Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence-based recommendations are needed to guide the acute management of the bleeding trauma patient. When these recommendations are implemented patient outcomes may be improved. METHODS: The multidisciplinary Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma was formed in 2005 with the aim of developing a guideline for the management of bleeding following severe injury. This document represents an updated version of the guideline published by the group in 2007 and updated in 2010. Recommendations were formulated using a nominal group process, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) hierarchy of evidence and based on a systematic review of published literature. RESULTS: Key changes encompassed in this version of the guideline include new recommendations on the appropriate use of vasopressors and inotropic agents, and reflect an awareness of the growing number of patients in the population at large treated with antiplatelet agents and/or oral anticoagulants. The current guideline also includes recommendations and a discussion of thromboprophylactic strategies for all patients following traumatic injury. The most significant addition is a new section that discusses the need for every institution to develop, implement and adhere to an evidence-based clinical protocol to manage traumatically injured patients. The remaining recommendations have been re-evaluated and graded based on literature published since the last edition of the guideline. Consideration was also given to changes in clinical practice that have taken place during this time period as a result of both new evidence and changes in the general availability of relevant agents and technologies. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to trauma care and mechanisms with which to ensure that established protocols are consistently implemented will ensure a uniform and high standard of care across Europe and beyond.

Cirugía bucal y anticoagulantes orales: una propuesta de actuación

El tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales, fundamentalmente acenocumarol (Sintrom), es cada vez más frecuente en nuestro país. Se ha revisado la literatura médica y odontológica, sobre las pautas terapéuticas empleadas en cirugía bucal en pacientes anticoagulados por vía oral. Se propone un protocolo de actuación basado en que el mantenimiento del régimen anticoagulante oral y el uso local de antifibrinolíticos (ácido tranexámico al 4,8%) como enjuagues, después de la cirugía bucal, disminuye el riesgo tromboembólico y la posibilidad de complicaciones hemorrágicas es comparable a aquellos pacientes que disminuyen el acenocumarol antes de la cirugía bucal.

Factores de riesgo para convulsiones tras cirugía cardiaca con acido tranexamico: estudio de casos y controles, FCI

La cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea tiene riesgo de lesión del sistema nervioso central que impacta negativamente el desenlace postoperatorio. Su espectro es variable siendo lo más frecuente la lesión isquémica. Sin embargo esta no es la única complicación neurológica, las convulsiones también tienen un impacto significativo sobre la morbimortalidad y se asocian a un incremento de la estancia hospitalaria. Mientras que los eventos isquémicos tras cirugía cardiaca están bien caracterizados, existen pocos datos acerca de las convulsiones postoperatorias de origen no isquémico. Dentro de las teorías postuladas para explicar estos fenómenos llama la atención el potencial epileptogénico de los medicamentos antifibrinolíticos, ampliamente utilizados con el objetivo de minimizar el sangrado y reducir la exposición a hemoderivados. Numerosos reportes sugieren que el ácido tranexámico puede inducir actividad convulsiva en el postoperatorio. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles fue examinar los factores asociados con convulsiones postoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea que recibieron ácido tranexámico. Todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea entre Enero de 2008 y Diciembre de 2009 fueron identificados. Los casos se definieron como aquellos pacientes que convulsionaron y requirieron inicio de anticonvulsivantes dentro de las 48 horas post-quirúrgicas. Los criterios de exclusión incluyeron epilepsia preexistente y pacientes con alguna lesión isquémica nueva en neuroimágen. Los controles fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente a partir de la cohorte inicial. Se analizaron un total de 28 casos y 112 controles. Se evidenció una asociación entre disfunción renal, valores elevados de creatinina preoperatoria y convulsiones postoperatorias.

Influence of fresh frozen plasma as a trigger factor for kidney dysfunction in cardiovascular surgery

OBJETIVO: A disfunção renal é uma complicação importante no cenário de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiovascular. Como fatores de risco conhecidos no intraoperatório para o seu desenvolvimento destacam-se a circulação extracorpórea, a hemodiluição, drogas antifibrinolíticos e a transfusão sanguínea. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores de risco na transfusão de sangue e derivados para o desenvolvimento de disfunção renal em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Noventa e sete pacientes foram estudados e 84 foram analisados. A amostra foi estratificada em dois grupos, sendo que o incremento de 30% na creatinina sérica no pós-operatório foi considerado para o grupo com disfunção renal (n = 9; 10,71%). O grupo não disfunção renal foi caracterizado pela creatinina sérica, que permaneceu inferior a aumento de 30% no pós-operatório (n = 75; 89,28%). RESULTADOS: Foi observado que a transfusão de plasma fresco congelado no grupo não disfunção renal foi de 2,05 ± 0,78 unidades e 3,80 ± 2,16 unidades no grupo disfunção renal com P= 0,032. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível associar, nesta série de pacientes, que a transfusão de plasma fresco congelado foi um fator de risco para disfunção renal pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiovascular.

Efeito do ácido tranexâmico associado à cola de fibrina sobre o reparo ósseo: estudo histológico em ratos

The bone repair process is controlled by complex molecular mechanisms that involve systemic and local factors. Fibrin glue is derived from human plasma and mimics the final pathway of coagulation network. Tranexamic acid inhibits fibrinolysis and prevents or decreases the formation of degradation products of fibrin and fibrinogen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically in rats the effect of tranexamic acid associated with the fibrin glue on bone healing. The experiment used 60 (n = 5) male rats in: GI: Control, GII: fibrin glue, GIII tranexamic acid and GIV /fibrin glue/tranexamic acid. Bone defect (2.5mm diameter) was created in right tibia. The animals were euthanized at 7,14 and 30 days postoperatively, and the pieces were processed with hematoxylin and eosin. The results showed at 7 days post-operative surgical cavity filled with dense connective tissue rich in fibroblasts, permeated by delicate neoformed bone trabeculae in percentage of 70-80% for GI, GII and GIII and GIV to 94.8%. At 14 days post-operative newly formed bone was found between 75-85% for GI, GII and GIII and percentage above 95% for GIV. At 30 days postoperative GI and GIV showed 95-100% of mature bone tissue; GII and GIII in percentage close to 80-90%. Based on the results and methodology is concluded that fibrin / tranexamic acid glue association has positive action on bone repair.