Estudio del manejo de residuos sólidos en el Relleno Sanitario Doña Juana con el fin de delinear un borrador de propuesta para el manejo integral de residuos sólidos en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C

Con el presente trabajo se busca realizar una propuesta de solución al sistema de manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos en el relleno sanitario de Doña Juana en la ciudad de Bogotá, porque los desechos producidos por el consumo humano al no ser tratados de la forma correcta, afectan negativamente a la ciudad, rompen el cirulo vital del desarrollo y desequilibran el medio ambiente. Se realiza un diagnostico histórico al manejo de los residuos sólidos en la ciudad de Bogotá, para poder entender la forma en que el sistema funciona, teniendo en cuenta, sus errores y aciertos, posteriormente por medio Programa 21 de Naciones Unidas, se lleva a cabo el análisis de la información obtenida en el diagnóstico, para que de esta forma, se pueda realizar una propuesta a los problemas identificados en el relleno sanitario de Doña Juana, partiendo de los aspectos económicos, ambientales y sociales.

Alternativas de integración de ecosistemas estratégicos a la planificación urbana. Estudio de caso: el crecimiento urbano sobre la función eco-sistémica del corredor natural Usaquén – Suba. Periodo 2003– 2016

Los modelos de gestión urbana a nivel global, incorporan en la planeación y en el desarrollo de los entornos urbanos, al suelo natural de soporte como estructura fundamental; debido principalmente a sus funciones ecosistémicas y a los bienes ambientales que provee, incluyendo la biodiversidad y la conservación de entornos con calidad paisajística, entre otros. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo principal de esta investigación, consiste en hacer un seguimiento y caracterización del ecosistema estratégico del corredor biológico borde norte en la ciudad de Bogotá, con el fin de identificar y dar visibilidad a los aspectos críticos, que son necesarios a tener en cuenta en la política e instrumentos de planeación, para el tratamiento de ésta área. En el desarrollo de esta investigación, se aplicaron las nociones metodológicas de la ecología urbana, dando inicio con una fase de diagnóstico y caracterización de la situación actual, seguido de la formulación de alternativas, entre las que se destacan, la restauración ecológica. En el diagnóstico se pudo identificar que, si bien existe disponibilidad de agua y de cobertura vegetal en las condiciones de suelo, también está presente una gran presión inmobiliaria en el sector, lo cual, ha promovido la alteración de los predios, haciendo urgente un tratamiento integral de restauración ecológica de éste corredor, que permita la recuperación de la función ecosistémica, aportando beneficios a la ciudad.

Cafeterias in government buildings. : Hearings, Eightieth congress, first session pursuant to S. Res. 42.

pt. 1. January 27, 29, 1947,. 76 p.--pt. 2. February 3, 5, 7, 1947. pp. 77-216.--pt. 3. February 19, 21, 1947. pp. 217-280.--pt. 4. February 24-28, 1947. pp. 281-426.--pt. 5. March 3-17, 1947. pp. 427-562.--pt. 6. March 19-April 3, 1947. pp. 563-625.--pt. 7. April 14-21, 1947. pp. 627-710.--pt. 8. April 28, May 2, 5, 7, 12, 14, 1947. pp. 711-863.p--pt. 9. May 21, June 9, 1947. pp. 865-967.--pt. 10. Corespondence and reports. 1947. pp. 979-1010.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral Wardite NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4•2(H2O)

Three wardite mineral samples from different origins have been analysed by vibrational spectroscopy. The mineral is unusual in that it belongs to a unique symmetry class, namely the tetragonal-trapezohedral group. The structure of wardite contains layers of corner-linked –OH bridged MO6 octahedra stacked along the tetragonal C-axis in a four-layer sequence and linked by PO4 groups. Consequentially not all phosphate units are identical. Thus, two intense Raman bands observed at 995 and 1051 cm-1 are assigned to the ν1 PO43- symmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands are observed at 605 and 618 cm-1 with shoulders at 578 and 589 cm-1 are assigned to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the PO43-. The observation of multiple bands supports the concept of non-equivalent phosphate units in the structure. Sharp infrared bands are observed at 3544 and 3611 cm-1 are attributed to the OH stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl units. Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of wardite to be determined.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral cyrilovite Na(Fe3+)3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O) and in comparison with wardite

Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of cyrilovite to be determined. Single crystals of a pure phase from a Brazilian pegmatite were used. Cyrilovite is the Fe3+ member of the wardite group. The infrared and Raman spectroscopy were applied to compare the structure of cyrilovite with that of wardite. The Raman spectrum of cyrilovite in the 800–1400 cm−1 spectral range shows two intense bands at 992 and 1055 cm−1 assigned to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching vibrations. A series of low intensity bands at 1105, 1136, 1177 and 1184 cm−1 are assigned to the ν3View the MathML source antisymmetric stretching modes. The infrared spectrum of cyrilovite in the 500–1300 cm−1 shows much greater complexity than the Raman spectrum. Strong infrared bands are found at 970 and 1007 cm−1 and are attributed to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching mode. Raman bands are observed at 612 and 631 cm−1 and are assigned to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the View the MathML source unit. In the 2600–3800 cm−1 spectral range, intense Raman bands for cyrilovite are found at 3328 and 3452 cm−1 with a broad shoulder at 3194 cm−1 and are assigned to OH stretching vibrations. Sharp infrared bands are observed at 3485 and 3538 cm−1. Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has enabled the structure of cyrilovite to be ascertained and compared with that of wardite.

Mice selectively bred for High and Low fear behavior show differences in the number of pMAPK (p44/42 ERK) expressing neurons in lateral amygdala following Pavlovian fear conditioning

Individual variability in the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of conditioned fear potentially contributes to the development of fear pathology including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pavlovian fear conditioning is a key tool for the study of fundamental aspects of fear learning. Here, we used a selected mouse line of High and Low Pavlovian conditioned fear created from an advanced intercrossed line (AIL) in order to begin to identify the cellular basis of phenotypic divergence in Pavlovian fear conditioning. We investigated whether phosphorylated MAPK (p44/42 ERK/MAPK), a protein kinase required in the amygdala for the acquisition and consolidation of Pavlovian fear memory, is differentially expressed following Pavlovian fear learning in the High and Low fear lines. We found that following Pavlovian auditory fear conditioning, High and Low line mice differ in the number of pMAPK-expressing neurons in the dorsal sub nucleus of the lateral amygdala (LAd). In contrast, this difference was not detected in the ventral medial (LAvm) or ventral lateral (LAvl) amygdala sub nuclei or in control animals. We propose that this apparent increase in plasticity at a known locus of fear memory acquisition and consolidation relates to intrinsic differences between the two fear phenotypes. These data provide important insights into the micronetwork mechanisms encoding phenotypic differences in fear. Understanding the circuit level cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie individual variability in fear learning is critical for the development of effective treatment of fear-related illnesses such as PTSD.

Visual rehabilitation in low-moderate keratoconus : intracorneal ring segment implantation followed by same-day topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy and collagen cross linking

AIM: To present the results of same-day topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (TG-PRK) and corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) after previous intrastromal corneal ring segment (ISCR) implantation for keratoconus. METHODS: An experimental clinical study on twenty-one eyes of 19 patients aged, 27.1±6.6 years (range: 19 – 43 years), with low to moderate keratoconus who were selected to undergo customized TG-PRK immediately followed by same-day CXL, 9 months after ISCR implantation in a university ophthalmology clinic. Refraction, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuities (CDVA), keratometry (K) values, central corneal thickness (CCT) and coma were assessed 3 months after TG/PRK and CXL. RESULTS: After TG-PRK/CXL: the mean UDVA (logMAR) improved significantly from 0.66±0.41 to 0.20±0.25 (P<0.05); K flat value decreased from: 48.44±3.66 D to 43.71±1.95 D; K steep value decreased from 45.61±2.40 D to 41.56±2.05D; K average also decreased from 42.42±2.07 D to 47.00±2.66 D (P<0.05 for all). The mean sphere and cylinder decreased significantly post-surgery from, -3.10±2.99 D to -0.11±0.93 D and from, -3.68±1.53 to -1.11±0.75D respectively, while the CDVA, CCT and coma showed no significant changes. Compared to post-ISCR, significant reductions (P ˂ 0.05 or all) in all K-values, sphere and cylinder were observed after TG-PRK/CXL. CONCLUSION: Same-day combined topography-guided PRK and corneal crosslinking following placement of ICRS is a safe and potentially effective option in treating low-moderate keratoconus. It significantly improved all visual acuity, reduced keratometry, sphere and astigmatism, but caused no change in central corneal thickness and coma.

High and low fear phenotypes show differences in phosphorylated (p44/42 ERK) MAPK-expressing neurons in the lateral amygdala

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious medical condition effecting both military and civilian populations. While its etiology remains poorly understood it is characterized by high and prolonged levels of fear responding. One biological unknown is whether individuals expressing high or low conditioned fear memory encode the memory differently and if that difference underlies fear response. In this study we examined cellular mechanisms that underlie high and low conditioned fear behavior by using an advanced intercrossed mouse line (B6D2F1) selected for high and low Pavlovian fear response. A known requirement for consolidation of fear memory, phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase (p44/42 (ERK) MAPK (pMAPK)) in the lateral amygdala (LA) is a reliable marker of fear learning-related plasticity. In this study, we asked whether high and low conditioned fear behavior is associated with differential pMAPK expression in the LA and if so, is it due to an increase in neurons expressing pMAPK or increased pMAPK per neuron. To examine this, we quantified pMAPK-expressing neurons in the LA at baseline and following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Results indicate that high fear phenotype mice have more pMAPK-expressing neurons in the LA. This finding suggests that increased endogenous plasticity in the LA may be a component of higher conditioned fear responses and begins to explain at the cellular level how different fear responders encode fear memories. Understanding how high and low fear responders encode fear memory will help identify novel ways in which fear-related illness risk can be better predicted and treated.

Studies in terpenoids. Part 42. Synthesis of 3-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)5,8-dimethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (emmotin-H)

Emmotin-H, a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid 1,2-naphthoquinone pigment (1) has been synthesised in a four step sequence starting from the known 5,8-dimethyl-4-oxotetralin-2-carboxylic acid (3a). Selenium dioxide oxidation of its methyl ester (3b) gives 3-methoxycarbonyl-5,8-dimethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (4) which on reductive acetylation affords the corresponding diacetoxynaphthalene ester (5). Its reaction with excess of methylmagnesium iodide is accompanied by aerial oxidation during work-up and furnishes emmotin-H (1).

711 Third Avenue

[Book] The potential of electric light as a new building “material” was recognized in the 1920s and became a useful design tool by the mid-century. Skillful lighting allowed for theatricality, narrative, and a new emphasis on structure and space. The Structure of Light tells the story of the career of Richard Kelly, the field’s most influential figure. Six historians, architects, and practitioners explore Kelly’s unparalleled influence on modern architecture and his lighting designs for some of the 20th century’s most iconic buildings: Philip Johnson’s Glass House; Louis Kahn’s Kimbell Art Museum; Eero Saarinen’s GM Technical Center; and Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram Building, among many others. This beautifully illustrated history demonstrates the range of applications, building types, and artistic solutions he employed to achieve a “nocturnal modernity” that would render buildings evocatively different at night. The survival of Kelly’s rich correspondence and extensive diaries allows an in-depth look at the triumphs and uncertainties of a young profession in the making. The first book to focus on the contributions of a master in the field of architectural lighting, this fascinating volume celebrates the practice’s significance in modern design.

A search for chaos in the optical light curve of a blazar: W2R 1926+42

Aims. In this work we search for the signatures of low-dimensional chaos in the temporal behavior of the Kepler-field blazar W2R 1946+42. Methods. We use a publicly available, similar to 160 000-point-long and mostly equally spaced light curve of W2R 1946+42. We apply the correlation integral method to both real datasets and phase randomized surrogates. Results. We are not able to confirm the presence of low-dimensional chaos in the light curve. This result, however, still leads to some important implications for blazar emission mechanisms, which are discussed.

Letras, 2000-2001, nº 42-43 (número completo)

Contenido: Garcilaso de la Vega: 1501?-2001 -- El concepto de "transformación" y sus aplicaciones al análisis de la poesía de Garcilaso / Sofía M. Carrizo Rueda – Algunas observaciones, a principios de un nuevo milenio, en torno a las comedias de Calderón de la Barca / Lilia E. Ferrario de Orduna – Palomeque, don Quijote, Cervantes: tres lectores de Cirongilio de Tracia de Bernardo de Vargas / Javier Roberto González – Cervantes: riesgo del vivir, azar y Providencia. Una lectura en clave bíblica y patrística / Teresa Herráiz de Tresca –La justicia divina o el orlo Amoris en el Amadis de Gaula / Silivia C. Lastra Paz -- Catálogo descriptivo de libros de caballerías castellanos, XIV. Otro Palmerín de Olivia recuperado: Sevilla, Jácome Cromberger, 1547 (Con algunas reflexiones sobre el arte de editar textos impresos) / José Manuel Lucía Megías – La defensa de la poesía en el Perú colonial: El Discurso en Loor de la Poesía / Graciela Maturo – Sobre la evolución de -nn-, -nw- y -w- interiores intervocálicos en la onomástica geográfica del Amadís de Gaula / Aquilino Suárez Pallasá – Reforma y Contrarreforma en las artes plásticas / Carmen Balzer – Tomás Moro y el Humanismo cristiano / Inés de Cassagne – Algunos poetas latinos del Humanismo / Raúl Lavalle – Reseñas bibliográficas