Castillos de Baviera : Luis II y sus castillos.

El Rey Luis II de Baviera siempre tuvo debilidad por lo artístico, pero su mayor pasión desde que fue proclamado rey en 1864 a los dieciocho años fue la construcción de castillos y palacios por todo el reino según se los imaginaba, como castillos encantados, que son hoy una gran fuente de ingresos turísticos en Baviera. Se describe el proceso de construcción de los cuatro castillos más importantes Linderhof, Neuschwanstein, Herrenworth y Falkenstein, a imitación de atalayas y palacios soñados por el rey. La construcción resultaba muy costosa, y su gobierno, viendo vaciar las arcas del monarca y del estado por esta obsesión, lo declararon demente e incapacitado para gobernar, quedando así algunos de los castillos inacabados.

Marquartstein internado oficial de Baviera.

Se desarrolla un trabajo del pedagogo y publicista Eulogio Zudaire Huarte sobre la organización del internado oficial de Baviera: Marquartastein. Así, se abordan los siguientes temas: el hogar y educación, los educadores, la residencia de los internos, y el reglamento de esta institución. Se destaca ante todo la conjunción de las medidas disciplinares con la evolución normal de la personalidad de los alumnos.

Las bibliotecas universitarias alemanas : resultados de una encuesta reciente en Baviera y Baden_Württemberg

Conferencia impartida en la XVIII Asamblea REBIUN 2010, celebrada los días 3, 4 y 5 de noviembre en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

La storia dell'anno MDCCXLII : divisa in quattro libri : Ch'espone l'Elezione dell'Imperatore Carlo VII, la conquista della Baviera, fatta dagli Austriaci, e il suo abbandono, la battaglia di Czaslau ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Instruccion secreta, que Federico II. Rey de Prusia dió á sus oficiales, principalmente á los de caballería y Dragones, en la ocasion de la guerra de Baviera /

Ruiz Lasala,

Vida de el Serenissimo principe elector D. Phelipe Guillelmo, conde palatino del Rhin, architesorero de el Imperio Romano, Duque de Baviera, de Juliers ... padre de la reyna regnante N. S. Doña Maria-Ana de Neoburgo, a cuya Magestad la consagra, en el felicissimo dia de su nombre, como saliò primero en su original alemàn /

Contiene: Aparato funebre, en las exequias de el Serenissimo principe Felipe Guillelmo, en Neoburgo, p. 183-226; Genealogia de la ascendencia de la reyna N. S. (que Dios guarde) Doña Maria-Ana de Neoburgo, p. 227-248.

In occasione dell eccelso auspicatissimo imeneo di Sua Altezza Reale Luitpoldo di Baviera con S.A.I. e Reale Augusta Ferdinanda di Toscana, arciduchessa d'Austria. [Two sonnets]

The first "sonetto" is signed: Jacopo, Conte Gråberg da Hemsö.

Cronaca giornaliera delle feste e degli apparati fatti in Reggio nel maggio del 1842, per le nozze delle loro altesse reali Francesco d'Este principe ereditario e Adelgonda di Baviera, e memorie d'antiche feste per nozze o ingressi di principi estensi.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ludwing II of Baviera and Luchino Visconti: parallel lives? Study about Ludwing II of Baviera

This research presents Ludwig II of Baviera (1845-1886) as a historical figure and the vision of his reign theItalian director Luchino Visconti showed in his movies. This research states in an analytic and scrupulousway the relations between the historical figure, its filmic representation and the director himself. In addition,through an exhaustive research, this paper shows the aesthetics generated by directors like Visconti who reacheda remarkable peak in history of European film. Finally, this paper goes through the making of this film,which went from a transitional film within the Visconti oeuvre to one of his most troublesome and health-riskingprojects causing afterwards Visconti´s death.

Conflictos entre el pueblo y las autoridades. Bubenreuth: un ejemplo actual en Baviera

The sovereign of a democratic state is „the people“. However, they transfer their voices to a few political party representatives in order to make them exercise legislative and executive powers in the name of “the people”. In different European countries, this model of representative democracy is marked by elements of direct democracy. In Switzerland, for example, there are frequent plebiscites on a number of issues and in France, the President of the Republic is elected directly. In Germany, the constitution calls for a “Volksabstimmung”, or a referendum at the federal level, a “Volksentscheid” or plebiscite at the federal state level and a “Bürgerentscheid” at the city level. But in small municipalities where everyone knows each other and people talk, a different form of direct democracy continues on. In the case of Bubenreuth, where I have lived for more than 30 years, the community dared to raise its voice against the mayor and against town councillors to have them revoke the application of a legal but unjust regulation, or for them to at least mitigate the effects.

A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet increases the adipose lipid content without increasing the glycerol-3-phosphate or fatty acid content in growing rats

Le taux de triacylglycerol (TAG) qui s`accumule dans le tissu adipeux depend de 2 mecanismes opposes : la lipogenese et la lipolyse. Nous avons montre anterieurement que le poids des lipides du tissu adipeux de l`epididyme (EPI) de meme que leur taux augmentent chez les rats en croissance soumis a une diete hypoproteique hyperglucidique (HPHG) pendant 15 jours. La presente etude a eu pour but d`examiner les voies impliquees dans la lipogenese et la lipolyse qui regulent l`accumulation des lipides dans le tissu. On a evalue in vivo la synthese de novo des acides gras, qui s`est revelee similaire chez les rats soumis a la diete HPHG ou a une diete temoin; toutefois, chez les rats soumis a la diete HPHG, une diminution de l`activite de la lipoproteine lipase dans le tissus adipeux de l`EPI a ete observee, ce qui laisse croire a une diminution de la capture des acides gras des lipoproteines circulantes. La diete HPHG n`a eu aucun effet sur la synthese du glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) par la glycolyse ou la glyceroneogenese. L`activite de la glycerokinase, c.-a-d. la phosphorylation du glycerol issu de l`hydrolyse du TAG endogene pour former le GP3, n`a pas ete modifiee non plus par la diete HPHG. A l`oppose, les adipocytes des rats HPHG stimules par la norepinephrine ont eu une plus faible reponse lipolytique, meme si le taux lipolytique basal des adipocytes a ete similaire chez les 2 groupes. Ainsi, les resultats donnent a penser que la diminution de l`activite lipolytique stimulee par la norepinephrine joue un role essentiel dans l`augmentation du TAG observee dans le tissu adipeux de l`EPI des animaux HPHG, probablement en perturbant le processus d`activation de la lipolyse.

Mechanisms Involved in 3 `,5 `-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Mediated Inhibition of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Skeletal Muscle

Although it is well known that catecholamines inhibit skeletal muscle protein degradation, the molecular underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of beta(2)-adrenoceptors (AR) and cAMP in regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in skeletal muscle. We report that increased levels of cAMP in isolated muscles, promoted by the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl methylxanthine was accompanied by decreased activity of the UPS, levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates, and expression of atrogin-1, a key ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in muscle atrophy. In cultured myotubes, atrogin-1 induction after dexamethasone treatment was completely prevented by isobutyl methylxanthine. Furthermore, administration of clenbuterol, a selective beta(2)-agonist, to mice increased muscle cAMP levels and suppressed the fasting-induced expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, atrogin-1 mRNA being much more responsive to clenbuterol. Moreover, clenbuterol increased the phosphorylation of muscle Akt and Foxo3a in fasted rats. Similar responses were observed in muscles exposed to dibutyryl-cAMP. The stimulatory effect of clenbuterol on cAMP and Akt was abolished in muscles from beta(2)-AR knockout mice. The suppressive effect of beta(2)-agonist on atrogin-1 was not mediated by PGC-1 alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha known to be induced by beta(2)-agonists and previously shown to inhibit atrogin-1 expression), because food-deprived PGC-1 alpha knockout mice were still sensitive to clenbuterol. These findings suggest that the cAMP increase induced by stimulation of beta(2)-AR in skeletal muscles from fasted mice is possibly the mechanism by which catecholamines suppress atrogin-1 and the UPS, this effect being mediated via phosphorylation of Akt and thus inactivation of Foxo3. (Endocrinology 150: 5395-5404, 2009)

Chemical sympathectomy further increases muscle protein degradation of acutely diabetic rats

The present work investigated the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SINS) in the control of protein degradation in skeletal muscles from rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Diabetes (1, 3, and 5 days after STZ) induced a significant increase in the norepinephrine content of soleus and EDL muscles, but it did not affect plasma catecholamine levels. Chemical sympathectomy induced by guanethidine (100 mg/kg body weight, for 1 or 2 days) reduced muscle norepinephrine content to negligible levels (less than 5%), decreased plasma epinephrine concentration, and further increased the high rate of protein degradation in muscles from acutely diabetic rats. The rise in the rate of proteolysis (nmol.mg wet wt(-1).2h(-1)) in soleus from 1-day diabetic sympathectomized rats was associated with increased activities of lysosomal (0.127 +/- 0.008 vs. 0.086 +/- 0.013 in diabetic control) and ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome-dependent proteolytic pathways (0.154 +/- 0,007 vs. 0.121 +/- 0.006 in diabetic control). Increases in Ca2+-depenclent (0.180 +/- 0.007 vs. 0.121 +/- 0.011 in diabetic control) and Ub-proteasome-dependent proteolytic systems (0.092 +/- 0.003 vs. 0.060 +/- 0.002 in diabetic control) were observed in EDL from 1-day diabetic sympathectomized rats. The lower phosphorylation levels of AKT and Foxo3a in EDL muscles from 3-day diabetic rats were further decreased by sympathectomy. The data suggest that the SNS exerts acute inhibitory control of skeletal muscle proteolysis during the early stages of diabetes in rats, probably involving the AKT/Foxo signaling pathway.