Valoración del estudio vesical y del tracto urinario superior en pacientes con citología urinaria positiva y pruebas de imagen negativas

Introducció: La citologia urinària positiva en context de cistoscopia sense evidència de tumor macroscòpic obliga a continuar el seu estudi. En el nostre centre es realitzen biòpsies vesicals múltiples normatitzades (BMN) i citologia ureteral selectiva en aquest casos. Material i mètodes: Estudi retrospectiu de 70 pacients amb citologia urinària positiva en absència de tumor macroscòpic. Es van avaluar els resultats de totes les biòpsies vesicals múltiples i les citologies ureterals selectives realitzades. Resultats: Es va diagnosticar CIS vesical em 45 (64,3%) pacients. Es va detectar citologia ureteral positiva em 12: cinc (7,2%) en el costat esquerre i set (10%) en el dret. Es va observar CIS vesical concomitant em 2 de 5 pacients amb PAP ureteral positiu esquerra i em 5 de 7 amb PAP ureteral positiu dret. Conclusions: La biòpsia múltiple normatitzada (BMN) és útil per a aquest casos. Els pobres resultats obtinguts en citologia ureteral selectiva posen en dubte la rendibilitat de la seva utilització sistemàtica.

Càncer de pulmó no microcític: canvis epidemiològics, diagnòstics i terapèutics en les dues últimes dècades

Aquest estudi analitza els canvis en el diagnòstic, tractament i evolució del càncer de pulmó no cèl•lula petita (CPNCP) durant les dues últimes dècades a partir de les dades d’un registre hospitalari. S’inclouen els pacients diagnosticats de CPNCP a la Corporació Parc Taulí-Sabadell durant els períodes 1990-1997 i 2003-2005 i es recullen les dades de forma prospectiva. Els resultats obtinguts, extrapolables a altres àrees de l’Estat espanyol i dels països del nostre entorn, ajuden a complementar les dades dels registres poblacionals per valorar millor els canvis epidemiològics de la malaltia i l’impacte real dels tractaments.

Ús de la ressonància magnètica nuclear amb espectroscopia per a la detecció del càncer prostàtic a la glàndula central

El diagnòstic precoç del càncer de pròstata fins a dia d’avui s’ha servit del tacte rectal, i els valors de PSA per establir quins pacients són sospitosos de patir aquesta afecció. Treballs recents estableixen que proves morfològiques com la ressonància magnètica, i funcionals com l’espectroscòpia ajudarien encara més a discriminar aquests pacients dels sans. En el nostre treball pretenem esbrinar; si l’ús de la ressonància magnètica amb espectroscòpia és igual d’eficient en el cas de que l’eventual càncer es localitzi a la glàndula central.

Utilización de fibroscopio con canal de biopsia bajo anestesia tópica para biopsias de lesiones laríngeas oncológicas

Treball prospectiu experimental de pacients a estudi per possible lesió tumoral en l’àrea de cap i coll. Realitzarem biòpsies de les lesions mitjançant una tècnica que anomenem Fibro-Laringo Biòpsia (FLB) sota anestesia tòpica i sedació, consistent en biopsiar-les mitjançant un fibroscopi amb canal de treball que permet visualitzar tota la regió naso-faringo-laríngia. Ho compararem amb un grup de pacients ja biopsiats durant l’any 2010 amb la tècnica de Micro-laringo biòpsia (MLB) sota anestesia general. Volem valorar si la FLB és una tècnica tan útil pel diagnòstic i /o estadiatge de tumors com ho és, actualment en el nostre servei, la MLB.

Eficacia diagnóstica de la técnica del ganglio centinela en carcinomas faringolaríngeos

En l'actualitat hi ha controvèrsia sobre el tractament del coll negatiu en el carcinoma faringolaríngeo. En el nostre estudi hem inclòs 11 pacients afectats de carcinoma escamós faringolaríngeo N0, i després de realitzar una injecció amb Tc99m-nanocoloide hem identificat els possibles ganglis sentinella mitjançant limfogammagrafia, SPECT-CT i sonda gamma. S'han detectat de mitjana 2,0 possibles ganglis sentinella. En tres casos no s'ha detectat gangli sentinella. En un futur la realització d'aquesta tècnica, que està en fase de desenvolupament, pot evitar el sobretractament cervical.

Valor de la PET FDG en la estadificación mediastínica del carcinoma pulmonar no microcítico

La tomografia per emissió de positrons amb 18fluorodesoxiglucosa (PET-FDG) s'ha implantat com a tècnica d'estudi i estadificació d'elecció als pacients amb diagnòstic de carcinoma pulmonar no microcrític (CPNM) susceptibles de tractament quirúrgic. Mètodes: Per valorar l'eficàcia de la PET FDG realitzem un estudi retrospectiu incloent els pacients intervinguts al nostre centre entre setembre del 2007 i abril del 2009. Resultats: La PET-FDG va mostrar una sensibilitat i especificitat de 56% i 75% respectivament. Conclusions: El rendiment diagnòstic de la PET-FDG a la població estudiada ha estat baix. Aquest resultat pot estar condicionat per una mostra poc representativa.

Estudi prospectiu dels pacients que es diagnostiquen de càncer en un servei de Medicina Interna

S’han analitzat de forma prospectiva els malalts ingressats en un Servei de Medicina Interna diagnosticats de càncer durant 19 mesos. S’han avaluat 95 pacients amb edat mitja de 69 anys, la majoria homes. Les neoplàsies més freqüents han estat respiratòries, digestives i hematològiques. Han consultat per símptomes inespecífics, de llarga evolució i sovint amb malaltia disseminada. Conèixer el perfil que presenten aquests pacients ens pot permetre millorar el temps que tarden a consultar, optimitzar el procés diagnòstic per a què sigui el menys invasiu possible, precís i cost-efectiu; i agilitzar el temps fins al tractament.

Evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama y diseminación de la mamografía de cribado en Cataluña: un análisis por regiones sanitarias

Fundamento: El descenso de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama (CM) se ha atribuido a la implantación de programas de cribado y a avances terapéuticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la evolución de su mortalidad en las regiones sanitarias de Cataluña en el periodo 1993-2007. Paralelamente, se ha analizado la diseminación de la mamografía periódica en las regiones sanitarias. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos del registro de mortalidad y encuestas de salud. Se utilizaron regresiones de Poisson y «joinpoint» para comparar las tasas de mortalidad por CM y analizar su evolución temporal. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos mixtos para comparar el nivel y la evolución de la mortalidad por regiones. Resultados. La tasa de mortalidad por CM descendió un 3% anual en Cataluña. Entre 1993 y 2007, la tasa estandarizada varió de 34,8 a 23,3 por 100.000 mujeres. Barcelona ciutat presentó unas tasas de mortalidad más elevadas que las regiones Centre (ratio de tasas (RT)=0,87), Costa de Ponent (RT=0,89), Tarragona (RT=0,9) y Lleida (RT=0,915), pero estas diferencias tendieron a desaparecer. No se observaron cambios de tendencia en la evolución de la mortalidad de las regiones, excepto en la región Centre. Durante los años 1990 Barcelona ciutat presentó unos porcentajes de utilización de mamografía periódica del 36,1% de las mujeres de 40-74 años, en la encuesta de 1994, la región Centre (23,7%) y Costa de Ponent (25,2%). Conclusiones: La progresiva utilización de mamografía periódica y la disminución de la mortalidad por CM fueron similares en las regiones sanitarias de Cataluña.

Medicina a la UdG. Ordinador: ajuda'm a detectar un càncer!

Com sempre, el diagnòstic precoç és la millor medecina. En el cas del càncer, no només és un bon remei, sinó que pot salvar vides. Quan el nostre sistema sanitari ha instituït la revisió de la mama com una recomanació universal, s'obliga de retruc a dotar-se d'instruments que permetin el diagnòstic d'una manera eficaç i segura

Time-related improvement of survival in resectable gastric cancer: the role of Japanese-style gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy

Background: We investigated the change of prognosis in resected gastric cancer (RGC) patients and the role of radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively analyze the outcome of 426 consecutive patients from 1975 to 2002, divided into 2 time-periods (TP) cohort: Before 1990 (TP1, n = 207) and 1990 or after (TP2; n= 219). Partial gastrectomy and D1-lymphadenetomy was predominant in TP1 and total gastrectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy it was in TP2. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of mitomycin C (MMC), 10¿20 mg/m2 iv 4 courses or MMC plus Tegafur 500 mg/m2 for 6 months. Results: Positive nodes were similar in TP2/TP1 patients with 56%/59% respectively. Total gastrectomy was done in 56%/45% of TP2/TP1 respectively. Two-drug adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 65%/18% of TP2/TP1 respectively. Survival at 5 years was 66% for TP2 versus 42%for TP1 patients (p < 0.0001). Survival by stages II, IIIA y IIIB for TP2 versus TP1 patients was 70 vs. 51% (p = 0.0132); 57 vs. 22% (p = 0.0008) y 30 vs. 15% (p = 0.2315) respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age, stage of disease and period of treatment were independent variables. Conclusion: The global prognosis and that of some stages have improved in recent years with case RGC patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Outpatient Quick Diagnosis Units for the evaluation of suspected severe diseases: an observational, descriptive study

Background: Hospitals in countries with public health systems have recently adopted organizational changes to improve efficiency and resource allocation, and reducing inappropriate hospitalizations has been established as an important goal. AIMS: Our goal was to describe the functioning of a Quick Diagnosis Unit in a Spanish public university hospital after evaluating 1,000 consecutive patients. We also aimed to ascertain the degree of satisfaction among Quick Diagnosis Unit patients and the costs of the model compared to conventional hospitalization practices. DESIGN: Observational, descriptive study. METHODS: Our sample comprised 1,000 patients evaluated between November 2008 and January 2010 in the Quick Diagnosis Unit of a tertiary university public hospital in Barcelona. Included patients were those who had potentially severe diseases and would normally require hospital admission for diagnosis but whose general condition allowed outpatient treatment. We analyzed several variables, including time to diagnosis, final diagnoses and hospitalizations avoided, and we also investigated the mean cost (as compared to conventional hospitalization) and the patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: In 88% of cases, the reasons for consultation were anemia, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, febrile syndrome, adenopathies, abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea and lung abnormalities. The most frequent diagnoses were cancer (18.8%; mainly colon cancer and lymphoma) and Iron-deficiency anemia (18%). The mean time to diagnosis was 9.2 days (range 1 to 19 days). An estimated 12.5 admissions/day in a one-year period (in the internal medicine department) were avoided. In a subgroup analysis, the mean cost per process (admission-discharge) for a conventional hospitalization was 3,416.13 Euros, while it was 735.65 Euros in the Quick Diagnosis Unit. Patients expressed a high degree of satisfaction with Quick Diagnosis Unit care. CONCLUSIONS: Quick Diagnosis Units represent a useful and cost-saving model for the diagnostic study of patients with potentially severe diseases. Future randomized study designs involving comparisons between controls and intervention groups would help elucidate the usefulness of Quick Diagnosis Units as an alternative to conventional hospitalization.

Breast cancer incidence and overdiagnosis in Catalonia (Spain)

Introduction: Early detection of breast cancer (BC) with mammography may cause overdiagnosis and overtreatment, detecting tumors which would remain undiagnosed during a lifetime. The aims of this study were: first, to model invasive BC incidence trends in Catalonia (Spain) taking into account reproductive and screening data; and second, to quantify the extent of BC overdiagnosis. Methods: We modeled the incidence of invasive BC using a Poisson regression model. Explanatory variables were: age at diagnosis and cohort characteristics (completed fertility rate, percentage of women that use mammography at age 50, and year of birth). This model also was used to estimate the background incidence in the absence of screening. We used a probabilistic model to estimate the expected BC incidence if women in the population used mammography as reported in health surveys. The difference between the observed and expected cumulative incidences provided an estimate of overdiagnosis. Results: Incidence of invasive BC increased, especially in cohorts born from 1940 to 1955. The biggest increase was observed in these cohorts between the ages of 50 to 65 years, where the final BC incidence rates more than doubled the initial ones. Dissemination of mammography was significantly associated with BC incidence and overdiagnosis. Our estimates of overdiagnosis ranged from 0.4% to 46.6%, for women born around 1935 and 1950, respectively. Conclusions: Our results support the existence of overdiagnosis in Catalonia attributed to mammography usage, and the limited malignant potential of some tumors may play an important role. Women should be better informed about this risk. Research should be oriented towards personalized screening and risk assessment tools.

Effectiveness of early detection on breast cancer mortality reduction in Catalonia (Spain)

Background: At present, it is complicated to use screening trials to determine the optimal age intervals and periodicities of breast cancer early detection. Mathematical models are an alternative that has been widely used. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of different breast cancer early detection strategies in Catalonia (Spain), in terms of breast cancer mortality reduction (MR) and years of life gained (YLG), using the stochastic models developed by Lee and Zelen (LZ). Methods: We used the LZ model to estimate the cumulative probability of death for a cohort exposed to different screening strategies after T years of follow-up. We also obtained the cumulative probability of death for a cohort with no screening. These probabilities were used to estimate the possible breast cancer MR and YLG by age, period and cohort of birth. The inputs of the model were: incidence of, mortality from and survival after breast cancer, mortality from other causes, distribution of breast cancer stages at diagnosis and sensitivity of mammography. The outputs were relative breast cancer MR and YLG. Results: Relative breast cancer MR varied from 20% for biennial exams in the 50 to 69 age interval to 30% for annual exams in the 40 to 74 age interval. When strategies differ in periodicity but not in the age interval of exams, biennial screening achieved almost 80% of the annual screening MR. In contrast to MR, the effect on YLG of extending screening from 69 to 74 years of age was smaller than the effect of extending the screening from 50 to 45 or 40 years. Conclusion: In this study we have obtained a measure of the effect of breast cancer screening in terms of mortality and years of life gained. The Lee and Zelen mathematical models have been very useful for assessing the impact of different modalities of early detection on MR and YLG in Catalonia (Spain).

Cost-effectiveness of early detection of breast cancer in Catalonia (Spain)

Background: Breast cancer (BC) causes more deaths than any other cancer among women in Catalonia. Early detection has contributed to the observed decline in BC mortality. However, there is debate on the optimal screening strategy. We performed an economic evaluation of 20 screening strategies taking into account the cost over time of screening and subsequent medical costs, including diagnostic confirmation, initial treatment, follow-up and advanced care. Methods: We used a probabilistic model to estimate the effect and costs over time of each scenario. The effect was measured as years of life (YL), quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and lives extended (LE). Costs of screening and treatment were obtained from the Early Detection Program and hospital databases of the IMAS-Hospital del Mar in Barcelona. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was used to compare the relative costs and outcomes of different scenarios. Results: Strategies that start at ages 40 or 45 and end at 69 predominate when the effect is measured as YL or QALYs. Biennial strategies 50-69, 45-69 or annual 45-69, 40-69 and 40-74 were selected as cost-effective for both effect measures (YL or QALYs). The ICER increases considerably when moving from biennial to annual scenarios. Moving from no screening to biennial 50-69 years represented an ICER of 4,469€ per QALY. Conclusions: A reduced number of screening strategies have been selected for consideration by researchers, decision makers and policy planners. Mathematical models are useful to assess the impact and costs of BC screening in a specific geographical area.

Contribution of early detection and adjuvant treatments to breast cancer mortality reduction in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Reductions in breast cancer (BC) mortality in Western countries have been attributed to the use of screening mammography and adjuvant treatments. The goal of this work was to analyze the contributions of both interventions to the decrease in BC mortality between 1975 and 2008 in Catalonia. Methodology/Principal Findings: A stochastic model was used to quantify the contribution of each intervention. Age standardized BC mortality rates for calendar years 1975-2008 were estimated in four hypothetical scenarios: 1) Only screening, 2) Only adjuvant treatment, 3) Both interventions, and 4) No intervention. For the 30-69 age group, observed Catalan BC mortality rates per 100,000 women-year rose from 29.4 in 1975 to 38.3 in 1993, and afterwards continuously decreased to 23.2 in 2008. If neither of the two interventions had been used, in 2008 the estimated BC mortality would have been 43.5, which, compared to the observed BC mortality rate, indicates a 46.7% reduction. In 2008 the reduction attributable to screening was 20.4%, to adjuvant treatments was 15.8% and to both interventions 34.1%. Conclusions/Significance: Screening and adjuvant treatments similarly contributed to reducing BC mortality in Catalonia. Mathematical models have been useful to assess the impact of interventions addressed to reduce BC mortality that occurred over nearly the same periods.