Policy Change in Comparative Contexts: Applying the Advocacy Coalition Framework Outside of Western Europe and North America

The advocacy coalition framework (ACF) is one of the most frequently applied theories of the policy process. Most applications have been in Western Europe and North America. This article provides an overview of the ACF, summarizes existing applications outside of Western Europe and North America, and introduces the special issue that features applications of the ACF in the Philippines, China, India, and Kenya. This article concludes with an argument for the continued application of the ACF outside of Western Europe and North America and a research agenda for overcoming challenges in using the ACF in comparative public policy research.

Apprentissage et changement : l’Advocacy Coalition Framework et l’évolution de la politique militaire africaine de la France 1994-2008

La politique militaire de la France en Afrique est en évolution. La véracité factuelle de ce constat est désormais difficilement contestable. Ce changement s’observe d’abord dans le discours où l’on parle de plus en plus d’anciennes pratiques dépassées et reconnaît que ce qui était politiquement possible et admis il y a vingt ans ne l’est plus aujourd’hui. Ce processus s’incarne ensuite dans la modification des instruments d’action ainsi que dans les modes et les niveaux d’utilisation de ces instruments. Partant de ces considérations, le présent travail se propose d’examiner les facteurs à l’origine de cette évolution. Il part des réponses jusqu’ici proposées pour apporter un éclairage nouveau au sujet des forces et dynamiques à la base des changements annoncés ou observés. Contrairement à la littérature existante qui a jusqu’ici privilégié les approches matérialistes et utilitaristes pour expliquer les transformations entreprises et celles promises dans la politique militaire africaine de la France, cette étude propose, à l’inverse, une perspective inspirée des approches cognitives et axée sur le processus d’apprentissage. Ainsi, plutôt que de voir dans les réformes ici analysées le résultat exclusif de changements structurels ou systémiques survenus dans l’environnement économique, social ou international des États, notre analyse fera davantage valoir que cette transformation a pour l’essentiel été une adaptation faite à la lumière des leçons tirées d’expériences antérieures. Cette analyse s’appuie sur l’Advocacy Coalition Framework. Développée par Paul A Sabatier et ses collègues, il postule que la prise de décision en matière de politique publique peut être mieux comprise comme une compétition entre coalitions de cause, chacune étant constituée d’acteurs provenant d’une multitudes d’institutions (leaders de groupes d’intérêt, agences administratives, chercheurs, journalistes) qui partagent un système de croyances lié à l’action publique et qui s’engagent dans un effort concerté afin de traduire des éléments de leur système de croyances en une politique publique.

Socio-technical transitions and policy change - Advocacy coalitions in Swiss energy policy

Policies and politics are an integral part of socio-technical transitions but have not received much attention in the transitions literature so far. Drawing on the advocacy coalition framework, our paper addresses this gap with a study on actors and coalitions in Swiss energy policy. Our results show that advocacy coalitions in Switzerland have largely remained stable despite the Fukushima shock. However, heterogeneity of beliefs has increased and in 2013, even a majority of actors expressed their support for the energy transition – an indication that major policy change might be ahead. It seems that in socio-technical transitions, changes in the policy issue and in the actor base also work toward policy change, next to changes in core beliefs. We make suggestions how the advocacy coalition framework can inform analysis and theory building in transition studies. We also present first ideas about the interplay of socio-technical systems and policy systems.

Stronger Together: The Cross-Cultural Coalition to Stop a Fossil Fuel Export Terminal in the Salish Sea

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Advocacy coalitions:influencing the policy process in the EU

The aim of this contribution is to critically evaluate one of the theoretical approaches used to study the European Union (EU) political system and interest groups activity: the advocacy coalition framework (ACF). ACF considers that the outcome of legislative procedures is influenced by the alignment and role played by advocacy coalitions. This contribution assesses the impact of ACF on our understanding of the influences on the EU policy processes, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The main argument is that the ACF, although very useful in studying the EU political system, shows shortcomings when applied to the study of EU interest groups' performance. The contribution ends with a consideration of future directions for theoretical and empirical ACF research, alone and as part of wider integrated theoretical approaches to understanding the dynamics of influence in the EU. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Eliciting and using stakeholder input to guide Puget Sound nearshore restoration decisionmaking

The goal of the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP) is to improve system-wide functionality of nearshorei ecosystem processes. To achieve that goal, PSNERP plans to strategically restore nearshore sites throughout Puget Sound. PSNERP scientists are assessing changes to the nearshore, and will recommend an environmentally strategic restoration portfolio. Yet, PSNERP also needs stakeholder input to design a socially strategic portfolio. This research investigates the values and preferences of stakeholders in the Whidbey Sub-Basin of Puget Sound to help PSNERP be both socially and environmentally strategic. This investigation may be repeated in the six other Puget Sound Sub-Basins. The results will guide restoration portfolio design and future stakeholder involvement activities. This study examines four areas of stakeholder values and preferences: 1) beliefs about the causes, solutions, and severity of nearshore problems; 2) priorities for nearshore features, shoreforms, developments, and restoration objectives; 3) thoughts about ecosystem servicesiii and trade-offs among them; and 4) visions of a future, restored Puget Sound nearshore and the role of science in attaining this vision. The study is framed by two hypotheses from the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), which suggests that groups of policy advocates form around shared “policy core beliefs” which can transcend traditional categories of stakeholders.(PDF contains 3 pages)

Ireland's knowledge economy policy: beliefs, drivers and prospects

This dissertation critically examines Ireland’s knowledge economy policy, the country’s basis for economic recovery and growth, to enhance future policy decisions and debate. Much has been written internationally on the ‘knowledge economy’ with its emergence closely related to globalisation and technological progression in the 1990s. Since the late 1990s, Irish policy-makers have been firmly committed to positioning Ireland as a leading knowledge economy. Transforming the country’s competitive base to a knowledge economy is pivotal, directly shaping the course of Ireland’s economy and society. Given Ireland’s current economic crisis, limited resources, global competition from leaders in science and technology and growing challenges from emerging economies, a systematic study of Ireland’s major competitive policy is imperative. Above all, this study explores the processes behind the policy and the multiple actors from different institutions who follow and seek to influence decisions. The advocacy coalition framework is used to identify the advocacy coalition operating in the knowledge economy policy subsystem. The theoretical insights of this framework are also combined with other public policy approaches, providing complementary insights into the policy process. The research is framed around three elements - the beliefs underpinning the policy; who is driving the policy; and the prospects of the policy. Primary information is collected by way of semi-structured in-depth interviews with 49 Irish elites (politicians, senior bureaucrats, academics and business leaders) involved in the formation and implementation of the policy. This study finds that a strong advocacy coalition has formed in this policy subsystem whose members are collectively driving the policy. Both exogenous and endogenous forces help frame a common perception of the problems the policy addresses and the solutions it offers. Evidence suggests that this policy is a sustainable option for Ireland’s economic future and the study concludes with policy recommendations for advancing Ireland’s knowledge economy.

Recursos para el análisis de las políticas públicas

Uno de los objetivos de la línea de Teoría y Práctica de las Políticas Públicas (TP3) es el análisis de las políticas públicas como objeto de estudio en sí mismo. En América Latina los estudios sobre este tema están más concentrados en el análisis práctico que en el académico, dejando de lado la posibilidad de teorizar y crear nuevos modelos que puedan ser replicados dentro de nuestros estudios de caso a nivel académico. Por ello, la tendencia ha sido la de copiar las teorías, enfoques y modelos propios de la escuela anglosajona (principalmente de Estados Unidos y Reino Unido), limitando nuestra capacidad de comprensión con respecto a nuestros fenómenos políticos, económicos y sociales. Por esta razón, durante el primer semestre de 2015 se creó el Semillero de Políticas Públicas con el fin de reflexionar sobre los vacíos que existen en la comprensión y el análisis de las políticas en Colombia y en Latinoamérica, para luego dar paso a la construcción de respuestas pertinentes. Esta publicación es el resultado de nuestra primera iniciativa como Semillero, la cual consiste en recoger las principales herramientas analíticas en el estudio académico de las políticas públicas, explicar sus postulados fundamentales, identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades y, finalmente, aplicar estas herramientas a un caso dentro del contexto colombiano.

Fighting a tobacco rollback : a political analysis of the 1994 contraband crisis in Canada

We identify factors that led a regional government (Quebec, Canada) to opt for a reduction of its tobacco tax to combat tobacco smuggling. Then we explore the fallout of Quebec's tobacco-tax rollback on its tobacco control policy. We conducted qualitative research using a case-study design and multiple sources of data. We applied the Advocacy Coalition Framework in respect of data collection and analysis. Advocates of the tobacco-tax rollback framed the contraband problem in a way that won the support of an array of actors. However, anti-tobacco activists succeeded in convincing the government to invest more in tobacco control. The new resources were instrumental in enhancing the activists' ability to promote legislative measures. Our approach sheds light on the tobacco industry's strategy to have governments reducing their tobacco tax. Quebec offers an example of how tobacco control activists can transform defeat into the cornerstone of a comprehensive tobacco control policy.

Analysing health claims policy in Australia : a case study of evidence in food and nutrition policy-making

Purpose: Health claims generally describe an association between a food product and a health outcome. There is debate whether health claims promote or obstruct healthy food selection behaviour. This study investigates the role of evidence in food and nutrition policy-making. The research question is how and why was health claims policy made in Australia? The research is innovative in its critical analysis design and its focus on building theory to help improve food and nutrition policy-making processes and outcomes.

Methods: A case study design was adopted in which events, stakeholders and issues associated with the policy review were described from data generated from interviews and documentary sources. A content-analysis tool is being used to critically analyse textual data. Concepts in the text are being identified and relationships among the policy concepts, stakeholders and processes are being mapped.

Findings: The analysis of data associated with the policy review is revealing a pattern of relationships among stakeholders, processes and concepts around shared values, beliefs and interests towards food and health. Broader food regulation contexts have influenced the decision-making environment. The pattern of relationships shares common characteristics with Sabatier’s ‘Advocacy Coalition Framework’ theoretical explanation of policy-making.

Conclusions: The study findings have implications for health claims policy and practice in Australia. As a case study of evidence in food and nutrition policy-making, this research highlights the role of competing interests, beliefs and values in evidence interpretation. Challenges are identified in undertaking food policy research.

Folate fortification : a case study of public health policy-making

This thesis investigates the use of scientific evidence in the process of making public health policy. A case study located within a food regulation setting is used. The aim is to test theory against this case study. The outcome is a theoretical understanding of the use of scientific evidence in the policy-making process in a food regulation setting. Food regulation can influence food composition and food labelling and thereby affect the population's dietary intake. Frequently there are contested values, beliefs, ideologies and interests among stakeholders regarding the use of food regulation as a policy instrument to effect public health outcomes. The protection of public health and safety, taking into account evidence based practice, is generally employed by food regulators as the priority objective during the policy-making process to adjudicate among the competing expectations of stakeholders. However, this policy objective has not been clearly defined and is vulnerable to interpretation and application. The process by which folate fortification policy was made in Australia, in response to epidemiological evidence of a relationship between folate intake during the periconceptional period and reduced risk of neural tube defects, was analysed as a case study of the policy-making process. The folate fortification policy created a precedent for both food fortification and subsequently health claims policy in Australia. A social constructivist method was used to analyse the case study. The method involved deconstructing the food regulatory system into three levels; decision-making process; procedural; and political environment. Data aligned with each level of analysis was collected from 22 key informant interviews, documentary sources, field notes and surveys of both a random sample of the Australian population's knowledge of folate and use of folic acid-containing supplements (n = 5422), and the implementation of folate fortified food products into stores (n = 60). The insights that emerged from each of the three levels of analysis were assessed iteratively to identify a pattern of interrelationships associated with the policy-making process within the food regulatory system. The identified pattern was interpreted against existing theory to gain a theoretical understanding of the public health policy-making process in this political setting. The central argument of this thesis extends Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith's Advocacy Coalition Framework theory to a food regulation setting. The argument is that within the contemporary political climates of neoliberalism and globalisation, a coalition between corporate interests and the values of scientists with a positivist-reductionist approach to public health research is privileged so as to invoke certain scientific evidence to, in turn, legitimise food regulation policy decisions. The theory will help to inform policy-makers about how and why the public health policy objective in a food regulation setting is interpreted and applied. This will contribute to improving policy practice intended to effect public health outcomes. It is concluded that irrespective of the quantity and quality of the scientific evidence that is being made available, scientific evidence cannot be assumed to speak for itself Policy-making is an inherently political and value-laden process and the potential for politically motivated interpretation and application of otherwise value-neutral scientific evidence can undermine the investment in its generation. From this perspective, evidence based practice, far from liberating policy-making from political influence, can itself become part of the problem rather than the solution. Nevertheless, rational evidence based practice is an ideal to strive for and a series of recommendations is proposed to help make the use of evidence in current food regulation policy processes more transparent and democratic.

Dois casos e um alerta para as organizações do terceiro setor: Raízes Fundação para o sem teto e Associação Comunitária Monte Azul

Os ganhos de eficiência obtidos com a profissionalização da gestão por si só podem não ser suficientes para conquistar a empatia dos stakeholders externos às organizações do Terceiro Setor. Em paralelo, é preciso sensibilizar os outsiders para o conceito de eficiência social, pois hoje prevalece o conceito de eficiência econômica. O trabalho aponta como alternativa a constituição de uma Advocacy Coalition Framework, ACF (estrutura de coalizões intercessoras) agregando essas organizações a fim de desenvolverem o marketing social junto ao estado e a sociedade. Neste. sentido, a academia deverá exercer o importante papel de formadora de opinião.

Políticas publicas do esporte no Brasil: razões para o predomínio do alto rendimento

Esta tese tem por tema o estudo da evolução da Política Pública do Esporte no Brasil. Seu objeto de estudo é o predomínio do esporte de alto rendimento. Para tanto, define as três categorias de manifestação esportiva com as quais trabalha: esporte de alto rendimento, esporte educacional e esporte participativo. Igualmente apresenta a estrutura teórica a ser utilizada, a Advocacy Coalition Framework – ACF, que se utiliza de estrutura de crenças e valores formatada pelo autor para o estudo do campo esportivo, tratado pela ACF com um subsistema ou área específica de política publica. Procurando melhor embasar o estudo, a tese resgata os principais conceitos históricos e sociológicos relacionados ao campo do esporte e reforça a interação deste com os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos. Em seguida, aborda a gênese do esporte e sua vinda ao Brasil, no início do século passado, passando pela criação das entidades desportivas e apresentando as razões de seus conflitos de interesses. Ainda nesta parte, aborda a discussão sobre os valores e contra valores que permearam a discussão entre intelectuais a favor e contra o desenvolvimento do esporte. No período do Estado Novo a tese discute as razões que levaram o Estado a intervir no setor esportivo e a estruturá-lo institucionalmente com o Decreto Lei 3.199, de 1941. Com já apontado por outros autores, este decreto representou acentuada ação do Estado em favor do esporte de alto rendimento, fortalecendo propositadamente sua coalizão de atore, aqui chamada de pró-EAR, bem como reflete seu desejo de implementar valores higienistas e eugenistas que permeavam a sociedade intelectualizada de então. A tese aborda o caráter autoritário e corporativista do Decreto e como estas características foram usadas no período populistas para desenvolver bases clientelistas na estrutura formal do esporte. Na fase do regime militar, a tese discute o projeto de transformar o Brasil em uma potência olímpica nos moldes do futebol e como tal ideal determinou ação deliberada de incorporação do setor esportivo educacional aos princípios e valores do esporte de alto rendimento, o denominado como modelo piramidal. O estudo contempla a reação de parte da comunidade acadêmica e da prática educacional da área esportiva e também o surgimento do movimento do esporte para todos. O que é assumido pela tese como o início da coalizão contrária ao alto rendimento, aqui chamada de pró-EPE (esporte participativo e educacional). Na seqüência, analisa o importante período da constitucionalização do esporte, que implicou no embate entre as duas coalizões dentro do processo constituinte, quando, a despeito da supremacia da pró-EAR, redundou em importantes conquistas para a pró-EPE ao se estabelecer o esporte como um direito social e ao se dar prioridade ao esporte educacional na ação do Estado. Ainda como parte do processo de liberalização do esporte analisa o papel da Lei Zico na reestruturação do subsistema esportivo. No período mais recente a tese se concentra, por um lado, na evolução institucional do esporte dentro de Estado, significando a passagem do nível de secretaria para o de ministério. Por outro lado, o esforço legislativo para aprimorar a legislação, acentuadamente a favor da modernização do futebol e do esporte de alto rendimento. É também o período em que a tese faz sua real contribuição ao abordar a distribuição desproporcional de recursos público e a representação no órgão de aconselhamento nacional do esporte entre as três categorias de manifestação esportiva. Em função das evidências apresentadas, a tese conclui pelo fortalecimento da coalizão pró-EAR e seu o efeito no aumento do predomínio do alto rendimento.

Coalizões de interesses e a regulamentação da propaganda voltada ao público infantil

A motivação desta dissertação é entender como a regulamentação da propaganda infantil vem sendo tratada dentro de uma sociedade plural em que diversos grupos estão buscando defender seus interesses. Assim, seu objetivo é analisar como atores da sociedade estão se organizando para inserir a regulamentação da propaganda infantil na agenda do governo brasileiro. O referencial teórico dessa análise é o Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) proposto por Sabatier e Jenkins-Smith (1993). Atualmente, no Brasil, esse tema é tratado pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, havendo também autorregulação, o que caracteriza o país como um sistema misto. Porém, desde 2001, tramita o Projeto de Lei 5921 que propõe a proibição da propaganda infantil e, ao longo dos anos, recebeu diversos substitutivos, alguns buscando maior interferência do Estado nesse processo, e outros, menos. Para tanto, foi feito aqui um estudo qualitativo, no qual foram analisados documentos das instituições envolvidas, legislação, projetos de lei e seus substitutivos, documentos da Câmara dos Deputados, vídeos e notas taquigráficas das audiências públicas, além de entrevistas com atores envolvidos para identificar as coalizões presentes nesse debate. Foram identificadas duas coalizões denominadas como “Mais Estado” e “Menos Estado”, sendo a primeira composta principalmente por organizações da sociedade civil que defendem os direitos da criança e do consumidor e a segunda coalizão pelo órgão autorregulamentador e seus fundadores. O material analisado permite-nos afirmar que ainda há muitos pontos a serem alinhados para que se chegue a um consenso sobre o tema e que ele seja inserido na agenda do governo brasileiro, principalmente pelas divergências cuja raiz está no entendimento de quanto o governo deve intervir no mercado e na sociedade.