Parallel between Definition of Chess Playing Program and Definition of AI

In this report we will explain some earlier papers [1, 2] which are about definition of Artificial Intelligence and about perfect AI. The definition of AI is intuitive in [1] and formal in [2]. The perfect AI is a program that satisfies the definition for AI but which is absolutely useless because of the combinatory explosion. Most people do not understand these papers because they never saw AI and that is why for them the notion of AI is too abstract. In this report we will make parallel between definition of chess playing program and definition of AI. Of course, the definition of chess playing program is useless because people already know what this is. Anyway, we will give you this definition because its construction follows closely the construction of the definition of AI. Also the results are almost the same with the only difference that we can optimise the perfect chess playing program in order to obtain a real chess playing program, but for the moment we cannot optimise the perfect AI in order to obtain a real AI. In this report we will not speak about AI. The only matter which we will observe will be about chess playing programs. If you understand the construction and the results about chess playing programs then you can read the papers [1, 2] and to see similar results about AI.

Two Fundamental Problems Connected with AI

This paper is about two fundamental problems in the field of computer science. Solving these two problems is important because it has to do with the creation of Artificial Intelligence. In fact, these two problems are not very famous because they have not many applications outside the field of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper we will give a solution neither of the first nor of the second problem. Our goal will be to formulate these two problems and to give some ideas for their solution.

Formal Definition of Artificial Intelligence

* This publication is partially supported by the KT-DigiCult-Bg project.

Apropriação e inserção na contra-arte da geração AI-5

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A importância da definição das áreas de influência(AI's) no licenciamento ambiental para a sociedade - estudo de caso: as minas de caulim no município de Ipixuna do Pará-PA

A pesquisa sobre a relevância da definição de áreas de influências (AI) para a sociedade, abordou sobre Estudos de Impactos Ambientais (EIA‟s) de empreendimentos de extração mineral. Foram analisados 11 (onze) Estudos de Impactos Ambientais protocolados na Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente – SEMA, envolvendo a dé-cada de 1990 a 2000, além de legislações e literaturas especializadas. Para tanto, foi abordado à mineração no Estado do Pará e o processo de licenciamento ambien-tal, definição das áreas de influência em projetos de mineração e criação de seis critérios, específicos para esta dissertação, visando a avaliação da AI‟s apresenta-das nos 11 EIA‟s, para o meio antrópico. Os resultados da análise levaram a detec-tar as razões que confirmam a relevância das AI‟s, assim como suas implicações associadas à qualidade do EIA/RIMA e sua funcionalidade para a sociedade. Bus-cando subsídios que fortalecessem o argumento defendido sobre a relevância das AI‟s, foram realizadas trabalhos de campo nas minas de caulim. As referidas minas já se encontram em funcionamento há mais de 10 anos, e foi possível perceber al-gumas mudanças ocorridas em suas AI‟s. O resultado do campo, confirmou a análi-se realizada nos 11 EIA‟s, pois foi evidente detectar que a decisão para selecionar e definir as AI‟s, apresentados nos EIA‟s objetivando o licenciamento das minas de caulim, desencadeia conseqüências para a sociedade local que pode influenciar ao longo da vida útil do projeto licenciado. Assim, desperta-se a necessidade de elabo-ração de estudos científicos que sejam capazes de contribuir com metodologias es-pecíficas de definição de AI‟s para a região amazônica e com isso, tratar o processo de licenciamento ambiental a partir de legislações direcionadas ao Estado do Pará.

Studio dei metodi di valutazione della pericolosità associata ai "debris flow" in ambiente alpino

The present work concerns with the study of debris flows and, in particular, with the related hazard in the Alpine Environment. During the last years several methodologies have been developed to evaluate hazard associated to such a complex phenomenon, whose velocity, impacting force and inappropriate temporal prediction are responsible of the related high hazard level. This research focuses its attention on the depositional phase of debris flows through the application of a numerical model (DFlowz), and on hazard evaluation related to watersheds morphometric, morphological and geological characterization. The main aims are to test the validity of DFlowz simulations and assess sources of errors in order to understand how the empirical uncertainties influence the predictions; on the other side the research concerns with the possibility of performing hazard analysis starting from the identification of susceptible debris flow catchments and definition of their activity level. 25 well documented debris flow events have been back analyzed with the model DFlowz (Berti and Simoni, 2007): derived form the implementation of the empirical relations between event volume and planimetric and cross section inundated areas, the code allows to delineate areas affected by an event by taking into account information about volume, preferential flow path and digital elevation model (DEM) of fan area. The analysis uses an objective methodology for evaluating the accuracy of the prediction and involve the calibration of the model based on factors describing the uncertainty associated to the semi empirical relationships. The general assumptions on which the model is based have been verified although the predictive capabilities are influenced by the uncertainties of the empirical scaling relationships, which have to be necessarily taken into account and depend mostly on errors concerning deposited volume estimation. In addition, in order to test prediction capabilities of physical-based models, some events have been simulated through the use of RAMMS (RApid Mass MovementS). The model, which has been developed by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) in Birmensdorf and the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) takes into account a one-phase approach based on Voellmy rheology (Voellmy, 1955; Salm et al., 1990). The input file combines the total volume of the debris flow located in a release area with a mean depth. The model predicts the affected area, the maximum depth and the flow velocity in each cell of the input DTM. Relatively to hazard analysis related to watersheds characterization, the database collected by the Alto Adige Province represents an opportunity to examine debris-flow sediment dynamics at the regional scale and analyze lithologic controls. With the aim of advancing current understandings about debris flow, this study focuses on 82 events in order to characterize the topographic conditions associated with their initiation , transportation and deposition, seasonal patterns of occurrence and examine the role played by bedrock geology on sediment transfer.

Definition of Model-based diagnosis problems with Altarica

International audience

Resistant Hypertension Revisited: Definition And True Prevalence.

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Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) of the Dominican Republic, with a re-definition of the genus Typhloseiopsis De Leon

The phytoseiid mites of the Dominican Republic are virtually unknown. In a survey conducted in areas of natural vegetation of that country, 23 species were collected, two of which, Phytoseius dominicensis Ferragut & Moraes sp. nov. and Typhloseiopsis adventitius Ferragut & Moraes sp. nov., are new to science. We report the species found in that survey, describe the two new species, and provide complementary morphological information about other species. To accommodate the new Typhloseiopsis De Leon species, a redefinition of Typhloseiopsis is proposed. A key for the separation of the species in this genus is provided.

Definition of priority areas for forest conservation through the ordered weighted averaging method

The general objective of this study was to evaluate the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method, integrated to a geographic information systems (GIS), in the definition of priority areas for forest conservation in a Brazilian river basin, aiming at to increase the regional biodiversity. We demonstrated how one could obtain a range of alternatives by applying OWA, including the one obtained by the weighted linear combination method and, also the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to structure the decision problem and to assign the importance to each criterion. The criteria considered important to this study were: proximity to forest patches; proximity among forest patches with larger core area; proximity to surface water; distance from roads: distance from urban areas; and vulnerability to erosion. OWA requires two sets of criteria weights: the weights of relative criterion importance and the order weights. Thus, Participatory Technique was used to define the criteria set and the criterion importance (based in AHP). In order to obtain the second set of weights we considered the influence of each criterion, as well as the importance of each one, on this decision-making process. The sensitivity analysis indicated coherence among the criterion importance weights, the order weights, and the solution. According to this analysis, only the proximity to surface water criterion is not important to identify priority areas for forest conservation. Finally, we can highlight that the OWA method is flexible, easy to be implemented and, mainly, it facilitates a better understanding of the alternative land-use suitability patterns. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Work domain analysis for training-system definition and acquisition

Training-needs analysis is critical for defining and procuring effective training systems. However, traditional approaches to training-needs analysis are not suitable for capturing the demands of highly automated and computerized work domains. In this article, we propose that work domain analysis can identify the functional structure of a work domain that must be captured in a training system, so that workers can be trained to deal with unpredictable contingencies that cannot be handled by computer systems. To illustrate this argument, we outline a work domain analysis of a fighter aircraft that defines its functional structure in terms of its training objectives, measures of performance, basic training functions, physical functionality, and physical context. The functional structure or training needs identified by work domain analysis can then be used as a basis for developing functional specifications for training systems, specifically its design objectives, data collection capabilities, scenario generation capabilities, physical functionality, and physical attributes. Finally, work domain analysis also provides a useful framework for evaluating whether a tendered solution fulfills the training needs of a work domain.

An overview of the MPEG-7 description definition language (DDL)

This paper presents an overview of the MPEG-7 Description Definition Language (DDL). The DDL provides the syntactic rules for creating, combining, extending and refining MPEG-7 Descriptors (Ds) and Description Schemes (DSs), In the interests of interoperability, the W3C's XML Schema language, with the addition of certain MPEG-7-specific extensions, has been chosen as the DDL. This paper describes the background to this decision and using examples, provides an overview of the core XML, schema features used within MPEG-7 and the extensions made in order to satisfy the MPEG-7 DDL requirements.

Molecular evidence for definition of genera in the Oxylobium group (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae)

The circumscription of Oxylobium and related genera has been problematic for nearly 200 years. Traditional definitions of genera in the group have relied on morphological features of the leaves, flower, and fruit that overlap extensively between genera. Therefore sequences of cpDNA (trnL-F intron and spacer) and nrDNA (ITS) were used to estimate the phylogeny of the group in an attempt to redefine the genera as monophyletic groups. Oxylobium sens. str. was found to be a well supported clade in both data sets, with the inclusion of Mirbelia oxylobioides. No other genus in the group was supported by these data, except Gastrolobium sens. lat. Some species groups within Chorizema, Mirbelia, and Podolobium were supported but relationships among these, Oxylobium and Gastrolobium differed significantly between the chloroplast and nuclear data sets. No group supported by the molecular data had a morphological synapomorphy, not even Oxylobium or Gastrolobium. Therefore it may be necessary to adopt a much broader generic concept in this group than has been done previously. Incongruence between the two molecular data sets, and very short internal basal branches in both, suggest a rapid early radiation in this group, possibly combined with hybridization and lineage sorting.