Foreign trade traps in the european periphery: Spain, 1870-1913

In this article we research into the difficulties that foreign trade imposed onSpanish process of integration into the international economy in the years priorto the First World War. We start out by examining some features of the foreigntrade structure of the country. By means of an econometric analysis of importand export series, it is possible to observe the presence of a trend towards tradedeficit, which was in force when Spain grew at a rate similar to that of itstrading partners. We also check that, in the absence of these compensatorymechanisms, adjustment in foreign payments could be reached by means ofprotective measures and the exchange rate.

Foreign trade traps in the european periphery: Spain, 1870-1913

In this article we research into the difficulties that foreign trade imposed onSpanish process of integration into the international economy in the years priorto the First World War. We start out by examining some features of the foreigntrade structure of the country. By means of an econometric analysis of importand export series, it is possible to observe the presence of a trend towards tradedeficit, which was in force when Spain grew at a rate similar to that of itstrading partners. We also check that, in the absence of these compensatorymechanisms, adjustment in foreign payments could be reached by means ofprotective measures and the exchange rate.

Passarel·la de Pagaments

El treball consisteix en la realització d'una passarel·la de pagaments triangular. Una passarel·la d'aquest tipus permet gestionar pagaments on-line entre agents (comprador - comerciant - entitat financera), evitant que el comerciant conegui les dades de la tarjeta de crèdit i pugui realitzar canvis de la quantitat a pagar pel client.

Gestió i pagaments digitals

En aquest projecte es contempla la creació d'un portal de gestió de cobraments i pagaments dins del marc de la certificació digital que es basa en la implantació del estàndard e-factura que es reconeix a Espanya.

Avaliação da susceptibilidade magnética usando uma balança analítica

A simple system to measure the magnetic susceptibility of different materials is presented. The system uses an analytical scale with sensitivity on the order of micrograms and a permanent NdBFe magnet, based in the Rankine method. In this apparatus, the sample is placed near to the magnet that is fixed on the scale. Depending on the magnetic properties of the sample, an attractive or repulsive force will appear between the magnet and the magnetizing sample. Measuring this force, registered by the scale as a mass, the magnetic parameters such as: permeability and susceptibility of the sample can be determined. Despite it is simplicity the method is quantitative, precise and easily reproducible in many laboratories, what makes it attractive for teaching experiments.

A evolução da balança analítica

This work intends to describe the historical evolution of the balance based on its technical improvement. This instrument has always been used for commercial and industrial purposes, but its value in research and chemistry was only recognized much later. The classical balance was the two-pan model for about 40 centuries, but when its importance in chemistry was established, particularly beginning at the end of the XVIIIth century, many improvements were made in order to increase sensitivity and shorten the weighing procedure. The balance design greatly changed along the XXth century: the classical two-pan models were replaced by one-pan balances that were replaced by electronic instruments.

Os impactos dos investimentos estrangeiros diretos na evolução da balança comercial brasileira no período pós-real

The purpose of the present study is to discuss the eventual relationship between foreign direct investment in Brazil and trade balance, considering the period after the beginning of "Plano Real" on 1994, which presented a new currency regime and a new profile of Brazilian macroeconomy. It is important to state that there is a controversial debate around the question, since those investments are seen as positive to receiving countries by some authors and negative by other ones. Those who are favorable, argue that the recent attitude assumed by a lot of companies towards internalization is changing the modus operandi in some markets, providing a much more competitive framework. It is also remarkable - they also mention - the potential advantages brought by these new strategies. On the other hand, some authors defend that it increases the exposure of the country that receives such resources, since the subsidiaries of those companies operate under marketing strategies of profit maximization, considered the competitive environment they face. We will go over these opinions troughout the study, trying also to capture the reasons that usually motivate foreign companies to look for new markets and branches and also the effects on receiving country's Balance of Payments. Besides that point, the approach presented will try to answer if the increase of foreign capital stock in Brazil helps to explain some positive response from the country's trade balance, and more, on Balance of Payments. It is also important to mention that the considered period is extremely representative, mainly when considered the huge amounts involved and the increasing liberalization verified in brazilian's external policies since 1990. There is special concern, troughout the study, to define the pattern of such investments, and more, the impacts that those resources brought to public budget. The present study will focus on official data, published by Central Bank of Brazil, mainly those ones regarding Census of Foreign Capitals, as well as the referable to the evolution of Balance of Payments. Finally, based on statistical procedures, it will be provided multiple regressions on available data that will help the reader to capture the effects of some selected variables, which will bring a much more oriented analysis to the discussion.

Análise do desempenho da balança comercial brasileira: estimações das elasticidades das funções da oferta de exportação e da demanda de importação (1980 - 2006)

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar estimações das elasticidades das equações da oferta de exportação e da demanda de importação para o Brasil de 1980 a 2006 a partir de dados trimestrais. Na análise empírica, foram utilizadas as técnicas de cointegração multivariada de Johansen Juselius e modelo de correção de erros (ECM). As exportações brasileiras em valores podem melhor ser explicadas quando decompostas nos índices de preços médios e de volume, pois ambos dependem do índice de preços internacionais de commodities. Usando variáveis macroeconômicas como a taxa de câmbio real, o volume das exportações mundiais e o índice de preços internacionais de commodities, a evidência empírica sugere que existe uma relação de cointegração entre o volume exportado brasileiro e essas variáveis. As estimações também foram realizadas de forma desagregada para produtos básicos, semimanufaturados e manufaturados. Comprovamos a hipótese de que o país é um tomador de preços no comércio internacional, através de testes de causalidade de Granger e de modelo VAR para conhecer a resposta dos preços dos bens exportados a um choque nos preços internacionais de commodities, que se mostrou persistente nos testes realizados. Por sua vez, as estimativas da função de demanda de importação totais e por categoria de uso (bens intermediários, bens de capital, bens de consumo duráveis e não duráveis) também apresentaram uma relação estável de longo prazo entre volume das importações brasileiras, preço relativo e nível de renda doméstico, sendo os últimos medidos pelo câmbio real e o PIB respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foram incluídas as reservas internacionais, variável não comumente utilizada da literatura sobre o tema para o país. Os resultados encontrados vão de encontro a outros estudos, mostrando maior elasticidade da renda do que dos preços.

Políticas de estabilização econômica: o ajustamento da balança de pagamentos

Trata do problema do equilíbrio da balança de pagamentos do ponto de vista de diferentes alternativas teóricas. Discute as contribuições de caráter keynesiano, monetarista e estruturalista procurando confrontá-las e distinguir as hipóteses nas quais se baseiam. Aponta a especificidade do desequilíbrio nas nações subdesenvolvidas e discute a adequação de tratá-lo através de enfoques teóricos desenvolvidos em outros contextos.

A conta petróleo e o saldo da balança comercial

Instituto Brasileiro de Economia

Balança de precisão

Este modelo é parte de um conjunto de modelos 3D produzidos pela equipe de audiovisual da SEaD/UFSCar para o jogo de realidade virtual “O Laboratório de Química”.

Balança de precisão

Este modelo é parte de um conjunto de modelos 3D produzidos pela equipe de audiovisual da SEaD/UFSCar para o jogo de realidade virtual “O Laboratório de Química”.

Balança de precisão

Este item é parte de um conjunto de modelos produzido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Apredizagem (LOA)/UFSCar para o jogo LabTecA