Three-year-olds' attachment play narratives and their associations with internalizing problems

Representational strategies of emotion regulation during play are believed to protect children against behaviour problems. Yet, before the age of 4, it appears that children rely more on their attachment figure than on representational strategies to assuage distress. The study was aimed at testing whether 3-year-olds' narrative features during the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT) could predict concurrent internalizing problems assessed by the mothers' and fathers' ratings of the child, using the Child Behaviour Checklist Regression analyses including gender, IQ, socio-economic status and ASCT dimensions revealed that representations of supportive caregiving predicted mother-reported internalizing problems (negative association), whereas positive resolution and attachment strategies (security, deactivation, hyperactivation, disorganization) did not. Results were interpreted with reference to Bowlby's hypotheses regarding the aetiology of depression and anxiety disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Associations between parental and child attachment representations.

In the present article on intergenerational transmission of attachment representations, we use mothers' and fathers' Adult Attachment Interview classifications to predict a 3-year-old's responses to the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT). We present a Q-sort coding procedure for the ASCT, which was developed for children as young as three. The Q-sort yields scores on four attachment dimensions (security, deactivation, hyperactivation, and disorganization). One-way ANOVAs revealed significant mother-child associations for each dimension, although results for the hyperactivation and disorganization dimensions were significant only according to contrast tests. Conversely, no father-child association was found, regardless of the dimension considered. Findings are discussed in terms of the respective part played by each parent in their children's emotional development.

Gender and attachment representations in the preschool years: comparisons between five countries

Bowlby proposed that the individual's social experiences, as early as in infancy, contribute to the construction of Internal Working Models (IWMs) of attachment, which will later guide the individual's expectations and behaviors in close relationships all along his or her life. The qualitative, individual characteristics of these models reflect the specificity of the individual's early experiences with attachment figures. The attachment literature globally shows that the qualities of IWMs are neither gender specific nor cultural specific. Procedures to evaluate IWMs in adulthood have been well established, based on narrative accounts of childhood experiences. Narrative procedures at earlier ages (e.g., in the preschool years) have been proposed, such as Bretherton's Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT), to evaluate attachment representations. More than 500 ASCT narratives of preschoolers, coming from five different countries, have been collected, in the perspective of examining possible interactions between gender and culture regarding attachment representations. A specific Q-Sort coding procedure (CCH) has been used to evaluate several dimensions of the narratives. Girls' narratives appeared as systematically more secure than those of same-age boys, whatever their culture. The magnitude of gender differences, however, varied between countries. Taylor's model of gender-specific responses to stress and Harwood's and Posada's hypothesis on inter-cultural differences regarding caregiving are evoked to understand the differences across gender and countries.

Maternal interactive behaviour as a predictor of preschoolers' attachment representations among full term and premature samples.

BACKGROUND: Associations between maternal sensitivity and child attachment have been established in many samples, but the strength of the association varies across populations. The sensitivity-attachment link has never been examined at the level of representations nor among premature samples. OBJECTIVE: The present study is aimed at exploring associations between maternal interactive behaviour and children's attachment representations in a population of preterm and full-term infants. METHOD: Maternal interactive behaviour was assessed at 6 and 18 months (Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale & Care Index) and children's attachment representations were measured at 42 months (Attachment Story Completion Task) in a sample of preterm (N=48) and full-term (N=23) infants. RESULTS: Maternal unresponsiveness at 6 months and sensitivity at 18 months explained 54% of the variance of disorganized attachment representations in the full-term group but was not significantly related to attachment patterns in the preterm group. CONCLUSION: These results corroborate previous work on the causes of disorganized attachment and also point to the need to consider the development of attachment differently for children evolving in specific developmental contexts. They especially stress the importance of distinguishing between risk factors associated with the mother as opposed to the child.

Children's mental representations of attachment: associations with attachment security and parent-child narrative quality

The goal of this study was to examine the antecedents and correlates of children’s mental representations of attachment at 5 years (Attachment Story Completion Task, Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990; MacArthur Story Stem Battery, Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde, & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990). Predictors included children’s attachment security with mothers and fathers assessed via the Attachment Q-Set (AQS, Waters, 1987) at 3 years, and parent-child narrative quality regarding positive and negative events at 5 years. Participants included 71 children and their mothers and fathers. Structural equation models (SEM) indicated that children’s attachment security exerted a significant indirect effect on children’s mental representations through parent-child narrative quality. Specifically, children’s attachment security with fathers was related to their mental representations via father-child reminiscing about positive events, and children’s attachment security with mothers was related to their mental representations via mother-child reminiscing about negative events. Results are discussed in terms of the development and implications of attachment relationships within the family context.

Les représentations d'attachement du jeune enfant. Développement d'un système de codage pour les histoires à compléter

Les histoires d'attachement à compléter de Bretherton et Ridgeway (1990) constituent un moyen d'évaluer les narratifs d'enfants dès l'âge de 3 ans. Dans le présent article, nous présentons un Q-sort permettant de coder ces productions enfantines. Des scores à 4 dimensions d'attachement (sécurité, désactivation, hyperactivation, désorganisation) peuvent être obtenus grâce à une comparaison des réponses du sujet à celles de prototypes. Par ailleurs, une analyse en composantes principales a permis de définir 6 échelles, correspondant chacune à un aspect spécifique du jeu. Certains aspects des narratifs semblent influencés par le sexe et l'âge de l'enfant, mais non par son QI. Des exemples d'application du Q-sort sont présentés, notamment pour l'étude de la transmission intergénérationnelle des stratégies d'attachement ou pour l'étude de l'implication des représentations et des capacités narratives en matière de psychopathologie. Bretherton and Ridgeway's (1990) attachment story completion task allows for the assessment of child narratives as early as 3 years of age. In the present article, we present a Q-sort for the coding of these child productions. Scores on 4 attachment dimensions (security, deactivation, hyperactivation, disorganization) can be computed by comparing participants' responses to those of each prototype. Following a principal components analysis, 6 scales have been defined, each one corresponding to some specific aspects of child play. Certain aspects of child narratives seem to be influenced by gender and age, but not by IQ. Examples of possible applications of the Q-sort are presented, such as its use in the study of intergenerational transmission of attachment strategies or the study of the role of representations and narrative competence in psychopathology.

La relation entre l’attachement et la représentation de la figure paternelle dans le jeu symbolique du garçon d’âge préscolaire

Cette recherche a été inspirée par les travaux de John Bowlby sur l’attachement ainsi que par les écrits psychanalytiques de Sigmund Freud et de Donald Winnicott sur le développement de la relation père-garçon. Trois objectifs ont été formulés dans la présente étude : A) Les jeunes garçons d’âge préscolaire pourraient-ils projeter, à travers quelques sessions de jeu symbolique libre, leurs représentations paternelles? B) S’ils les projettent, quelle est la nature de ces représentations paternelles? C) Existe-t-il une relation entre le type d’attachement (évalué par un instrument standard) et les représentations paternelles projetées dans le jeu symbolique libre? Dix garçons de quatre ans ont été filmés à la maison et dans une garderie pendant, en moyenne, quatre sessions totalisant par enfant, une durée moyenne de deux heures trente minutes de jeu symbolique. Le type d’attachement a été évalué à l’aide de l’Attachment Story Completion Task. Les résultats démontrent que l’ensemble des garçons ont été en mesure de projeter des représentations paternelles basées sur la figure du père. Tous ces garçons ont perçu le père comme une figure de protection et huit enfants sur dix ont exprimé verbalement leur attachement à ce dernier. Un enfant de type évitant (type A) n’a pas évoqué la figure du père dans son jeu. Ce père était rarement à la maison pour s’occuper de son garçon. Enfin, le dernier enfant, de type ambivalent (un enfant particulièrement agressif de type C), a présenté dans son jeu des interactions négatives avec le père et ce, tout au long des sessions de jeu symbolique. Il appert ainsi que le jeu symbolique permet à l’enfant de projeter des représentations de la figure paternelle. Ces représentations sont en lien avec le type d’attachement que l’enfant détient au moment de l’évaluation.

Auto-conceito e qualidade da relação de vinculação em crianças do pré-escolar

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

Qualidade da representação da vinculação e a qualidade afectiva da relação de objecto em crianças institucionalizadas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Analyse du lien séquentiel entre les comportements d'anxiété et d'évitement lors d'interactions parent-enfant

Les troubles anxieux figurent parmi les psychopathologies les plus fréquentes chez les enfants. Ils peuvent avoir de graves répercussions sur leur développement et, à long terme, ils tendent à persister ainsi qu’à s’aggraver. L’évitement est un moyen souvent utilisé par les personnes anxieuses, adultes ou enfants, afin de tenter d’échapper à l'objet de leur peur et ainsi faire diminuer leur niveau d’anxiété. Les schémas cognitifs dysfonctionnels reliés à l’anxiété, et à l’origine de l’évitement, se développent tôt chez l’enfant et sont en partie reliés aux interactions parent-enfant. La présente recherche vise à examiner, à l’aide d’une analyse séquentielle des interactions, la dépendance entre les comportements d’anxiété et d’évitement chez les membres de 20 dyades parent-enfant, dont les enfants sont âgés entre 4 et 7 ans. La tâche d’interaction, une histoire à compléter par les membres de la dyade, a la capacité de susciter des émotions anxieuses chez les participants. Les résultats de cette étude ne permettent pas de démontrer une dépendance entre les comportements d’anxiété et d’évitement des parents et ceux des enfants. La discussion présente des éléments de réflexion sur des pistes de recherche à explorer.