Salut i poder en la gènesi de l'home contemporani

Amb aquesta investigació, que s'emmarca dins l'àmbit de l'Antropologia Filosòfica, el que ens proposem és escriure un capítol per a una genealogia de l'home contemporani, intentant respondre a la pregunta: com hem arribat a ser el que som? No pretenem descriure els principals factors que han influït en la manera de ser de l'home contemporani, sinó que l'objectiu d'aquest treball és molt més limitat: dibuixar algunes de les principals relacions entre el saber i el poder que s'han donat en el si de la medicina contemporània, i més concretament en l'àmbit de la Salut Pública, i que han contribuït a subjectar els individus d'una determinada manera, creant un model: l'home saludable. Volem mostrar com el discurs i la pràctica mèdica que es van començar a perfilar entre el segle XVIII i el segle XIX moment en què es solidificaren els fonaments de l'art de guarir tal com ara l'entenem , a part d'aportar un conjunt de tècniques de curació, també van oferir una determinada visió de l'home, la qual va tenir importants repercussions en la manera de ser de l'individu contemporani. Ens interessa mostrar de quina manera la medicina, a partir de la Salut Pública, ha intervingut en la gestió de l'existència humana, prenent una postura normativa que l'ha autoritzat a governar la vida de les persones. L'objectiu de la nostra investigació és respondre les qüestions: quin tipus de subjectivació implica la medicina contemporània? Quin tipus de subjecte ha ajudat a crear, incitant l'home a establir unes determinades maneres de relacionar-se amb si mateix i amb els altres? En definitiva, desciure algunes de les principals estratègies dibuixades des de la Salut Pública que han actuat com a poders de normalització, en tant que han fomentat un determinat tipus d'home. Tal com veurem, la nostra medicina, almenys des del moment en què es va poder parlar d'una salut pública, ha anat lligada al projecte d'una determinada tecnologia de la població. Entre els segles XVIII i XIX, la medicina va anar desenvolupant una nova política de la salut en la qual les malalties van passar a ser considerades com un problema polític i econòmic que afectava les col.lectivitats i que demanava solucions globals. El que va aparèixer en el segle XVIII no es pot resumir només en el fet que l'estat va començar a intervenir d'una forma constant en la pràctica mèdica, sinó que el que va passar va ser que la salut i la malaltia, vistes com a problemes que exigien algun tipus de gestió col.lectiva, van ser considerades des de múltiples llocs del cos social. És a dir, la política de la salut que s'inaugura en el llindar de l'època contemporània, més que una iniciativa vertical, va prendre la forma d'un problema amb orígens i direccions múltiples. Pretenem mostrar aquesta política mèdica que es va posar en joc al voltant de l'origen de la nostra Salut Pública, fent sortir a la llum el que podríem anomenar l'«ètica de la bona salut» que es va potenciar i que va servir no solament per elaborar algunes indicacions per prevenir o curar les malalties, sinó que també fabricà prescripcions que feien referència a la forma de vida en general (des de l'alimentació i la vestimenta fins a la procreació, la sexualitat, el comportament, les relacions familiars, etc.). És a dir, es tractaria de veure com a l'interior del discurs i de les pràctiques de la nostra Salut Pública, s'ha anat contruint un cert espai de la normalitat, en el qual ha estat possible associar Salut i Raó, Malaltia i Desraó.

La filosofía antropológica de Arturo Ardao: el puesto de la inteligencia en el cosmos

Se intenta mostrar la estrecha relación que tienen los conceptos de "antropología filosófica" y de "historia de las ideas", entendiendo que en Ardao la práctica hermenéutica es realizada por la comunidad latinoamericana, es decir, el sujeto concebido tanto en su espacialidad como en su temporalidad. Espacialidad y temporalidad que se caracterizan por su diferencia respecto al proceso histórico de "unificación" global de la razón. Las particularidades culturales de las diversas comunidades de sujetos que son objeto de prácticas hermenéuticas deben ser comprendidas a partir del descentramiento postcopernicano que permite superar el dualismo anta lógico que establecía una dicotomía entre el espacio, el tiempo y los modos de producción simbólicos. Así, podemos interpretar que la técnica de la escritura y los textos como "tejidos fisiológicos", según Ardao, son producidos en una comunidad y constituyen la exterioridad histórica de su "pensamiento" en su expresión y significación material.

Teacher educators embrace philosophy: reflections on a new way of looking at preparing pre-service teachers

Over the last decade in Australia, the role of the teacher has changed. Teachers are now expected to model and foster in their students a wide range of skills such as critical thinking, self-regulated learning, knowledge of self and others and lifelong learning. These changes are having a significant impact on the design of pre-service teacher education programmes, with university educators re-evaluating the teacher training curriculum and embedded pedagogical processes in order to consider how they might develop these skills in pre-service teachers. One approach is to consider the processes and practices inherent in philosophical inquiry. This paper reports on three participants’ reflections of a 12-week philosophy programme that was conducted for teacher educators at Queensland’s University of Technology (QUT) in 2008. The programme was facilitated by teachers from Buranda State School who have been teaching philosophy in their P-7 school for more than ten years. This paper provides insight into teacher educators’ reflections on the philosophy programme and the associated changes and challenges of implementing such a programme in pre-service teacher education degrees.

When the object speaks, a postcolonial encounter : anthropological, representations and Aboriginal's women's self-presentations

As an Aboriginal woman currently reviewing feminist literature in Australia, I have found that representations of Aboriginal women's gender have been generated predominantly by women anthropologists. Australian feminists utilise this literature in their writing and teaching and accept its truths without question; the most often quoted ethnographic text is Diane Bell's Daughters of the Dreaming (1983a).1 Feminists' lack of critical engagement with this literature implies that they are content to accept women anthropologists' representations because Aboriginal women are not central to their constructions of feminism.2 Instead the Aboriginal woman is positioned on the margins, a symbol of difference; a reminder that it is feminists who are the bearers of true womanhood.

The ADHD debate and the philosophy of truth

There is ongoing and wide-ranging dispute over the proliferation of childhood behaviour disorders. In particular, the veracity of the category Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), has been the subject of considerable scepticism. With no end to the debate in sight, it will be argued here that the problem might effectively be approached, not by addressing the specific features of ADHD itself, but rather by a philosophical analysis of one of the terms around which this entire problem revolves: that is, the notion of truth. If we state: “It is true that ADHD is a real disorder”, what exactly do we mean? Do we mean that it is an objective fact of nature? Do we mean that it fits seamlessly with other sets of ideas and explanations? Or do we simply mean that it works as an idea in a practical sense? This paper will examine the relationship between some of the dominant models of truth, and the assertions made by those in the field of ADHD. Specifically, the paper will contrast the claim that ADHD is a real disorder, with the claim that ADHD is a product of social governance. The intention is, first, to place some significant qualifications upon the validity of the truth-claims made by ADHD advocates, and second, to re-emphasise the potential and promise of philosophical investigation in providing productive new ways of thinking about some obstinate and seemingly intractable educational problems.

Insights from ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory can underpin a philosophy of coaching

The aim of this paper is to show how principles of ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory can underpin a philosophy of coaching practice in a nonlinear pedagogy. Nonlinear pedagogy is based on a view of the human movement system as a nonlinear dynamical system. We demonstrate how this perspective of the human movement system can aid understanding of skill acquisition processes and underpin practice for sports coaches. We provide a description of nonlinear pedagogy followed by a consideration of some of the fundamental principles of ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory that underpin it as a coaching philosophy. We illustrate how each principle impacts on nonlinear pedagogical coaching practice, demonstrating how each principle can substantiate a framework for the coaching process.

A novella of ideas : how interactive new media art can effectively communicate an indigenous philosophical concept

How interactive new media art can effectively communicate an indigenous philosophical concept. The sophistication and complexity of the philosophical concept concerning relationships between land and people and between people, intrinsic to the laws and customs of Australian Indigenous society, has begun to be communicated and accessed beyond the realm of anthropological and ethnological domains of Western scholarship. The exciting scope and rapid development of new media arts presents an innovative means of creating an interactive relationship with the general Australian public, addressing the urgent need for an understanding of Indigenous Australian concepts of relationship to land, and to each other, absent from Western narratives. The study is framed by an Indigenous concept of place, and relationships between land and people and between people; and explores how this concept can be clearly communicated through interactive new media arts. It involves: a creative project, the development of an interactive new media art project, a website work-in-progress titled site\sight\cite; and an exegesis, a Novella of Ideas, on the origins, influences, objectives, and potential of creative practices and processes engaged in the creative project. Research undertaken for the creative project and exegesis extended my creative practice into the use of interdisciplinary arts, expressly for the expression of philosophical concepts, consolidating 23 years experience in Indigenous community arts development. The creative project and exegesis contributes to an existing body of Indigenous work in a range of areas - including education, the arts and humanities - which bridges old and new society in Australia. In this study, old and new society is defined by the time of the initial production of art and foundations of knowledge, in the country of its origins, in Indigenous Australia dating back at least 40,000 years.

Theory-of-Mind Continuum Model: Why Mind Matters in Philosophy, Psychology and Education

Theory-of-Mind has been defined as the ability to explain and predict human behaviour by imputing mental states, such as attention, intention, desire, emotion, perception and belief, to the self and others (Astington & Barriault, 2001). Theory-of-Mind study began with Piaget and continued through a tradition of meta-cognitive research projects (Flavell, 2004). A study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith (1985) of Theory-of-Mind abilities in atypically developing children reported major difficulties experienced by children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in imputing mental states to others. Since then, a wide range of follow-up research has been conducted to confirm these results. Traditional Theory-of-Mind research on ASD has been based on an either-or assumption that Theory-of-Mind is something one either possesses or does not. However, this approach fails to take account of how the ASD population themselves experience Theory-of-Mind. This paper suggests an alternative approach, Theory-of-Mind continuum model, to understand the Theory-of-Mind experience of people with ASD. The Theory-of-Mind continuum model will be developed through a comparison of subjective and objective aspects of mind, and phenomenal and psychological concepts of mind. This paper will demonstrate the importance of balancing qualitative and quantitative research methods in investigating the minds of people with ASD. It will enrich our theoretical understanding of Theory-of-Mind, as well as contain methodological implications for further studies in Theory-of-Mind

Embedding 'philosophy in the classroom' in pre-service teacher education

The holistic conception of the troika, as described in the first chapter, centres on the relationship between the implicit and explicit teaching of values the nurturing of the specific dimensions of quality teaching and the opportunity to ‘walk the talk’ of the values education program through aspects such as practical citizenship (Lovat, Toomey, Clement, Crotty & Nielsen, 2009). It is proposed in this chapter that the conception can be realized through the embedding of Philosophy in the Classroom within pre-service teaching programs. The troika, a Russian sleigh with three horses, only function well when there is complete synergy and balance between all Classroom is a scaffold for ensuring that all three elements of the troika, namely, quality teaching, values education and service learning in the form of education for citizenship, exist within the classroom to achieve an optimal learning, growth and wellbeing for all students. For this to be more widely accomplished Philosophy in the Classroom and discusses how it constitutes a successful synergy and balance of the troika for effective teaching. It then proposes how it might be embedded into pre-service teacher education.

Embracing Philosophy and Raising the Standard of Pre-service Teacher Education Programs

In this chapter, a rationale is developed for incorporating philosophy into teacher training programs as a means of both preparing quality teachers for the 21st century and meeting the expectations detailed in the professional standards established by the statutory authority that regulates the profession in Queensland, the Queensland College of Teaching is presented. Furthermore, in-service teachers from Buranda State School, a Brisbane primary school that has been successfully teaching philosophy to its students for over 10 years, shares their experiences of teaching philosophy and how it has enhanced student learning and the quality of teaching and professionalism of the teachers. Finally, the implications of embedding philosophy into teacher training programs are explored in terms of developing the personal integrity of beginning teachers.