Untersuchungen zur Auswirkung von Mahonia aquifolium auf die natürliche Verjüngung in Hangwäldern des Unteren Saaletals

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Ausbreitung von M. aquifolium auf die natürliche Gehölzverjüngung in Hangwäldern untersucht. Hierzu werden vier Flächen ohne und vier Flächen mit Mahonien-Beständen unter Betrachtung verschiedener Parameter miteinander verglichen. Es findet neben der Vegetationsaufnahme die Kartierung der Gehölzverjüngung auf jeweils vier Probeplots innerhalb dieser Flächen statt. Im Zuge der Auswertung findet eine Analyse der Mittelwerte und Standartabweichungen in Bezug auf die Parameter Artenzahlen, Deckungsgrade sowie Individuenzahlen der Verjüngung und Deckung von M. aquifolium statt. Die Ergebnisanalyse führt zu der Feststellung , dass basierend auf den erhobenen Daten keine eindeutige Aussage bezüglich der Auswirkung von M. aquifolium auf die Gehölzverjüngung getroffen werden kann. Dies ist auf die ausgeprägte Varianz der Kennwerte innerhalb der Varianten bzw. die Flächeninhomogenität zurückzuführen. Es kann im Allgemeinen lediglich eine negative Auswirkung vermutet, diese jedoch wegen der erwähnten Ungleichverteilung der Daten nicht statistisch belegt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund könnte möglicherweise eine Ausweitung der Untersuchung durch das Hinzuziehen weiterer Probeplots bzw. Untersuchungsflächen zielführend sein.

Antiulcerogenic and analgesic effects of Maytenus aquifolium, Sorocea bomplandii and Zolernia ilicifolia

Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae), Sorocea bomplandii (Moraceae) and Zolernia ilicifolia (Fabaceae) are native plants from the Tropical Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlantica, Brazil) known a 'espinheira-santa'. These plants are traditionally used as analgesic and antiulcerogenic medicine, with the same traditional uses of the true 'espinheira-santa' (Maytenus ilicifolia, Celastraceae), an efficient antiulcerogenic agent. Pharmacological and toxicological studies with these plants have not been carried out. The purpose in this study was to evaluate the efficacy (analgesic and antiulcerogenic activities), safety (acute toxicity) and quality (phytochemical profile) of these three plants. The analgesic effect was analyzed by writhing and tail flick tests, while anti Ulcerogenic effect was performed through ulcer induction by ethanol and indomethacin/bethanecol assays. LD., and acute toxic effects, as well as phytochemical profiles of all plants also were carried. Surprisingly, the three plants showed analgesic and antiulcerogenic effects at dose of 1000 mg/kg, v.o. Maytenus aquifolium lowering all ulcerogenic parameters (ethanol test), but increased the ulcerogenic effects in the indoniethacin/bethanecol test. Sorocea bomplandii produced antiulcerogenic effects in both experimental models used, while Zolernia ilicifolia showed significant effects only in indomethacin/bethanecol-induced gastric lesions. Pre-treatment with Zolernia ilicifolia induced someone toxic effects, A phytochemical profile for each plant species was determined and its main chemical classes of compounds were described. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isolation and HPLC quantitative analysis of flavonoid glycosides from Brazilian beverages (Maytenus ilicifolia and M-aquifolium)

Aqueous infusions of Brazilian Maytenus leaves are used as beverages, foodstuffs, and phytomedicines. Previously, we isolated two new flavonoid tetrasaccharides from the infusion of Maytenus aquifolium leaves that showed antiulcer activity. In this investigation a new flavonoid tetrasaccharide, kaempferol-3-O-alpha -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6)-O-[alpha -L-arabinopyranosyl (1 -->3)-O-alpha -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)]-O-beta -D-galactopyranoside (3), was isolated, together with kaempferol tri- and disaccharides and quercetin trisaccharides from the aqueous infusion of Maytenus ilicifolia leaves. All structures were elucidated by ES-MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. The quantitative analysis of the flavonoid glycosides from Maytenus ilicifolia and M. aquifolium has been performed by HPLC.

Quantitative determination of maitenin and 22 beta-hydroxymaitenin in callus of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

Explants of Maytenus aquifolium were induced to form callus and, subsequently, suspension cultures. The isolation of natural products from callus led to the identification of the cytotoxic triterpene quinonemethides, maitenin (1) and 22 beta-hydroxymaitenin (2), A rapid, sensitive and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a Cls column and isocratic elution for the determination of 1 and 2, the elaborated method gave well-resolved peaks for these compounds with good detection response and linearity in the range of 0.08-72.0 mu g. The quantification of 1 and 2 was performed by an external standard method. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Isolation and structure elucidation of two new flavonoid glycosides from the infusion of Maytenus aquifolium leaves. Evaluation of the antiulcer activity of the infusion

Droplet countercurrent chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of the aqueous infusion from Maytenus aquifolium Martius leaves afforded two flavonoid tetrasaccharides: quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopranosyl( 1-->2)-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl( 1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosy(1-->2-2)-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside. All structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Pharmacological essays of the infusion showed antiulcer activity in rats.

Antioxidant flavan-3-ols and flavonol glycosides from Maytenus aquifolium

TLC autographic assay revealed, in the EtOAc extract obtained from leaves and root bark of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae), the presence of five compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties towards beta-carotene. They were isolated and identified as epigallocatechin (1), (+) ouratea-catechin (2), proanthocyanidin (3), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (4) and quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (5). The isolates were investigated for their redox properties using cyclic voltammetry and for their radical scavenging abilities through spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-pycryl hydrazyl (DPPH). These results were correlated to the inhibition of beta-carotene bleaching on TLC autographic assay and to structural features of the flavonoids. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Biosynthesis of friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids is compartmentalized in Maytenus aquifolium and Salacia campestris

Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) and Salacia campestris (Hippocrateaceae) species accumulate friedelane and quinonemethide triterpenoids in their leaves and root bark, respectively. Enzymatic extracts obtained from leaves displayed cyclase activity with conversion of the substrate oxidosqualene to the triterpenes, 3 beta -friedelanol and friedelin. In addition, administration of (+/-)5-H-3 mevalonolactone in leaves of M. aquifolium seedlings produced radio labelled friedelin in the leaves, twigs and stems, while the root bark accumulated labelled maytenin and pristimerin. These experiments indicated that the triterpenes once biosynthesized in the leaves are translocated to the root bark and further transformed to the antitumoral quinonemethide triterpenoids. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioactive sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Maytenus aquifolium

Two new sesquiterpene evoninate alkaloids, were isolated together with the known compounds syringaresinol and 4'-O-methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin from the root bark of Maytenus aquifolium. The structures of the two alkaloids were elucidated by interpretation of their spectral data, and both exhibited very weak activity in a mechanism-based DNA-modifying yeast assay. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Further sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Maytenus aquifolium

Two new sesquiterpene evoninate alkaloids, aquifoliunine E-III and aquifoliunine E-IV, were isolated from the root bark of Maytenus aquifolium. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including ES-MS.

Application of on-line C30 RP-HPLC-NMR for the analysis of flavonoids from leaf extract of Maytenus aquifolium

The application of on-line C30-reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is described for the analysis of tetraglycosylated flavonoids in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae). Triacontyl stationary phases showed adequate separation for on-line 1H-NMR measurements at 600 MHz and allowed the characterisation of these flavonoids by detection of both aromatic and anomeric proton signals. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Profile of Maytenus aquifolium action over free radicals and reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical species have been implicated in initiating, accompanying or causing many diseases in living organisms; there is thus, a continual need for antioxidants molecules to inactivate ROS/free radicals. Many studies of plants crude extracts have demonstrated free-radical scavenging and antioxidant action. Maytenus species have long been used, in several countries, as traditional medicines against gastric ulcers, dyspepsia and others gastric problems and for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) root bark ethanol extract was assessed for its ability to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The results were expressed as percentage inhibition of the active species. The extract was efficient against studied reactive species: DPPH radical (obtained inhibition = 35.5 ± 1.3 %), ABTS.+ (IC50 = 0.0036 ± 0.0003 mg/mL), HOCl (IC50 = 0.002 ± 0.0001 mg/mL), O2 .- (obtained inhibition = 36.0 ± 2.1 %), and NO. (obtained inhibition = 18.3 ± 0.4 %). Uniterms Oxidant species Free radicals Maytenus aquifolium Oxidative damage.

Einiges über die Stechpalme, Ilex Aquifolium L.

Von Dr. Fr. Westhoff

Noch Einiges über die Stechpalme, Ilex Aquifolium L., und ihre Verbreitung in Westfalen

Von Dr. Fr. Westhoff

De l'efficacité des feuilles du houx (ilex aquifolium) dans le traitement des fièvres intermittentes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Determinação espectrométrica dos flavonóides das folhas de Maytenus (Celastraceae) e de Passiflora (Passifloraceae) e comparação com método CLAE-UV

Este trabalho apresenta uma modificação dos procedimentos descritos nas Farmacopéias Francesa e Européia para a análise de flavonoides de Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae, por espectrometria UV-Visível e propõe a sua aplicação na determinação dos flavonoides totais das folhas da espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) e do maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims. e Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). Os resultados obtidos por espectrometria no UV-Visível foram comparados aos obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV), encontrando-se resultados estatisticamente similares entre os métodos espectrométrico modificado da Farmacopéia Francesa e CLAE-UV.