A systematic review and meta-analysis : tailoring asthma treatment on eosinophilic markers (exhaled nitric oxide or sputum eosinophils)

Asthma severity and control can be measured both subjectively and objectively. Traditionally asthma treatments have been individualised using symptoms and spirometry/peak flow. Increasingly treatment tailored in accordance with inflammatory markers (sputum eosinophil counts or fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) data) is advocated as an alternative strategy. The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of tailoring asthma interventions based on inflammatory markers (sputum analysis and FeNO) in comparison with clinical symptoms (with or without spirometry/peak flow) for asthma-related outcomes in children and adults. Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of Trials, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and reference lists of articles were searched. The last searches were in February 2009. All randomised controlled comparisons of adjustment of asthma treatment based on sputum analysis or FeNO compared with traditional methods (primarily clinical symptoms and spirometry/peak flow) were selected. Results of searches were reviewed against predetermined criteria for inclusion. Relevant studies were selected, assessed and data extracted independently by at least two people. The trial authors were contacted for further information. Data were analysed as 'intervention received' and sensitivity analyses performed. Six (2 adults and 4 children/adolescent) studies utilising FeNO and three adult studies utilising sputum eosinophils were included. These studies had a degree of clinical heterogeneity including definition of asthma exacerbations, duration of study and variations in cut-off levels for percentage of sputum eosinophils and FeNO to alter management in each study. Adults who had treatment adjusted according to sputum eosinophils had a reduced number of exacerbations compared with the control group (52 vs. 77 patients with >=1 exacerbation in the study period; p=0.0006). There was no significant difference in exacerbations between groups for FeNO compared with controls. The daily dose of inhaled corticosteroids at the end of the study was decreased in adults whose treatment was based on FeNO in comparison with the control group (mean difference -450.03 mug, 95% CI -676.73 to -223.34; p<0.0001). However, children who had treatment adjusted according to FeNO had an increase in their mean daily dose of inhaled corticosteroids (mean difference 140.18 mug, 95% CI 28.94 to 251.42; p=0.014). It was concluded that tailoring of asthma treatment based on sputum eosinophils is effective in decreasing asthma exacerbations. However, tailoring of asthma treatment based on FeNO levels has not been shown to be effective in improving asthma outcomes in children and adults. At present, there is insufficient justification to advocate the routine use of either sputum analysis (due to technical expertise required) or FeNO in everyday clinical practice.

The influence of health education on family management of childhood asthma

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in asthma management among families with a child who has moderate to severe asthma. Half of the 50 families chosen for study had participated in an intensive in-patient asthma treatment program and half had participated in an out-patient day camp. Two broad categories of outcome were examined - illness and self-management skills. Families who participated in the in-patient program exhibited a pattern of illness behaviours which indicated asthma symptoms were better managed in comparison to those families that participated in the out-patient program. It was also observed that children who participated in the in-patient program had a tendency to feel more positive about having asthma with the more self-management behaviours they practised. On the other hand, children from the out-patient program reported a more negative attitude about having asthma with the more self-management behaviours they practised.

Exhaled breath temperature measurement and asthma control in children prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: A cross sectional study

BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath temperature (EBT) reflects airways (both eosinophilic and neutrophilic) inflammation in asthma and thus may aid the management of children with asthma that are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. A new EBT monitor has become available that is cheap and easy to use and may be a suitable monitoring device for airways inflammation. Little is known about how EBT relates to asthma treatment decisions, disease control, lung function, or other non-invasive measures of airways inflammation, such as exhaled nitric oxide (ENO).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between EBT and asthma treatment decision, current control, pulmonary function, and ENO.

METHODS: Cross-sectional prospective study on 159 children aged 5-16 years attending a pediatric respiratory clinic. EBT was compared with the clinician's decision regarding treatment (decrease, no change, increase), asthma control assessment (controlled, partial, uncontrolled), level of current treatment (according to British Thoracic Society guideline, BTS step), ENO, and spirometry.

RESULTS: EBT measurement was feasible in the majority of children (25 of 159 could not perform the test) and correlated weakly with age (R = 0.33, P = <0.01). EBT did not differ significantly between the three clinician decision groups (P = 0.42), the three asthma control assessment groups (P = 0.9), or the current asthma treatment BTS step (P = 0.57).

CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: EBT measurement was not related to measures of asthma control determined at the clinic. The routine intermittent monitoring of EBT in children prescribed inhaled corticosteroids who attend asthma clinics cannot be recommended for adjusting anti-inflammatory asthma therapy.

Evaluation of the Asthma Friendly Schools program

This thesis examined what makes schools want to embrace the Asthma Friendly Schools program. It also investigated the limitations and barriers of the Asthma Friendly Schools program and explored it's uptake by schools and the implications of the findings for the redesign of the program.

Effectiveness of asthma education camps as a learning environment for children

This study's main purpose was to determine if the children attending one of the Asthma Foundation of Victoria's camps learnt about asthma management and developed skills and behavior that are positive for self management to occur. Final conclusions showed that the program has a positive effect on the management of a child's asthma.

Allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma: the Swiss LARA (Link Allergic Rhinitis in Asthma) survey

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of asthma (A) and allergic rhinitis (AR) among asthma patients in primary care practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Primary care physicians, pulmonologists, and allergologists were asked to recruit consecutive asthma patients with or without allergic rhinitis from their daily practice. Cross-sectional data on symptoms, severity, treatment and impact on quality of life of A and AR were recorded and examined using descriptive statistics. Patients with and without AR were then compared. RESULTS: 1244 asthma patients were included by 211 physicians. Asthma was controlled in 19%, partially controlled in 27% and not controlled in 54%. Asthma treatment was generally based on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with or without long acting beta 2 agonists (78%). A leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) was used by 46% of the patients. Overall, 950 (76%) asthma patients had AR (A + AR) and 294 (24%) did not (A - AR). Compared to patients with A - AR, A + AR patients were generally younger (mean age +/- standard deviation: 42 +/- 16 vs. 50 +/- 19 years, p < 0.001) and fewer used ICS (75% vs. 88%, p < 0.001). LTRA usage was similar in both groups (46% vs. 48%). Asthma was uncontrolled in 53% of A + AR and 57% of A - AR patients. Allergic rhinitis was treated with a mean of 1.9 specific AR medications: antihistamines (77%), nasal steroids (66%) and/or vasoconstrictors (38%), and/or LTRA (42%). Rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction, or nasal itching were the most frequently reported AR symptoms and the greatest reported degree of impairment was in daily activities/sports (55%). CONCLUSIONS: Allergic rhinitis was more common among younger asthma patients, increased the burden of symptoms and the need for additional medication but was associated with improved asthma control. However, most asthma patients remained suboptimally controlled regardl-ess of concomitant AR.

Monitoring asthma in children.

The goal of asthma treatment is to obtain clinical control and reduce future risks to the patient. To reach this goal in children with asthma, ongoing monitoring is essential. While all components of asthma, such as symptoms, lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, may exist in various combinations in different individuals, to date there is limited evidence on how to integrate these for optimal monitoring of children with asthma. The aims of this ERS Task Force were to describe the current practise and give an overview of the best available evidence on how to monitor children with asthma. 22 clinical and research experts reviewed the literature. A modified Delphi method and four Task Force meetings were used to reach a consensus. This statement summarises the literature on monitoring children with asthma. Available tools for monitoring children with asthma, such as clinical tools, lung function, bronchial responsiveness and inflammatory markers, are described as are the ways in which they may be used in children with asthma. Management-related issues, comorbidities and environmental factors are summarised. Despite considerable interest in monitoring asthma in children, for many aspects of monitoring asthma in children there is a substantial lack of evidence.

Understanding disparities in emergency department visits for asthma

Asthma is the most common chronic disorder in childhood, affecting an estimated 6.2 million children under 18 years (1). The purpose of this study was to look at individual- and community-level characteristics simultaneously to examine and explain the factors that contribute to the use of emergency department services by children 18 years old or less and to determine if there was an association between air quality and ED visits in the same population, from 2005-2007 in Houston/Harris County. Data were collected from the Houston Safety Net Hospital Emergency Department Use Study and the 2000 US Census. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models and mixed effects models were used to analyze data that was collected during the study period.^ There were 704,902 ED visits made by children 18 and younger, who were living in Houston from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007. Of those, 19,098 had a primary discharge diagnosis of asthma. Asthma ED visits varied by season, with proportions of ED visits for asthma highest from September-December. African-American children were 2.6 (95% CI, 2.43-2.66) times more likely to have an ED visit for asthma compared to White children. Poverty, single parent headed households, and younger age all a greater likelihood of having gone to the ED for asthma treatment. Compared to Whites living in lightly-monitored pollution areas, African-Americans and Hispanics living in heavily monitored areas were 1.15 (95% CI, 1.04-1.28) times more likely to have an ED visit for asthma.^ Race and poverty seem to account for a large portion of the disparities in ED use found among children. This was true even after accounting for multiple individual- and community-level variables. These results suggest that racial disparities in asthma continue to pose risks for African American children, and they point to the need for additional research into potential explanations and remedies. Programs to reduce inappropriate ED use must be sensitive to an array of complex socioeconomic issues within minority and income populations. ^

Evaluation of factors affecting adherence to asthma controller therapy in chest clinics in a sub-Saharan African setting: a cross-sectional study

Background: Adherence to controller therapy in asthma is a major concern during the management of the disease. Objective: To determine the adherence rate and identify the predictors of low adherence to asthma controller therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study including asthma patients was conducted from November 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013 in 4 chest clinics in Cameroon. The adherence to asthma treatment was rated using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for the identification of factors associated with adherence to asthma treatment. Results: Among the 201 asthma patients included, 133 (66.2%) were female. The mean age of participants was 41.2 years. Sixty-one (30.3%) of the patients did not visit the chest physician during the last year prior to the study. Asthma was well controlled in 118 patients (58.7%). The prevalence of low adherence rate to asthma controller therapy was 44.8% and the absence of any chest specialist visit within the last 12 months was the only factor associated with the low adherence rate to asthma treatment (OR 5.57 ; 95% CI 2.84–10.93). Conclusion: The adherence rate to asthma controller therapy in Cameroon is low and it could be improved if scheduled visits are respected by patients.

Estimativa do custo da asma em tratamento ambulatorial especializado em unidade universitária no Sistema Único de Saúde

A asma é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. É necessário expandir o conhecimento sobre seus custos associados em diferentes regiões. O principal objetivo foi estimar os custos do tratamento da asma em uma população de asmáticos com diferentes níveis de gravidade, sob tratamento ambulatorial especializado. Os objetivos secundários foram analisar as características clínicas e sócio-econômicas da população e o custo incremental da associação com a rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR). Asmáticos ≥ 6 anos de idade com asma persistente foram incluídos consecutivamente de março de 2011 a setembro de 2012. Todos realizaram visitas clínicas de rotina com intervalos de 3-4 meses e 2 entrevistas com intervalos de 6 meses para coleta dados. Variáveis clínicas e dados primários sobre os custos da asma, rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR) foram coletados diretamente dos pacientes ou responsáveis (< 18 anos), sob uma perspectiva da sociedade. Os custos em reais foram convertidos em dólares usando a paridade do poder de compra em 2012 (US$ 1,00 = R$ 1,71). Cento e oito pacientes completaram o estudo, sendo 73,8% mulheres. A maioria (75,0%) reside no município do RJ, sendo que 60,1% destes moram longe da unidade de saúde. Rinite crônica estava presente em 83,3%, e mais da metade tinha sobrepeso ou obesidade, nos quais a prevalência de asma grave foi maior (p = 0,001). Metade ou mais dos trabalhadores e estudantes faltaram as suas atividades em decorrência da asma. A renda familiar mensal (RFM) média foi de US$ 915,90 (DP=879,12). O custo médio estimado da asma/rinite/IR foi de US$ 1.276,72 por paciente-ano (DP=764,14) e o custo médio específico da asma foi de US$ 1.140,94 (DP=760,87). Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos em comparação aos não obesos, moderados/leves e controlados (p <0,05 em todas as comparações). A população estudada tem nível sócio-econômico médio/baixo, alta prevalência de rinite crônica e de sobrepeso/obesidade. Maior peso e menor RFM foram mais frequentes entre os graves e não controlados, respectivamente. Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos. O custo incremental da rinite e IR foi de 12%. O custo médio da asma foi equivalente à metade do relatado na União Européia e nos Estados Unidos da América, e foi maior do que a média na região Ásia-Pacífico. Num cenário ideal, onde todos os asmáticos brasileiros recebessem tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde de acordo com a Iniciativa Global para Asma, o custo total da asma seria equivalente a 3,4-4,5% e 0,4-0,6% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) da saúde e do PIB brasileiro, respectivamente. Estratégias de saúde pública com programas estruturados que facilitem o melhor controle da asma e estimulem a redução de peso poderão contribuir para reduzir os custos da doença, o que poderia tornar a oferta de tratamento medicamentoso gratuito para todos os asmáticos persistentes no SUS uma meta alcançável. Recomendamos estender este estudo de custo da asma para diferentes regiões do país.

Organizational Attributes of Practices Successful at a Disease Management Program

Objective: To assess the contribution of organizational factors to implementation of 3 asthma quality measures: enrollment in a disease management program, development of a written treatment plan, and prescription of severity-appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy. Study design: A total of 138 pediatric clinicians and 247 office staff in 13 urban clinics and 23 nonurban private practices completed questionnaires about their practice's organizational characteristics (eg, leadership, communication, perceived effectiveness, job satisfaction). Results: 94% of the clinicians and 92% of the office staff completed questionnaires. When adjusted for confounders, greater practice activity and perceived effectiveness in meeting family needs were associated with higher rates of enrollment in the Easy Breathing program, whereas higher scores for 3 organizational characteristics-communication timeliness, decision authority, and job satisfaction-were associated with both higher enrollment and a greater number of written treatment plans. None of the organizational characteristics was associated with greater use of anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions: Three organizational characteristics predicted 2 quality asthma measures: use of a disease management program and creation of a written asthma treatment plan. If these organizational characteristics were amenable to change, then our findings could help focus interventions in areas of effective and acceptable organizational change. © 2009 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Utilisation de médicaments pour le traitement de l’asthme durant la grossesse et impact sur les issues périnatales

L’asthme est l’une des pathologies chroniques les plus fréquemment rencontrées durant la grossesse, affectant environ 8% des femmes enceintes. Les lignes directrices pour le traitement de l’asthme affirment que le risque d’un développement non optimal du fœtus dû à un asthme mal maîtrisé est supérieur au risque associé à la prise de médicaments pour le traitement de l’asthme durant la grossesse. Des questions persistent par contre sur l’innocuité des hautes doses de corticostéroïdes inhalés (CSI) et très peu de données sont publiées pour les bêta2-agonistes à longue action (BALA). Un programme de recherche en deux volets a été développé afin de répondre à certaines de ces questions. Dans un premier volet, une cohorte de femmes asthmatiques accouchant au Québec de 1998 à 2008 a été assemblée à partir des bases de données de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec et de MED-ÉCHO afin d’évaluer l’impact de la prise de CSI ou de BALA sur la prévalence de faible poids à la naissance (FPN), de prématurité et de bébé petit pour l’âge gestationnel (PAG). La cohorte était composée de 7376 grossesses dont 56,9% étaient exposées aux CSI et 8,8% aux BALA. Dans cette cohorte, l’utilisation de BALA n’était pas associée à des prévalences plus élevées de FPN (OR=0,81, IC95%:0,58–1,12), prématurité (OR=0,84, IC95%:0,61–1,15) ou PAG (OR=0,92, IC95%:0,70–1,20). Lors de la comparaison des BALA (salmétérol comparé au formotérol comme référence) la différence la plus importante était pour le PAG (OR=1,16, IC95%:0,67–2,02). Pour les CSI, une tendance à une augmentation de FPN, prématurité et PAG a été observée avec l’augmentation des doses. Le OR le plus élevé était pour une dose > 500 ug/jour (équivalent fluticasone) pour le FPN: (OR=1,57, IC95%:0,86–2,87). La comparaison des CSI les plus utilisés (fluticasone comparé au budésonide comme référence) montre des différences non statistiquement significatives avec la différence maximale observée pour le PAG (OR=1,10, IC95%:0,85–1,44). Dans un second volet, une sous-cohorte de femmes asthmatiques avec visites médicales pour exacerbation d’asthme au Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) a été constituée pour comparer le traitement des exacerbations durant et hors grossesse. Les résultats montrent que le traitement par CS était moins fréquent et différé pour les femmes enceintes comparées aux femmes non-enceintes. Le traitement de maîtrise de l’asthme (CSI et/ou BALA) dans l’année précédant l’exacerbation était sous-optimal. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent l’innocuité des BALA et des doses faibles à modérées de CSI pendant la grossesse pour les issues de FPN, prématurité et PAG alors que des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin d’évaluer l’innocuité des hautes doses de CSI. Une innocuité comparable entre les CSI (budésonide, fluticasone) et les BALA étudiés (formotérol, salmétérol) a également été démontrée. Les résultats montrent également un recours moindre aux CS pour le traitement des exacerbations d’asthme durant la grossesse comparativement à hors grossesse. Ces résultats sont un ajout important aux évidences permettant aux cliniciens et aux femmes enceintes asthmatiques de faire les meilleurs choix pour optimiser le traitement pharmacologique durant la grossesse.

Prevalência da asma brônquica e seus fatores de risco na população adulta de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001

A asma brônquica é uma doença crônica inflamatória das vias aéreas que vem despertando preocupação crescente, em função do aumento na sua incidência e mortalidade observados nos últimos anos. Com o objetivo principal de avaliar a sua prevalência e seus fatores de risco, conduziu-se um estudo epidemiológico de base populacional, delineamento transversal, em uma amostra representativa de adultos de 20 a 69 anos de idade, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, RS. Foram entrevistadas 1.968 pessoas. Desse total, 446 pessoas foram aleatoriamente selecionadas para realizarem espirometria e, quando esta mostrava-se normal, teste de broncoprovocação com metacolina. Ainda foram realizados testes para atopia. Houve 9,6% de recusas para as entrevistas e 20,2% de perdas para os exames complementares. Mais de metade da amostra era constituída por pessoas com idade inferior a 50 anos, sendo 57% do sexo feminino e a maioria da raça branca. A renda familiar, na maioria da amostra, era de até três salários mínimos. A prevalência de “sintomas atuais de asma” foi de 6,0%. Observou-se variação na prevalência de asma com a utilização de diferentes critérios diagnósticos: asma cumulativa: 14,3%; diagnóstico médico de asma: 12,9%; asma atual: 4,7%; e sintomas atuais ou reversibilidade (obstrução com resposta ao broncodilatador ou broncoprovocação positiva): 9,3%. Gravidade da asma foi avaliada conforme história de hospitalização por asma, mais de seis visitas ao pronto-socorro por ano e internação em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo. Cerca de 30% dos asmáticos preencheram algum critério de gravidade para asma. Apenas 20% dos pacientes com asma haviam consultado no último ano pela doença e somente 30% utilizava alguma medicação antiasmática. Em relação aos fatores de risco, na análise bruta, as variáveis associadas à prevalência de “sintomas atuais de asma” foram: sexo feminino, faixa etária dos 60 aos 69 anos, cor da pele não branca, baixas escolaridade e renda familiar, história familiar de asma e atopia, história pessoal de atopia, tabagismo, índice de massa corporal baixo e a presença de distúrbios psiquiátricos menores. Na análise multivariada, construiu-se um modelo teórico-hierarquizado cujas variáveis de um determinado nível foram controladas pelas variáveis de níveis precedentes e do mesmo nível. Permaneceram relacionados à presença de “sintomas atuais de asma” os seguintes fatores de risco, em ordem decrescente de razão de prevalência: história paterna e materna de asma (RP=5,4), presença de distúrbios psiquiátricos menores (RP=2,8); idade de 60 a 69 anos (RP=2,1); renda familiar inferior a 1,01 SM (RP=2,1); história pessoal de atopia (RP=1,9); e sexo feminino (RP=1,4). Os resultados do presente estudo salientam a variação na prevalência de asma com a utilização de diferentes critérios diagnósticos, e confirmam a importância dos fatores genéticos, sociais e relacionados ao estilo de vida na ocorrência da doença.

Efeitos do treinamento muscular inspiratório domiciliar sobre a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos respiratórios em asmáticos: estudo piloto

Asthma treatment aims to achieve and maintain the control of the disease for prolonged periods. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may be an alternative in the care of patients with asthma, and it is used as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a domiciliary program of IMT on the electromyographic activity of the respiratory muscles in adults with asthma. This is a clinical trial in which ten adults with asthma and ten healthy adults were randomized into two groups (control and training). The electrical activity of inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid (ECM) and diaphragm) was obtained by a surface electromyography. Furthermore, we assessed lung function (spirometry), maximal inspiratory pressure - MIP - (manometer). The functional capacity was evaluated by six minute walk test. Participants were assessed before and after the IMT protocol of 6 weeks with POWERbreathe® device. The training and the control groups underwent IMT with 50% and 15 % of MIP, respectively. The sample data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0, attributing significance of 5 %. Were used t test, ANOVA one way and Pearson correlation. It was observed an increase in MIP, after IMT, in both training groups and in healthy sham group (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by a significant increase in ECM activity during MIP in healthy training group (1488 %) and in asthma training group (ATG) (1186.4%). The ATG also showed a significant increase in diaphragm activity in basal respiration (48.5%). Functional capacity increased significantly in the asthma sham group (26.5 m) and in the asthma training group (45.2 m). These findings suggest that IMT promoted clinical improvements in all groups, especially the ATG, which makes it an important complementary treatment for patients with asthma