjärjestelmien kustannustehokkuutta sekä ympäristöpolitiikkaan liittyvän jatkuvan parantamisen yhtenäistä toteutumista eri toimipaikoilla. Lähtökohtana olivat havainnot siitä, että melko pienissä toimipaikoissa laatu- ja ympäristöasiat kattavan toimintajärjestelmän rakentaminen ja ylläpitäminen vie paljon resursseja. Lisäksi selvitettiin uuden ISO 14001-standardiehdotuksen mahdollisia vaikutuksia käytössä oleviin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin eri sertifiointielimille tehtyä haastattelua, toimipaikkojen ympäristövastaaville lähetettyä kyselyä, verkkosivuille kohdistettua kilpailijaseurantaa sekä selvitystä uuden ISO 14001- standardiehdotuksen muutoksista. Eri toimipaikkojen ympäristöjärjestelmien yhdistäminen saman sertifikaatin alle oli kaikkien sertifiointielinten edustajien mielestä hyvä tapa vähentää järjestelmien ulkoisesta valvonnasta aiheutuvia kustannuksia ja parantaa järjestelmien tehokkuutta. Ulkoisten kustannusten aleneminen on noin yksikolmasosa, joka syntyy ensinnäkin sertifikaattimaksujen alenemista ja toisaalta sertifiointipäivien vähenemisestä. Sertifikaattimaksut alenevat, koska yhdistetyssä järjestelmässä sertifikaatteja on vähemmän, ja sertifiointipäivien määrä vähenee, koska yhdistetyn järjestelmän ulkoisessa valvonnassa käytetään otanta -periaatetta. Kilpailijaseurannan osalta havaittiin, että yrityksen verkkosivuilla kerrottiin kilpailijoita paremmin ympäristö- sekä laatujärjestelmistä. Kehitettävää on eri maiden verkkosivujen yhtenäisyydessä ja ympäristö- ja laatupolitiikan esittämisessä. Nämä politiikat tulee olla esillä, koska järjestelmästandardit edellyttävät politiikkojen julkisuutta. Ympäristövastaaville tehdyn kyselyn perusteella havaittiin, että tällä hetkellä toimipaikoilla käytössä olevissa ympäristäjärjestelmissä on eroavuuksia. Syynä tähän on muun muassa järjestelmien eri-ikäisyys, maiden toimipaikkojen erilainen lainsäädäntö sekä erilaiset resurssit. Kehittämistä on erityisesti ympäristönnäkökohtien tunnistamisessa ja merkittävien ympäristönäkökohtien valinnassa, ympäristöjärjestelmän tavoitteissa ja päämäärissä sekä käytettävissä indikaattoreissa. Näiden osalta tulee lisätä koulutusta ja ohjeistusta. Uuden ISO 14001 -standardin muutoksia tarkasteltaessa havaittiin, ettei se aiheuta suuria muutostarpeita nykyisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Standardin suurimmat muutokset ovat tulleet tekstin rakenteeseen, joka on nyt selkeälukuista ja yhteensopivampaa ISO 9001 laatuhallintastandardin kanssa. Standardi painottaa entistä standardia enemmän tuotteista aiheutuvia ympäristönäkökohtia, mutta on muistettava, että sen vaikutukset nykyisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin tiedetään vasta, kun sitä aletaan tulkita. Tulosten perusteella päädyttiin siihen, että ympäristöjärjestelmien yhdistäminen saman sertifikaatin alle on tehokkain tapa parantaa kustannustehokkuutta sekä parantaa ympäristöpolitiikkaan liittyvää jatkuvaa parantamista. Ulkoisten kustannusten aleminen ei ole tärkein syy järjestelmien yhdistämiseen, koska yhdistämisen alkuvaiheessa se aiheuttaa sisäisten kustannusten lisääntymistä. Jatkossa yhdistämisestä voidaan odottaa myös sisäisten kustannusten säästöjä, koska yhdistäminen vähentää päällekkäistä työtä. Yrityksen ympäristöpolitiikan mukaiseen jatkuvaan parantamiseen järjestelmien yhdistäminen vaikuttaa positiivisesti usealla tavalla, ja tätä voidaan pitää kustannussäästöjä tärkeämpänä syynä sertifikaattien yhdistämiseen. Se yhtenäistää toimintatapoja ja lisää yhteistyötä, mikä vaikuttaa ympäristöpolitiikan yhtenäiseen toteutumiseen.

SMEs in the environmental goods and services market: identifying areas of opportunity, policies and instruments: case studies: Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico

Includes bibliography

Restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos com elevado peso de abate

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Cidades sustentáveis: análise comparativa com cidades contemporâneas

Currently the world is under an energy revolution, every day more technologies are developed in order to better use the energy for having better energy efficiency of equipment and processes with minimal environmental degradation. Taking into account that thousands of people live in built environments in the context of cities and that the energy flow to this location is significant, it is important to study the built environment as a potential source of savings, energy recovery and regeneration, because cities are the major bottlenecks energetic. Therefore, this study aimed to examine and to list the most important and promising technologies to be used in the built environment to collect or save energy that would be wasted, such as clothes that generate energy through movement or solar incidence, facades of buildings that generate energy due to solar radiation, fitness centers that produce electricity due to the rotation used in fitness equipment for athletes, elevators that take advantage of the potential energy or use it more rationally, generators that take advantage of energy vibrational, and finally more sustainable vehicles with higher performance and less degrading the environment. The information and results obtained from this study show that the technologies used to harness energy before lost are increasingly evident and also is increased the progress relative to the energy use in a urban context. In the closure, a comparison of energy expenditure between a city that uses some of these sustainable technologies and another of the same size with conventional habits is presented

Influência da palha e tempo de preparo da calda antes da hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar em dietas de vacas leiteiras

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)