Pressions et stratégies dans la formation professionnelle universitaire : le cas de la formation des directions d’établissement scolaire du Québec (1988-1989 à 2008-2009)

La multiplication des formations professionnelles universitaires (FPU) a poussé plusieurs chercheurs à s’intéresser aux caractéristiques de ces formations, leur perméabilité à une multitude de pressions étant l’une des plus fréquemment relevées. Ainsi, les unités responsables de FPU sont confrontées à des pressions diverses et souvent contradictoires. Si les écrits scientifiques sur les FPU témoignent bien de cette réalité, ceux-ci nous informent moins bien de la manière dont les unités responsables de ce type de formation répondent à ces pressions. Cette thèse a donc fait appel à plusieurs concepts de l’approche institutionnelle issue de la sociologie des organisations pour analyser l’évolution récente de la FPU destinée aux directions d’établissement scolaire (DES) du Québec, un champ qui a connu d’importantes transformations au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années. Construite sur une étude de cas interprétative dite à « unités enchâssées » (Yin, 2003), cette thèse s’est intéressée à l’évolution de cette formation dans deux unités universitaires francophones : le Département d’administration et fondements de l’éducation de l’Université de Montréal et le Département de gestion de l’éducation et de la formation de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Couvrant la période allant des années universitaires 1988-1989 à 2008-2009, elle repose sur une analyse du discours produit par les deux unités sélectionnées, et, dans une moindre mesure, par les organisations qui composent le champ organisationnel de la formation des DES au Québec. Pour ce faire, trois corpus documentaires distincts ont été assemblés et une série d’entrevues (dix par unités) ont été réalisées auprès d’informateurs-clés (doyens, directeurs de département/section, responsables de formation). Les résultats montrent comment ces unités tendent à se rendre isomorphes à leur environnement, et comment cela se fait en réponse à des pressions institutionnelles et de compétition diverses émanant d’un champ organisationnel en pleine transformation. En fait, poussée par des changements plus profonds touchant l’administration scolaire, cette transformation amène un champ organisationnel plus structuré, où les attentes concernant la FPU destinée aux DES sont plus explicites. Cela n’est pas sans conséquence sur l’évolution de la formation dans les deux unités. En effet, celle-ci connaît des changements importants, dont plusieurs convergent autour d’une logique de professionnalisation, d’un archétype spécifique de formation (un continuum de formation de 2e cycle, au cœur duquel se trouve un diplôme de deuxième cycle) et d’outils conséquents (conditions d’admission et populations étudiantes élargies; flexibilité dans la structure du programme et professionnalisation des activités; équipes enseignantes plus diversifiées). Les deux unités n’apparaissent cependant pas impuissantes devant ces pressions. Les résultats témoignent d’un certain niveau d’agence des deux unités, qui déploient un éventail de stratégies en réaction à ces pressions. Ces stratégies évoluent au cours de la période observée et visent surtout à gérer la situation de « pluralisme institutionnel » à laquelle elles sont confrontées, notamment entre les pressions externes de nature plus professionnalisantes, et les pressions intraorganisationnelles de nature plus académisantes. Ainsi, plusieurs des stratégies et tactiques composant la typologie d’Oliver (1991) ont été observées, les stratégies de compromis et de manipulation occupant, dans les deux unités, une place de plus en plus importante au gré de l’évolution du champ. La mise en œuvre de ces stratégies vise surtout à maintenir la légitimité de leur offre de formation devant des pressions plurielles et parfois contradictoires. Les résultats montrent aussi que la nature de l’entrepreneuriat institutionnel en place détermine en grande partie les stratégies qu’elles déploient. Cet « entrepreneuriat » est au cœur de l’évolution de la formation. Cependant, les résultats montrent aussi comment celui-ci est en partie contraint ou, a contrario, stimulé par les choix historiques qui ont été faits par les unités et leur université, et par l’empreinte et les dépendances de sentier qui en découlent. Ces résultats apportent un éclairage « institutionnaliste » sur la manière dont deux unités universitaires ont réagi, à une période donnée, aux pressions diverses provenant de leur environnement. Ils brossent un portrait complexe et nuancé qui vient à la fois (1) approfondir notre compréhension de cette spécificité des FPU, (2) approfondir notre compréhension de l’évolution récente de la FPU destinée aux DES québécoises, et (3) confirmer la puissance d’analyse de plusieurs concepts tirés de l’approche institutionnelle.

Reintegro y permanencia universitaria en Bogotá : el caso de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, 2000-2009

El presente trabajo de investigación, estudia a través del caso de la cohorte del 2000 de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, el tipo de coyuntura que le permitió a este grupo de jóvenes reingresar a la Universidad y culminar la carrera al haber tenido que abandonarla en un primer momento, por problemas socio-económicos y/o académicos. Por medio del estudio del reintegro universitario, este trabajo se enmarca en el campo, poco explorado, de la existencia y efectividad de medidas de "segundas oportunidades" educativas que las instituciones de educación superior le ofrecen a estudiantes que por problemas de orden estructural se ven obligados a abandonar la Universidad.

Mobility, targeting and private school vouchers

This paper uses general equilibrium simulations to explore the role ofresidential mobility in shaping the impact of different types of private school voucher policies. In particular, general vouchers available to all residents in the state are compared to vouchers specifically targeted to either underprivileged school districts or underprivileged households. The simulations are derived from a three-community mo deI of low, middle and high income school districts (calibrated to New York data), where each school district is composed of multiple types of neighborhoods that may vary in house quality as well as the leveI of neighborhood extemalities. Households that differ in both their income and in the ability leveI of their children choose between school districts, between neighborhoods within their school district, and between the local public school or a menu of private school altematives.Local public school quality within a district is endogenously determined bya combination of the average peer quality of public school attending children as well as local property and state income tax supported spending. Financial support (above a required state minimum) is set by local majority rule. Finally, there exists the potential for a private school market composed of competitive schools that face production technologies similar to those ofpublic schools but who set tuition and admissions policies to maximize profits. In tbis model, it is demonstrated that school district targeted vouchers are similar in their impact to non-targeted vouchers but vastIy different from vouchers targeted to low income households. Furthermore, strong migration effects are shown to significantly improve the likely equity consequences of voucher programs.

Entry characteristics and academic performance of students in a master of pharmacy degree program in the United Kingdom

Objective. Evaluate the characteristics of a cohort of Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students upon entry and examine any associations between entry qualifications, type of school attended, socioeconomic deprivation, age and academic performance in the MPharm programme. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis of data recorded on Aston University’s central database for each individual exiting the MPharm programme during the five year period 2005-6 – 2009-10 (n=644). Results. Entrants were disproportionately drawn from socioeconomically deprived areas and independent (private) schools. Achievement prior to admission was related to the type of school attended but not to deprivation. Performance on the programme was not related to type of school or deprivation but was strongly correlated with prior achievements. Conclusions. Prior achievement is the most important predictor of performance on the MPharm programme but the superior prior achievement of independent school pupils is not seen at the point of graduation. This may have implications for admissions policies.

Um estudo das políticas públicas de lazer de Brotas/SP = : Brotas leisure public policies, São Paulo State

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

O setor privado sem fins lucrativos e as políticas públicas de esporte e lazer (2008-2011) = : The non-profitable private sector and the public policies for sport and leisure (2008-2011)

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Oral Health in Brazil - Part I: public oral health policies

This paper reviews the historical development of public health policies in Brazil and the insertion of oral health in this context. Since 1988, Brazil established a Unified National Health System ("Sistema Único de Saúde" - SUS), which was conceived to assure access to health actions and services, including oral health. However, a history of lack of access to health services and the health problems faced by the Brazilian population make the process of building and consolidating the SUS extremely challenging. Since 2004, the Oral Health National Policy has proposed a reorientation of the health care model, supported by an adaptation of the working system of Oral Health teams so that they include actions of health promotion, protection and recovery. Human resources should be prepared to act in this system. The qualifying process must take in consideration knowledge evolution, changes in the work process and changes in demographical and epidemiological aspects, according to a perspective of maintaining a balance between technique and social relevance.

Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in the subequatorial Amazon: a time series approach

The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the daily variation in concentrations of fine particulate matter (diameter less than 2.5µm - PM2.5) resulting from the burning of biomass on the daily number of hospitalizations of children and elderly people for respiratory diseases, in Alta Floresta and Tangará da Serra in the Brazilian Amazon in 2005. This is an ecological time series study that uses data on daily number of hospitalizations of children and the elderly for respiratory diseases, and estimated concentration of PM2.5. In Alta Floresta, the percentage increases in the relative risk (%RR) of hospitalization for respiratory diseases in children were significant for the whole year and for the dry season with 3-4 day lags. In the dry season these measurements reach 6% (95%CI: 1.4-10.8). The associations were sig-nificant for moving averages of 3-5 days. The %RR for the elderly was significant for the current day of the drought, with a 6.8% increase (95%CI: 0.5-13.5) for each additional 10µg/m3 of PM2.5. No as-sociations were verified for Tangara da Serra. The PM2.5 from the burning of biomass increased hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children and the elderly.

Do school based food and nutrition policies improve diet and reduce obesity?

OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness of school food and nutrition policies world wide in improving the school food environment, student's dietary intake, and decreasing overweight and obesity. METHODS: Systematic review of published and unpublished literature up to November 2007 of three categories of nutrition policy; nutrition guidelines, regulation of food and/or beverage availability, and price interventions applied in preschools, primary and secondary schools. RESULTS: 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most evidence of effectiveness was found for the impact of both nutrition guidelines and price interventions on intake and availability of food and drinks, with less conclusive research on product regulation. Despite the introduction of school food policies worldwide few large scale or national policies have been evaluated, and all included studies were from the USA and Europe. CONCLUSION: Some current school policies have been effective in improving the food environment and dietary intake in schools, but there is little evaluation of their impact on BMI. As schools have been proposed worldwide as a major setting for tackling childhood obesity it is essential that future policy evaluations measure the long term effectiveness of a range of school food policies in tackling both dietary intake and overweight and obesity.

ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN BRAZIL: CONTEXT, ICT MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES

The State Reform processes combined with the emergence and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) originated electronic government policies and initiatives in Brazil. This paper dwells on Brazilian e-government by investigating the institutional design it assumed in the state's public sphere, and how it contributed to outcomes related to e-gov possibilities. The analyses were carried out under an interpretativist perspective by making use of Institutional Theory. From the analyses of interviews with relevant actors in the public sphere, such as state secretaries and presidents of public ICT companies, conclusions point towards low institutionalization of e-gov policies. The institutional design of Brazilian e-gov limits the use of ICT to provide integrated public services, to amplify participation and transparency, and to improve public policies management.

Impact of outdoor biomass air pollution on hypertension hospital admissions

Background This study aimed to evaluate the association between the total suspended particles (TSP) generated from burning sugar cane plantations and the incidence of hospital admissions from hypertension in the city of Araraquara. Methods The study was an ecological time-series study. Total daily records of hypertension (ICD 10th I10-15) were obtained from admitted patients of all ages in a hospital in Araraquara, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, from 23 March 2003 to 27 July 2004. The daily concentration of TSP (mu g/m(3)) was obtained using a Handi-Vol sampler placed in downtown Araraquara. The local airport provided daily measures of temperature and humidity. In generalised linear Poisson regression models, the daily number of hospital admissions for hypertension was considered to be the dependent variable and the daily TSP concentration the independent variable. Results TSP presented a lagged effect on hypertension admissions, which was first observed 1 day after a TSP increase and remained almost unchanged for the following 2 days. A 10 mu g/m(3) increase in the TSP 3 day moving average lagged in 1 day led to an increase in hypertension-related hospital admissions during the harvest period (12.5%, 95% CI 5.6% to 19.9%) that was almost 30% higher than during non-harvest periods (9.0%, 95% CI 4.0% to 14.3%). Conclusions Increases in TSP concentrations were associated with hypertension-related hospital admissions. Despite the benefits of reduced air pollution in urban cities achieved by using ethanol produced from sugar cane to power automobiles, areas where the sugar cane is produced and harvested were found to have increased public health risk.

Cost-effectiveness of Sick Leave Policies for Health Care Workers with Influenza-like Illness, Brazil, 2009

We describe the effect of influenza-like illness (ILI) during the outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on health care worker (HCW) absenteeism and compare the effectiveness and cost of 2 sick leave policies for HCWs with suspected influenza. We assessed initial 2-day sick leaves plus reassessment until the HOW was asymptomatic (2-day + reassessment policy), and initial 7-day sick leaves (7-day policy). Sick leaves peaked in August 2009: 3% of the workforce received leave for ILI. Costs during May October reached R$798,051.87 (approximate to US $443,362). The 7-day policy led to a higher monthly rate of sick leave days per 100 HCWs than did the 2-day + reassessment policy (8.72 vs. 3.47 days/100 HCWs; p<0.0001) and resulted in higher costs (US $609 vs. US $1,128 per HCW on leave). ILI affected HCW absenteeism. The 7-day policy was more costly and not more effective in preventing transmission to patients than the 2-day + reassessment policy.

Recreational fishing and fishing policies in the Netherlands and Australia: A comparative review

This article compares fisheries management, environmental problems and policies of the Netherlands and Australia. From this comparison lessons can be learned for countries that experience economic growth and on increase of leisure activity. In both countries, conflicts between the user groups, e.g. commercial and recreational fishers, are identified and the ways in which policymakers deal with these problems are outlined. Often suggested tools to address these problems are decision-making procedures based on a holistic framework in which economic, sociocultural, political/institutional, ecological aspects are included in the decision framework. Recreational fishing is today often the dominant factor in the resolution of these matters because of the relative economic, social and political power of recreational fishers as a group.